Human Geography - Exam 1
What does it mean to argue that an object has a hidden geography?
Refer to essay project.
Cartogram
A systematically created map that manipulates size to reflect data, not for navigational purposes. It shows a variable not surface area.
Contagious Expansion Diffusion
-Describes diffusion resulting from direct contact with an individual -All infectious diseases, such as AIDS, are spread by contagious diffusion
Malthusian Crisis
A situation in which the population in a given area has exceeded its food supply and therefore mass starvation results. This lowers the population and the cycle continues until the population and its food supply are once again in balance.
How can sports be understood in terms of culture regions?
-Sports sponsored by the NCAA have distinctive regional associations -These associations can be traced back to folk traditions emerging in specific places -Collegiate ice hockey region is the northern US, number of ice hockey programs and absence of other sports is associated with geographic origins-sports can be traced back to indigenous origins -Lacrosse is mostly found in the Northeast with Canadian roots -Volleyball is concentrated in three different regions:West Coast, Midwest, Northeast-increasingly associated with different environment and culture than MA origins
LGBT District
-sexuality expressed geographically -"hidden lives" made visible and recognized -Urban spaces that hold LBGT residents that have tended to cluster in neighborhoods where they feel comfortable among like-minded people. i.e. Chicago, Seattle
What is the approximate population of the US today?
328.2 million
What is the approximate population of the world today?
7.7 billion
Give several examples of place stereotypes.
?
What are the differences between formal, functional, and vernacular regions?
A Formal region geographical area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common, such as language, religion, or a system of livelihood. It is an area, therefore, that is relatively homogeneous with regard to one or more cultural traits. A Functional region is a geographic area that has been organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically as one unit. A Vernacular Region is one that is perceived to exist by its inhabitants, as evidenced by the widespread acceptance and use of a special regional name. We might think of vernacular regions as the most democratic type of all. Vernacular regions are named and their boundaries imagined through popular consensus.
Biodiversity
A blending of biology and diversity—refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth as measured at various scales, including diversity among individuals, populations, species, communities, and ecosystems. Indigenous people often occupy places of high biodiversity.
When the outcome of an American presidential election is close to 50/50, why is a cartogram of election results less confusing than a choropleth map?
A cartogram is less confusing than a choropleth map because it shows the distribution of votes, more states does not equal more votes. Cartograms show distribution my distorting the shape of the map and the states are a certain area relative to the number of votes.
Meridians
A circle of constant longitude passing through a given place on the earth's surface and the terrestrial poles.
Baby Boom
A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
Indigenous Culture
A culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation. Native or of native origin, lots of cultural and political meanings. Are self-identified tribal peoples whose social, cultural, and economic conditions distinguish them from the national society of the country in which they live. Generally associated with rural regions, particularly geographically isolated arid lands, forests, and mountain ranges worldwide.
Environmental Determinism
A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. The belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures and that humankind is essentially a passive product of its physical surroundings. Humans are clay to be molded by nature. Similar physical environments produce similar cultures.
Hierarchical Diffusion
A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. Spreads to important places first, then medium importance, then to least important.
Age-Sex Pyramid
A graph composed of back-to-back bars showing the age and sex composition of a population.
Conic Projection
A map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model. You can identify this by seeing the parallel lines swooping up in the Northern hemisphere. Most common.
Cylindrical Projection
A map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the globe onto a cylinder. A light is shined from the center of the earth and 2nd map surface starts as a cylinder wrapped around the earth. Exaggerating, stretching north/south, equatorial regions.
Azimuthal Projection
A map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the globe onto a plane. The projection plane is on a pole, good way to map antartica.
Isoline Map
A map that is used to display distributions. It consists of lines that connect points of equal value. Create lines on a map defined my data. Can show topographic data or percipitation.
Map Projection
A mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map,
Population Density
A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land.
Population Pyramid
A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.
Worldview
A person's view of the world, consisting of the set of beliefs on which he bases his life.
Culture Region
A portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics.
One-Child Policy
A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China.
Why would a population pyramid get narrower toward its base?
A pyramid with a wider top half and a narrower base would suggest an aging population with low fertility rates.
Formal Culture Region
A region defined technically by some level of one or more cultural traits. Is a geographical area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common, such as language, religion, or a system of livelihood. It is an area, therefore, that is relatively homogeneous with regard to one or more cultural traits.
