Human growth and development chapter 8 app state

75. Which are characteristics or achievements in first language at age 4 years old? a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words d. vocabulary of 5,000-30,000 words

c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words

58. The "MLU" that is used to measure a child's language progress is measuring _____. a. the average number of words in a typical sentence b. the total number of words said in an hour c. the longest word used d. word order

a. the average number of words in a typical sentence

69. Which are characteristics or achievements in first language at age 2 years old? a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words, b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words d. vocabulary of 5,000-30,000 words

a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words,

51. "Dada?" is an example of _____. a. a holophrase b. a babble c. an overextension d. a naming explosion

b. a babble

48. Research suggests that babies who use hand signs will _____. a. experience an acceleration in talking b. will not experience an acceleration in talking but will experience an increase in early communication c. will not be able to learn to verbally communicate later d. not experience any positive affect

b. will not experience an acceleration in talking but will experience an increase in early communication

65. Jayce's little brother, Eli, is starting to point to everything that he wants. How old is Eli likely to be? a. 4 months b. 7 months c. 10 months d. 15 months

c. 10 months

18. Nabu is so excited that his daughter just spoke her first word and he is sure she said "dadda" very clearly. His little girl is probably about _____. a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 12 months d. 18 months

c. 12 months

20. Krish can say about 50 words now. How old is he likely to be? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 12 months d. 15 months

d. 15 months

88. Which are function words? a. laugh, cry, chuckle b. run, jump, skip c. boy, girl, dog d. a, an, the

d. a, an, the

61. Bart and Bella's baby has begun to laugh and really seems to enjoy interacting with the family. How old is the baby likely to be? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 9 months d. 12 months

a. 3 months

47. Some caregivers can teach "baby signs" as young as _____. a. 6 months old b. 12 months old c. 18 months old d. 24 months old

a. 6 months old

53. Which is the statement that BEST defines naming explosion? a. A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age. b. A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of verbs, that begins at about 18 months of age. c. A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 12 months of age. d. A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of verbs, that begins at about 12 months of age.

a. A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.

42. Why is postpartum depression more influential if parents were low in education? a. Educated parents are more able to hire another caregiver to provide stimulation for their infant. b. Parents who have less education do not like to talk to their children c. Parents who have more education have less depression d. Parents who have depression do not have educations.

a. Educated parents are more able to hire another caregiver to provide stimulation for their infant.

100. Which statement BEST explains a behaviorist's perspective on language and communication? a. Learning to communicate is acquired, step by step, through association and reinforcement. b. Humans are, above all, social beings, dependent on one another for survival and joy. Thus, for all people of every age, the drive to be part of the community leads to a powerful need to communicate and to understand the communication of others. c. Language learning is genetically programmed. Language arises from a particular gene (FOXP2), brain maturation, and the overall human impulse to imitate. d. Language development is solely located in two specific areas of the brain (Wernicke's area and Broca's area)

a. Learning to communicate is acquired, step by step, through association and reinforcement.

84. _____ is using a word to mean more than most people think it means. a. Overextension b. Underextension c. Social referencing d. Naming explosion

a. Overextension

89. Which word in the sentence, "The boy ran fast" is a function word? a. the b. boy c. ran d. fast

a. the

70. Which are characteristics or achievements in first language at age 2 years old? a. average sentence length of 2-6 words b. average sentence length of 3-8 words' c. average sentence length of 5-20 words d. words average sentence length seems unending

a. average sentence length of 2-6 words

43. Jamal, 7 months old, repeats "ma-ma-ma" over and over again. This is an example of _____. a. babbling b. motherese c. child-directed speech d. reflexive communication

a. babbling

45. Repeating "da-da-da" or "ba-ba-ba" over and over is an example of _____. a. babbling b. motherese c. child-directed speech d. reflexive communication

a. babbling

28. "Crie de chat" is French for _____. a. cat's cry b. babbling c. cries that do not mean anything d. crying in a sing-song tone

a. cat's cry

33. What type of language do infants prefer? a. child-directed speech in their home language b. parent-directed speech in their home language c. child-directed speech in other languages d. parent-directed speech in other languages

a. child-directed speech in their home language

9. Which is a typical means of communication for a 2-month-old? a. cooing, fussing, crying, and laughing b. squeals, growls, croons, trills, and vowel sounds c. babbling, including both consonant and vowel sounds repeated in syllables d. comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations

a. cooing, fussing, crying, and laughing

2. The two psychologists that began a revolution in the labor and delivery rooms learned _____. a. from shepherds that newborn lambs needed to be licked and nuzzled by their mothers in the first moments after birth b. that hygiene was not necessary for newborn babies because they had amniotic fluid to protect them c. that mothers did not need pain management during labor and delivery d. from nurses that mothers needed sleep instead of time to bond with their babies

a. from shepherds that newborn lambs needed to be licked and nuzzled by their mothers in the first moments after birth

