Human Geo Chapter 8

What are the three basic ideas that define the World System Theory?

-The world economy has one market and a global division of labor -Even though the world has many states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy -The world economy has three-tier structures

Currently how many countries are recognized by the United Nations as sovereign states?

195

Nation

A culturally defined term A group of people who think of themselves as one, based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy

World Economy

A global economy order Economist say that colonialism acted to knit together economies of the world to create the World Economy

State

A politically organized and defined territory with a permanent population and government

World System Theory

A theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein It's illuminated by his three-tier structure It proposes that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world

What does a World Map of states represent?

A way of politically organizing states into spaces

What is an example of an exclave?

Alaska

What does the German School compare the state to and what does it mean?

An organism with a life cycle that needed nourishment It means acquisitions of territories provide more space for the state to dominate an thrive (survival of the fittest)

What is an examples of relic boundaries?

Berlin Wall

Who was the German School influenced by?

Charles Darwin

What are the three-tier structures of the world economy?

Core Periphery Semi-periphery

What are the four principle forms a boundaries dispute can take?

Definitional Locational Operational Allocation

What happened as a result of Europe controlling much of the world?

Europe diffused much of their concepts of state, sovereignty, and desire for the nation-state ideal

What are some examples of a multinational state?

Former staes of Yugoslavia Former USSR Untied Kingdom US Canada

What are the three general types of boundaries?

Geometric Physical-political (natural political) Cultural- politcal

What are the two schools of thought that classical geopolitics is divided into?

German School British/American School

What are examples of compact countries?

Germany Uruguay

What countries were the most prominent colonizers that profited and dominated the world from 1500-1975

Great Britain Spain France Portugal Netherlands

What did he later rename the pivot area?

Heartland Theory

Who did the German School influence?

Hitler and the Nazis

What are examples of fragment countries?

Indonesia Philippines

What are examples of subsequent boundaries?

Ireland Northern Ireland

What does the study of Geopolitics help us do?

It helps us to better understand the theories of international relations Like how they began and how they are currently affecting our globally connected world on a political level

What are examples of elongated countries?

Italy Chile

What are some examples of a nation-state

Japan Sweden Portugal Iceland

What is an example of a perforated country?

Lesotho

What are examples of a enclave?

Lesotho, South Africa Vatican, Italy

What is an example of an antecedent boundary?

Malaysia/Indonesia

What is an examples of a stateless nation?

Palestinian Arabs

What examples of physical-political boundaries

Rio Grande River Pyrenees Mountains

What are examples of Semi-peripheral?

Russia Mexico India eastern Europe most of South America

Who created the British/American School and when?

Sir Halford Mackinder It was created during a time when Great Britain had acquired a large global empire through its navy

What are examples of superimposed boundaries?

Soviet Union North and South Korea

What is an example of periphery?

Sub-Saharan Africa

What are the classifications of boundaries?

Superimposed Subsequent Relic Antecedent

What is an example of a protruded country?

Thailand

What is the beginning of the modern state Idea?

The Peace of Westphalia

Critical Geopolitics

The idea that the leaders of core nations are actors in a sense "intellectuals of stagecraft" Effective speakers and speeches shape our world

What do definitional boundaries focus on?

The legal language of the boundary agreement

What is political geography?

The study of the political organization of the world

What is an examples of a multistate nation?

Transylvania (crosses over both Hungary and Romania) Kurdistan

What are examples of geometric boundaries?

US Canada

What are examples of Core countries?

US Canada western Europe Japan Australian

What are some examples of a microstate/ministate?

Vatican Monaco

Antecedent

a border defined before human landscape was developed (always there)

Subsequent boundaries

a boundary that has evolved as a cultural landscape took place

Cultural-political boundaries

a boundary that separates different cultures/landscapes

Protruded country

a country that has a protrusion extending out from main base

Perforated country

a country that has an entire state within its borders

What did European colonialism create?

a globalized economic order where Europe emerged as the major centers of wealth and power

Stateless nation

a nation with no state

Nation-state in the European "model"

a politically organized area in which the nation and state occupy the same space

Enclave

a small homogenous region surrounded by a larger different group or region (landlocked)

Multinational state

a state with more than one nation in its borders

What was the Heartland Theory?

a theory that states: whoever controlled this world island of Eurasia would control the world

Boundary

a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil below and airspace above

Unilaterlism

a world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following, rather than joining the political decision-making process

Exclave

bounded territory that is part of the state, but separated by the territory of another state

Elongated country

countries that are at least twice as long as they are wide

Fragment country

countries that are in pieces (the countries are not attached)

Semi-peripheral

developed and developing country, improving economic and social status, can be laborers and owners

Core countries

developed country, good economy, advanced technology and education, socially thriving

Periphery

developing countries, lack of education, resources, they are the labors of the core countries

Superimposed boundaries

forcibly drawn to unify a country

Sovereignty

having recognized rights to control territory both politically and militarily (having the last say over your land)

What did Mackinder believe?

he believed that land-based power, not sea-basses power would ultimately rule the world

Capitalism

individuals, corporations, and states seek to produce goods that will earn the highest profits all while using the cheapest production (labor) and cost

What could the pivot area allow?

it could allow a great land-based empire to form

What did classical geopolitics grow out of?

it grew out of the efforts to promote the interests of the individual states as ideas for a modern state system developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

What is a state recognized as being in the international community?

it is recognized as being sovereign within its territorial integrity against conflict from other states

What is geopolitics?

it is the interplay/ combined study of geography, politics, power, and international relations and its impact on the Earth's surface

What can nations share?

religion language ethnicity history

The Peace of Westphalia

several treaties which recognized the rights of rulers within a defined and demarcated territory

What concept is associated to territoriality?

sovereignty

Compact country

the borders are usually equidistant from the center of the country

What is the driving force and motive to the world's economy?

the concept of capitalism

What is essential to any state?

the concept of territory and independent government

Territorial morphology

the fives main shapes a country can take on

What landmass did Mackinder call the pivot area?

the landmass of Eurasia

Microstate/Ministate

they are small in area and population

What did the Europeans use their imperial power to do?

they used their imperial power to ruthlessly control people in the colonies and ensure maximum economic exploitation

What is the purpose of a nation-state

to unify a people within the borders of a state and replace any political conflicts that may challenge the state's control

True or False: The term nation is not the same as a state or a country?

true

True or False: many areas of the world are still dependent on the former colonizers (political, social, and religious organization of space)?

true

What did some political scientist want the world order to be based on?

unilateralism

Geometric boundaries

using a grid system: latitude or longitude, to define to states' borders

Physical-political (Natural-political) boundaries

visible landscape features

Relic

when a boundary ceases to function, but cultural imprints are still evident

Multistate nation

when a nation stretches across borders and across states