Vernacular Culture Region
A region perceived to exist by its inhabitants or outsiders. Has "fuzzy" spatial boundaries. A region discussed in public discourse and exists as part of their cultural identity.
Gender Role
A set of expected behaviors for males or for females. Closely tied to how many kids are produced by couples. Women are considered more feminine for producing many offspring. Women are private and men are public.
Latitude Lines
A set of imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator
Thematic Map
A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area. Represents one or two variables, shows how a variable changes through space. An analysis of the data and presentation of the data.
Cartographic Literacy
Ability to read maps and understanding where distortions may be.
Resistance to Diffusion
Absorbing barriers completely halt diffusion. More commonly, barriers are permeable, allowing innovations to diffuse but oftentimes partially and in a weakened way. They argue that nondiffusion—the failure of innovations to spread—is more prevalent than diffusion.
Where would you expect to find a relatively young population in terms of average age? Why?
Africa. High total birth rate and low life expectancy. Also in Latin America and Tropical Asia--In transitional stage of industrialization
La Revanche des Berceaux
Also known as Quebec's revenge of the cradle. Population growth of about 140 times. Minorities feel oppressed and to feel security, they have lots of kids. Catholic church promoted kids and saw numbers as a key to the survival of the religion. Expression denoting the extraordinarily high birth rates of French Canadians.
List at least three ways that traditional (folk and indigenous) culture differs from popular culture.
Alternately, for popular culture you have: 1) spread through mass media 2) changing culture and cultural values 3) vague and flexible social roles 4) individualism 5) not tied to a specific place (or less so, Whataburger is still part of the Southern Popular Culture) Folk culture: - 1) interpersonal transmission 2) traditional, conservative, stable 3) clear social roles 4) community oriented 5) based around a specific place -DIFFUSION. Traditional culture diffuses through relocation. (ex. Jews moving to the US and bringing their traditions with them.) Popular culture diffuses via any kind of expansion diffusion. (ex. going to the most connected places. the media facilitates the spreading of popular culture. from there it diffuses contagiously. then by stimulus diffusion to break culture barriers) -FAMILY. Traditional tends to be patriarchal, the woman's sphere of influence is the household, limit education on women, high fertility rate, etc. Popular culture tends to diminish gender differences, women seek higher education levels along with men, reduced fertility rate, families tend to be smaller and less intimate. -FOOD. Traditional tend to go for what is available in their local environment. Popular tend to go with foods that are fast to make and attractive. (ex. McDonald's, frozen meals, chips, etc) -HOUSING. Traditional use building materials that are available in the local environment and are typically built from memory. Traditional housing is also extremely well adapted to its environment. Popular housing is developed more efficiently and with architectural measurements. Mixture of materials in the same style to help reduce building costs yet improve quality and make appearance appealing to all. -IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT. Traditional have very little impact. They follow subsistence agriculture, few industries, no extensive usage of natural resources, little pollution, etc. Popular have a large impact on the environment. Extensive use of natural resources, large consumer markets, commercial agriculture, large industries, and high pollution.
Age Cohort
An aggregate group of people born during the same time period.
Subsistence Economy
An economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family's needs; little or no exchange occurs outside or the immediate or extended family.
How is an isoline map different from a choropleth map?
An isoline map is a map with continuous lines joining points of the same value, as in elevation maps. It is used to interpret information on some thematic maps, while choropleth maps use some existing system of boundaries, and show spatial variation of one or two variables at a time by using color, shades of grey and/or patterns.`
Parallels
Another name for lines of latitude because they circle the earth in parallel lines that never meet.
Folk Architecture
Architecture that comes from the collective memory of groups of traditional people. These buildings are based not on blueprints but on mental images that change little form one generation to the next and use locally available raw materials. It tends to thrive in less industrialized countries where it is more agrarian. i.e - Nipa Huts of the Philippines.
Why is the demographic impact of a disease not always easy to predict?
Because sometimes population increases in response to disease instead of declining. This goes back to groups of people creating children as their security blankets. -Hard to tell how hard it will hit and where -Not easy to tell until the problem is already growing out of hand -The medical team may try to find a cure that does not end up working despite their expertise
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. View the world in ways that judge, diminish, or dismiss other cultures. View other cultures as inadequate or in need of fixing. Xenophobia, violent behaviors towards immigrants. Cultural contestation! Can involve resistance to newcomers.
