Human Growth and Development Chapter 5&6

The United States currently allows _____ weeks of _____ for caring for a newborn

17 weeks of unpaid

The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about:

2 years of age

By the end of the ______, long term memory is more substantial and reliable

2nd year

Using habituation experiments, some researchers ha e found that infants as young as _______ can group together objects with similar appearances

3 months

Researchers have established that infants' perceptual abilities are highly developed much earlier than Jean Piaget thought. These researches conclude that infants see objects as bounded, unitary, solid and separate from their background definitely by ______ of age

3-4 months

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _______ percent of children they studied could be classified as easy

40%

Research on the ability of infants to recognize language sounds indicates that until age of:

6 months

Research suggest that infants appear to understand the physical law of gravity

6-8 months

This type of error occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting a familiar hiding place rather than the new hiding place as they progress into sub stage 4 in Piaget's sensorimotor stage

A-Not-B Error

_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

Accommodation

Schemes are:

Actions or mental representation that organize knowledge

Jean Piaget believed that children:

Actively construct their own cognitive worlds

Adjusting to new environmental demands is called _______

Adaptation

______ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Assimilation

For cognitive change to occur, these two processes must work in concert as the child experiences considerable movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

Assimulate and accommodate

The focusing of mental resource on select information is called ______

Attention

Erikson's second stage of development is known as:

Automy vs shame and doubt

The current version of this widely used assessment method of infant development has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socioemotional and adaptive

Bayley Scale of Infant Development

Infants begin to communicate at:

Birth

Significant changes during this substage involve the coordination of schemes and intentionality.

Coordination of secondary circular reaction

In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a ______ approach, which states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.

Core Knowledge approach

Identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants.

Crying Cooing Babbling

In the current version of the Gesell Test, the sub scores obtained from the four different categories of the test are combined into an overall score called:

Developmental Quotient (DQ)

Children can begin to regulate their emotions;

During first year of life

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a stage or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well being are known as:

Emotions

A goodness of fit occurs when a child's temperament matches:

Environmental demands the child must cope with

When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called__________

Equilibration

Tara hold her 2-month old daughter, Sonia, close to her makes eye contact and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in:

Face to face play

Kevin's father is ill and requires care at home. Kevin takes a short leave so absence from his job to care for his father until paid caregivers can be hired and trained. Which of the following employment leave policy allows Kevin to do this?

Family Leave

Which of the following BESt exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

Fathers play more while mothers give more care

According to recent studies an increase in the number of child care arrangements the children experiences is linked to:

Increased behavioral problems and decreased in prosocial behavior

Jean Piaget used detailed observation of his own children to develop his theory of:

Infant development

John Bowlby argues that infants develop a _____ of attachment

Internal wording model

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant develop the ability to use primitive symbols?

Internalization of schemes (6th stage)

When individual focus on the same object or event, it constitutes:

Joint attention

Which of the Following is a type of parental leave from employment?

Maternity, parental, paternity, child, family

Much of the new research suggest that Piaget's view of sensorimotor development needs to be:

Modified

A ______ is the basic unit of sound in a language; it is the smallest unit of sound that affects meaning.

Morphology

The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:

Object Permanence

What is coordination of secondary circular reactions?

Object oriented, move beyond self preoccupation, repeat actions with pleasurable results

Jean Piagets concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called______

Organization

Attention in the first year of life is dominated by a _____ process which involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment that is, "where" and recognizing objects and their features, that is "what"

Orienting Investigative Process

The sound system of language is called ______

Phonology

The five rules of language

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatic

Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of the human infants development are known as:

Primary emotions

In Baillargeon's View, infants have a pre-adapted innate bias called the principle of _______ the explains their assumption that objects don't change their properties unless some external factor obviously intervenes.

Principle of persistence

Most researcher find that babies start to develop explicit memory when they are about:

Second half of first year- good in 2nd year

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant's actions become more object-oriented?

Secondary circular reaction (3rd Stage)

Emma says "my doll" when she is playing with her cousin. Clearly knowing what is hers indicates that Emma is most likely

Self aware

Alice is three weeks old. According to Piaget, Alice is in substage of _______ and will latch on to and suck anything that is touched to her lips.

Simple reflexes

The ______ substage of sensorimotor development occurs between birth and one month of age.

Simple reflexes (1st stage)

At what age do children first show fear when a new person enters their environment?

Six months

Paiget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _______ substages.

Six substages

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Social referencing

The most frequent expression of an infants'' fear involves

Stranger anxiety

Research by Renee Baillargeon and her colleagues documents that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be _____ in the sense that other objects cannot move through them and ____ in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden.

Substantial; permanent

Easy, "difficult: and slow to warm up are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrist Alexander Chess and Stell Thomas.

Temperament

According to Piaget, the _______ sensorimotor substage marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty.

Terary circular reaction novelty and curiosity (5th stage)

According to John Bowlby at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feeling of others before action

Two years old

At what age do children become increasingly aware of the social meaning of smiles?

Two years old

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in the front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of:

Visual self recognition, developing a sense of self

An inhibited termperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT

avoidance, discreet and subdive effect

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

between shy, subdived timid child and sociable extraverted bold children

At birth infants communicate through _______

crying

Jean Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is ______ that in another stage

different

Which is the process by which information gets into memory

encoding

Most of young infants' conscious memories appear to be ______, although their implicit memory of perceptual motor actions can be _____

fragile; short lived, substantial

A concept is _____

ideas about what categories represent

People remember very little about what happened in the early years of their lives this is called:

infantile or childhood amnesia

_______ involves the retention of information over time

memory

Jean Mandler argues that early categorizations are best described as ____ categorization. That is, the categorization are based on similar perceptual features of objects, such as size, color and movement, as well as part of objects, which as legs or for animals

perceptual categorization

The three components of John Bowlby's internal working model of attachment include a simple, mental model of the caregiver; their relationship and

self as deserving nutrient care

Emotions involving the emotional reactions of others when they are generated are referred to as _____ emotions

self-conscious emotions

Three-month old zoee looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling

social smiling

A _______ is an internal sensory image or word that represents and event

symbol