Geographical Imagination
Capacity to understand changing patterns, changing processes, and changing relationships among people, places, and regions. Fascination for the way things are different from place to place. If you have visited more places, you have a larger geographical imagination.
In what ways (other than choice of projection) do cartographers reveal their biases?
Cartographers reveal their biases by deciding: 1) What to leave out 2) what to put in 3) How to orient the map 4) How to symbolize what is shown
What caused the sex ratio in China to become imbalanced?
China's one-child policy likely contributed to one of the most skewed sex ratios in the world.
Give several examples of complex causality.
Complex causation occurs when "an outcome results from several different combinations or conditions" (Braumoeller). For example, one could hypothesize that either the proliferation of nuclear weapons and/or the lessons learned from World War II could have led to stability during the Cold War.
Give examples and short descriptions of three different kinds of diffusion.
Contagious Expansion diffusion - Describes diffusion resulting from direct contact with an individual -All infectious diseases, such as AIDS, are spread by contagious diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion - ideas leapfrog from one important person to another or from one urban center to another, temporarily bypassing other persons or rural territories. We can see hierarchical diffusion at work in everyday life by observing the acceptance of new modes of dress or foods. Sushi originally diffused to the United States from Japan in the 1970s, but very slowly because few people ate raw fish. Relocation Diffusion - occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland. Religions frequently spread this way. An example is the migration of Christianity with European settlers who came to America.
Besides population, what else in the society changes when a society goes through the demographic transition, and what is the connection between culture and the demographic transition?
Culture becomes more technological and eventually develops into pop culture. During the transition: urbanization, persistence of traditional unequal gender roles, conflict over social values and lifestyles. After the transition: economic development, decline in conflicts over land, more egalitarian construction of gender roles and identities. Also: -medical advances, improvements in diet -low fertility levels, high cost of children -safe drinking water and vaccinations -birth control, abortions -increased education, lower fertility rate
Folk Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Has largely disappeared but many examples of using folk solutions when confronted with a challenge of physical geography. i.e - mountain bikes, amish and cajun peoples
Why can't geographers agree on a single set of boundaries to divide the world into culture regions?
Cultures can overlap and traits can overlap as well. These types are not rigid or static, however; they are always subject to processes of cultural diversification. It changes often and is subjective. Regions are constantly changing as people, ideas, practices, and technologies move around.Culture has a lot of different variables, so it varies on what you're viewing.Increasing convergence because of globalization.
Functional Culture Region
Defined functionally, hooked together by economic, legal, road system. Need not be culturally homogeneous; instead, it is a geographic area that has been organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically as one unit. Have nodes, or central points where the functions are coordinated and directed. Examples of such nodes are city halls.
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. He believes that there are limits to what any environment will produce. Opposes welfare because he felt it would add to the dependent population, seen as pessimistic, classist, and ethnocentric.
Possibilism
Emerged after the 1920s, the view that any physical environment offers a number of ways for culture to develop more technology, which means more possibilities. He way of life ultimately depends on the choices people make among the possibilities offered by the environment. These choices are guided by cultural heritage and are shaped by a particular political and economic system. Possibilists see the physical environment as offering opportunities and limitations; people make choices among these to satisfy their needs.
Where would you expect to find a relatively old population in terms of average age? Why?
Europe. Low total birth rate, higher standard of living. Retirement community. Developed country (post-industrial). High income countries, US, longer life spans, higher death rate than birth rate.
What are some examples of material and nonmaterial culture?
Examples of material culture includes physical objects made and/or used by member of a cultural group. (Food or types of architecture) Nonmaterial culture includes beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings passed from generation to generation. (Language)
Environmental Hazards
Factors or conditions in the environment that increase the risk of human injury, disease, or death. Floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, insect infestations, and droughts. Some human input into the making of disasters.
Receptivity to Diffusion
Factors that make diffusion faster, easier or more likely, depending on the traits or situation. Depends on cultural similarity. Must be necessary infrastructure in order to support the diffusion process or certain affluence to purchase the innovation.
When life is unstable and insecure what effect does this often have on the TFR?
Fertility rates are high in zones of economics insecurity, the populations are generally a lower average age. Lots of poor countries are rural, and children are more useful in agricultural economies. Children are expected to support parents, and more hands bring in more resources. Unstable and insecure life causes a high rise in the TFR. Unstable conditions often mean that there is a lack of contraceptive availability. This can cause the TFR to increase. More importantly, however, people living in areas of insecurity NEED children as a means of insurance for their future. People in pre industrial and transitional nations never know when violence might break out or when they might contract a disease or sustain an injury that makes them unable to work and support themselves. Because of this, they need children in order to insure that they will have someone to take care of them in their old age or sickness.
How does the diffusion of Western technology (artifacts) relate to the situation above?
Fetal Imaging, Abortion, Birth Control or other forms of contraception.
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location. The mass movement of people between different regions is a type of mobility best defined as migration from one region or country to another through particular routes.
What do you call a region in which people share a particular cultural trait?
Formal Region
What do you call a region that is tied together by a system (political, economics, transportation, etc.)?
Functional Region
What impact does the education of women have on the total fertility rate and natural increase?
Good education delays childbirth. Improves literacy and skills which decreases failure of birth control and reduces perceived need for lots of children. Decreases total fertility rates.
What are some of the geographical issues associated with LGBT districts?
Hate crimes take place, used as attempts to sell cities to tourists.
Why is population growing fastest in parts of the world that are least capable of supporting extra population? (this requires a detailed explanation)
Higher birth rate Lack of contraceptives Need for children Conflict between minorities and political powers causing leaders of certain people groups to convince the members to have more children People having more children in order to try to have a boy in order to have someone to protect the family Exponential growth as each population keeps having more and more children and all of these grow up looking for husbands and wives and wanting to have lots of children as well The success of families in some places (the value of the wife in particular) is based off of the number of children, particularly boys, that they can produce. This causes a desire for more and more children. Having more children may be a response to various forms of vulnerability and insecurity (economical, political, and demographic). People in many poor countries are faced with a highly uncertain future (periodic food shortages, lack of employment, political instability, diseases, and lack of health care). They "insure" themselves by having more children, especially in agricultural economies where farm labor is essential. Leaders often advocate bigger families to bolster their security (power in numbers).
Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)
Highly localized knowledge about environmental conditions and sustainable land-use practices. This is a concept used to describe detailed local knowledge about the environment and land use in many indigenous cultures. Natives believe that it is a proprietary knowledge that must be recognized and compensated. It is place based, highly adapted to local conditions.
Cultural Interaction
How cultures interact and develop over time.
Environmental Perception
How humans perceive nature. Perception is colored by cultural contexts. The process whereby people act based on how they perceive their environment, rather than on how it actually is.
Longitude Lines
Imaginary north-south lines that run vertically around the globe parallel to the Prime Meridian.
From the 19th century to the present, how has the demographic transition affected migration to the US?
In the beginning, migration was mostly Western Europeans (Irish, Germans, Italians) Then it shifted to Eastern Europeans, then in modern day it has been mostly Asian and Latin/Central American migration. As their quality of life in the home country gets better, the migration patterns shift to more developing countries. Timing of demographic transition affects waves of immigrants to the US
Why is it impossible to settle on a single set of formal regions in North America?
It is difficult to settle on a single set of formal regions in North America because it is made of up multiple cultures from many parts of the world, and these clusters tend to mix and form new subcultures, which is why the United States has a hard time unifying underneath a National Culture.
Cornucopians
Malthus critics, argue that humans are our greatest resource, we can devise creative solutions to the world's problems.
Explain what the Mercator projection is good for and why it became so popular.
Maritime navigation. Since all coastal lines are their true shape, longitude and Latitude lines intersect at proper angles. Also, Europe is enlarged with England at the center of the map.
What areas are often portrayed with conic projections?
Mid/High latitudes Areas with North-South extent European Countries The north or south poles The U.S. Most common map projection
Popular Culture
Modern material and symbolic practices associated with the rise of mass-produced, machine-made goods. Widespread and gives a sense of placelessness. More mobile, individual choice and relationships are stretched. Standardization of a built environment on a global scale, which eliminates unique meanings associated with location.
What kinds of landscapes are the results of a mix of nature and culture?
Nature-culture, adds a different dimension to this analysis; it focuses our attention on how people inhabit the Earth, and their relationships to the physical environment and nonhuman species. Is the "cultural properties [that] represent the combined works of nature and of man". Rice Terraces of the Philippines
What kind of map projection preserves distances, directions, and areas just as they are on the globe?
No map (trick questions).
What kind of map preserves areas, directions, distances, and shapes?
None
What areas are often portrayed with planar projections?
North and south poles and small scale continental mapping. Often used for air travel because they yield true compass direction azimuth = the line on a compass bearing
Relocation Diffusion
Occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland. Religions frequently spread this way. An example is the migration of Christianity with European settlers who came to America.
Human Geography
One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes. Focused on social phenomena. The formation of cities, concerned with the relationship between people and spaces within which they live.
What cultural technologies, values, and practices contributed to making girls scarcer than boys in certain parts of Asia?
Patriarchal values Fetal imaging technology, which can allow the family to make selective abortions based on the sex of the fetus. One child policy Medical neglect of girl. Favoring boys over girls. Infanticide Adoption
Environmental Refugee
People who are displaced from their homes due to severe environmental disruption. Sometimes human adaptive strategies stress the natural environment past the breaking point and previous population densities can no longer be sustained. When that happens, people are forced to migrate. Sudden environmental disasters, such as floods, tornadoes, or forest fires, can give rise to a massive human exodus from a destroyed place.
Immigration Waves
Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination.
What are some topics considered by physical geography?
Physical geographers study natural phenomena such as climates, river systems, and the distribution of wild plants and animals.
Place Images
Place, portrayer, and medium interact to produce the image, which, in turn, colors our perception of and beliefs about places and regions we have never visited. The focus on place images highlights the role of the collective imagination in the formation and dissolution of culture regions.
Natural Increase
Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements.
Sex Ratio
Ratio of males to females in a population; determines rate of reproduction/size of next generation. Females are less than 50% because of infanticide, adoption, neglect of girls, favoring boys, and selective abortions based on the sex of the fetus.
List a few examples of traits that are most likely to spread through each kind of diffusion.
Religion can spread through relocation diffusion. Diseases can spread through contagious expansion diffusion.
Commodity Chain
Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market. A geographical flow through which companies gather resources, transform them into goods, then distribute to consumers.
Cultural Core and Periphery
Similar to a cultural hearth, the idea that the core houses main cultural power of region and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser cultural ties.
Describe the four stages of the demographic transition in terms of BR, DR, natural population growth rate, and population size.
Stage 1 - BR & DR both high and fluctuating Stage 2 - Fall in DR and increase in population size. Stage 3 - Population stability through declining BR Stage 4 - BR and DR low, population size high and stable
Regional Geography
Study of the ways unique combinations of environmental and human factors produce territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes. Regions are central to the creation, identification, and maintenance of cultural differences.
Annual Population Increase
The average annual rate of population growth. The change is calculated as the difference between the number of births and deaths in a year, taken as a percentage of total population. Migration is not considered.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Tourism
The commercial organization and operation of vacations and visits to places of interest. A modern activity that arose with the introduction of air, sea, and land mass transit systems, involves people traveling from their homes for purposes of business, leisure, entertainment, and recreation. Vampire tourism offers a surprising blend of reality and fiction, and of folk and popular cultures.
Explain how a map projection transforms a sphere into a plane.
The creation of a map projection involves three steps in which information is lost in each step: 1) selection of a model for the shape of the earth or round body (choosing between a sphere or ellipsoid) 2) transform geographic coordinates (longitude and latitude) to plane coordinates (eastings and northings). 3) reduce the scale (in manual cartography this step came second, in digital cartography it comes last)
What is happening to the human population's rate of growth?
The current population growth rate is declining. This is a sign of cultural changes in many places, trend is towards a stable population.
How large is the numerical deficit in girls and women?
The deficit for women is larger. More men than women. Cultural, Religious (privilege of one gender over the other), government policies, types of healthcare (women's care is often underfunded), certain preferences of one gender over the other. Complex causality, lots of factors culminate into one deficit of women
Describe the distortions of the Mercator projection.
The earth is curved and the straight line would represent a further distance. The area gets larger as you move toward the north pole. Stretches the polar regions.
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. As being comprised of a variety of human behavioral traits and beliefs, which are learned as opposed to innate or inborn. Culture, therefore, includes a means of communicating the learned beliefs, practices, meanings, and values that influence individual and collective behaviors. Collectively, these acquired, learned behavioral traits are one meaning of culture. Culture is a process in which people are actively engaged." Individuals can and do change cultural practices, those social activities and interactions—ranging from religious rituals to architectural styles to food preferences to clothing—that collectively distinguish group identity. This understanding of culture recognizes that ways of life constantly change and that tensions over change commonly exist both within and between groups.
Cultural Diffusion
The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area. An increase in the spatial extent of a particular cultural trait through movement of a people or through the adoption of a cultural trait by people in different areas.
What are the main differences between indigenous culture, folk culture, and popular culture?
The folk culture has been transplanted somewhere else. The indigenous culture is located in its original position.
Complex Causality
The idea that many causes influence such events, and that no one cause is essential.
Carrying Capacity
The maximum population size that can be supported in a given environment, it is a far more meaningful index of overpopulation than density alone. This can be expanded by drawing on resources of another place.
Cultural Ecology
The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment. A field of study that uses concepts borrowed from biological ecology to study culture as a system that facilitates human adaptation to the environment.
Birth Rate
The number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population
Death Rate
The number of deaths each year per 1,000 people.
Colonialism
The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. The historical roots of globalization can be traced to the European era of exploration and colonialism.
Demographic Transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Cultural Contestation
The process whereby values and meanings of social actions are disputed, rather than merely accepted. Challenging the landscape of something, caused by cultural diversity, subcultures, and their interactions.
Cartography
The science of making maps. Maps show us the world in certain ways. They can also distort things, hide things, or reveal them. People and organizations can control public debate by promoting certain maps.
National Culture
The set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of the people from a particular country. More controversial. Sometimes regarded as a controversial idea, suggests that a country's population possesses a set of recognizable characteristics or traits—often including the same ethnic and linguistic traits—that express the core culture of each modern nation.
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. Sometimes a specific trait is rejected but the underlying idea is accepted, resulting in stimulus diffusion. Typically involves some combination of cultural imitation and innovation to produce a new form or variation.
How is the cylindrical plane oriented (usually) when creating a cylindrical projection?
The term "normal cylindrical projection" is used to refer to any projection in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped to horizontal lines. The mapping of meridians to vertical lines can be visualized by imagining a cylinder whose axis coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation. This cylinder is wrapped around the Earth, projected onto, and then unrolled.By the geometry of their construction, cylindrical projections stretch distances east-west. The amount of stretch is the same at any chosen latitude on all cylindrical projections, and is given by the secant of the latitude as a multiple of the equator's scale. The various cylindrical projections are distinguished from each other solely by their north-south stretching
Infant Mortality Rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Adaptive Strategy
The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment to provide the necessities of life—food, clothing, shelter, and safety. Stress the natural environment past the breaking point, previous population densities can no longer be sustained. So, people are forced to migrate.
Cultural Landscape
The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. Describes how cultural groups transform the landscape and the symbols, values, associated with change. Landscape is an expression of cultural identify. Landscape changes, including roads, agricultural fields, houses, parks, cities, gardens, and commercial buildings, reflect a culture group's needs, values, and attitudes toward the Earth. Some can be classified as UN World Heritage Sites.
In what circumstances would religion function as a barrier to diffusion?
Their views would block certain influences due to their moral beliefs, traditional beliefs. For example, Mormons would avoid other coffee shops as well as other caffeine beverages would not be widespread amongst Mormons)
Cultural Convergence Hypothesis
Theory that sees globalization as a process that leads to cultures becoming more alike, dominant groups and societies in the world being considered to have an important role to play in this tendency towards sameness. This yields placelessness.
What are some of the specialized topical or thematic interests within human geography?
There are three perspectives within human geography. 1) Spatial Models - using mathematics, seeks out irregularities, abstract over concrete. 2) Humanistic - human agency, creativity, subjective human experience. Place, emphasizes the way locations take on meaning and value through people's subjective experiences. Emotional reactions provide a sense of place. 3) Social Theoretical - attention towards the way social life is structured beyond individual human control; uneven distribution of power in society, inequality. Studies ideology.
What happens to population in a region when the BR exceeds the DR?
There is a positive population growth, there will be an overall increase, population explosion.
Is the South Pole the top or the bottom of the earth?
There is no top or bottom!
How does environmental perception contribute to creating environmental hazards?
There is sometimes some human input into the making of disasters. And sometimes human-made hazards combine with natural hazards to create even worse disasters. Human-made hazards include such things as pollution and contamination from industrial production. For example, towns in the upper Mississippi River drainage basin were built close to the riverbanks to facilitate commerce, but were then vulnerable to the flooding common in the region. People knowingly inhabit hazard zones, especially floodplains, exposed coastal sites, drought-prone regions, and the environs of active volcanoes.
What is the shape of a population pyramid in an area with a stable population?
These graphs have a square or "pillar" shape rather than a pyramid one. They are characterized by their rectangular shape, displaying somewhat equal percentages across age cohorts that taper off toward the top.
what is the shape of a population pyramid in an area with a rapidly growing population?
They are often characterized by their typical 'pyramid' shape, which has a broad base and narrow top.
Cartograms look odd, why did Dr. Adams argue that they are useful to show election results in the US?
They are useful because cartograms show variables.
Barriers to Diffusion
Things that slow or stop the spread of an idea, innovation, people, or other things. These can include different cultural traits, a lack of infrastructure or poverty.
Explain how indigenous and folk architecture demonstrates environmental adaptation and technical skill.
This is a concept that anthropologists and geographers developed to describe the detailed local knowledge about the environment and land use that is part of many indigenous cultures. These local systems of knowledge are highly adapted to local conditions. Quechua people often possess extensive ITK about local farming and resource management. Folk cultures' close ties to the land often produce detailed local ecological knowledge within folk groups. The history of mountain bikes provides an example. Mountain bikes were invented when young men in the mountain regions of the western United States attempted to figure out how to adapt existing technology to a new enterprise.
What are some topics considered by human geography?
Thus human geography is concerned with the relationships between people and the spaces in which they live. Human geographers explore how these relationships create the diverse spatial arrangements that we see around us, arrangements that include homes, neighborhoods, cities, and countries.
Why aren't the Romanian government and citizens thrilled with "vampire tourism" to Transylvania?
Transylvania is home to the world's most famous vampire, Count Dracula. No folk tradition of vampirism exists in the region's culture. The Dracula story, Light points out, positions Romania as a backward, superstitious region on the eastern margins of modern, civilized western Europe. Links Dracula to Vlad III (Romanian Hero), praised for his role in repelling the Ottoman Empire from Romania, and he is a central figure to the creation of Romanian cultural and national identity. Casts Romania in a negative light and challenges its citizens' national identity at its deepest level. The Romanian nation-state wishes "to project a sense of its own political and cultural identity to the wider world on its own terms." Frustrated with being linked to vampires, which have no origin stories in their country.
Why is population growth "our problem" even though it is occurring mainly in Africa and Asia?
Uneven distribution of resources is the problem, it is up to wealthier nations to help the less industrialized
Subcultures
Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society. Result of resistance to dominant culture, groups within a culture become distinctive enough.
What kind of Texas region is "The Valley"?
Vernacular Region
How is the education of women an important influence on the overall demographic pattern in a country?
Very important because it leads to lower fertility rates. The more educated women are, the more likely they are to take birth control or gain a better understanding of the reproductive system or the fact that they do not need to have so many children, and thereby they won't. With education, they are more capable to enter the workforce, and having a job decreases the likelihood of having many children. Also leads to physical growth, reduces childbearing period, and reduces risk of maternal fatality.
How did Dr. Adams link global citizenship to this class?
We all have a responsibility to countries of the world. Dr. Adams talked about many different cultures from multiple countries, explained global commodity chains, and talked about the places he visited around the world.
When a minority is oppressed, what effect does this often how on their TFR?
When a minority is oppressed this often creates a large spike of growth in the TFR. Minorities are only minorities when they are lacking in numbers. As an attempt to gain more power in numbers, members of minorities are often pressured to have more and more children in an attempt to raise a capable force.-Examples: The Revenge of the Cradle in Quebec, Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. The minority repopulates and tries to become a majority to end their oppression.
Has immigration across US' southern border increased or decreased over the past 20 years?
Yes it has increased?
Choropleth Map
You group data in two or more levels or classes, use of color to show a variable in existing political boundaries.