29. Caregivers often use _____ when interacting with infants. a. higher pitch b. flat emotional tones c. harsh speech d. dull sounding speech

a. higher pitch

46. The best predictor of later language development is _____. a. how much the baby babbles at 6 months b. how wealthy the parents are c. the language skills of the mother d. how educated the mother is

a. how much the baby babbles at 6 months

26. Skin-to-skin connection is now recommended _____. a. immediately after birth b. by 12 hours after birth c. by 1 day following birth d. by 2 days following birth

a. immediately after birth

92. Which is a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning? a. immersion b. bilingual education c. English as a second language (ESL) d. traditional mainstream education

a. immersion

6. Healthy babies are placed on their mother's breast immediately after birth, which can affect _____ development later. a. language b. motor c. visual d. physical

a. language

62. Which are communication milestones that a child typically reaches at 3 months of age? a. laughter begins, imitates movements, and enjoy interaction with others b. new sounds including squeals, growls, croons, trill, and vowel sounds, expresses negative feelings (with face and arm), and capable of distinguishing emotion by tone of voice c. makes simple gesture, recognizes pointing, and responds to simple requests d. combines two words, uses nouns and verbs, and uses movement, including running and throwing to indicate emotion

a. laughter begins, imitates movements, and enjoy interaction with others

91. Mastery of pragmatics allows people to change style of speech, or _____ codes, depending on their audience. a. linguistic b. language c. verbal d. speech

a. linguistic

52. A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns is called _____. a. naming explosion b. "Crie de chat" c. babble d. holophrase

a. naming explosion

8. Kim and Jan's baby communicates by crying and making facial expressions. How old is their daughter? a. newborn b. 3-6 months c. 12 months d. 24 months

a. newborn

4. Subsequent research found that early contact between a newborn and mother is _____. a. not essential for bonding b. is essential for bonding c. is harmful for bonding d. has no effect on newborns

a. not essential for bonding

85. Jordan calls every woman that he sees "Momma." This is an example of _____. a. overextension b. underextension c. social referencing d. naming explosion

a. overextension

37. Mutual responsiveness in communication is referred to as _____. a. synchrony b. babbling c. motherese d. "Crie de chat"

a. synchrony

36. Depressed mothers _____ and their babies imitate them. a. talk less and sigh more b. talk more and sign more c. talk less and smile more d. sigh less and smile rarely

a. talk less and sigh more

41. One massive study of almost 9000 children from birth to emerging adulthood found _____. a. that depression of 18-year-olds was much more influenced by mothers than fathers b. that depression of 18-year-olds was much more influenced by fathers than mothers c. that depression of 18-year-olds was not related to their parent's mental health d. that depression of 18-year-olds was unlikely if their parents had had depression previously

a. that depression of 18-year-olds was much more influenced by mothers than fathers

71. Taylor is 2 years old. What would you expect her vocabulary in her first language to be? a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words, average sentence length of 2-6 words b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words, average sentence length of 3-8 words c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words, average sentence length of 5-20 words d. vocabulary of 5,000-30,000 words average sentence length seems unending

a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words, average sentence length of 2-6 words

13. Peter has just started to squeal, growl, and croon, much to his parents' delight. About how old is he? a. newborn b. 3 months c. 8 months d. 22 months

b. 3 months

82. By late adolescence, people understand about how many more words than they speak? a. 2 times b. 3 times c. 4 times d. 5 times

b. 3 times

63. Judith's grandbaby sounds like a little puppy these days, growling and squealing. How old is he likely to be? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 9 months d. 12 months

b. 6 months

87. Specific language impairment (SLI) is a common disability for about _____ percent of all 5-year-olds. a. 2 b. 7 c. 12 d. 17

b. 7

50. Which is an example of a holophrase? a. Dada sit. b. Mama! c. My turn. d. No mama.

b. Mama!

95. Which is an example of a phenomenon called the language shift? a. Some children find it easier to learn a third language after mastering a second language. b. Some children lose the ability to speak their home language when they learn the school language c. Bilingual children are more rational, less self-centered, and more open to reason when thinking and speaking about something in their second language d. Bilingual children are less rational, more self-centered, and less open to reason when thinking and speaking about something in their second language..

b. Some children lose the ability to speak their home language when they learn the school language

38. What happens often to infants when their caregiver is depressed? a. The infant is not affected by the mental health of the caregiver. b. The infant becomes depressed. c. The infant becomes happier as a way to influence the caregiver. d. The infant expresses a "Crie de chat."

b. The infant becomes depressed.

86. _____ is limiting the meaning of a word and failing to recognize that some words can be correctly used with many referents. a. Overextension b. Underextension c. Fast-mapping d. Naming explosion

b. Underextension

73. Which are characteristics or achievements in first language at age 3 years old? a. average sentence length of 2-6 words b. average sentence length of 3-8 words c. average sentence length of 5-20 words d. average sentence length seems unending

b. average sentence length of 3-8 words

98. The idea that any learning is acquired, step by step, through association and reinforcement is associated with _____. a. psychoanalysis b. behaviorism c. cognitive psychology d. sociocultural psychology

b. behaviorism

99. The idea that people learn language because others teach it to them through repetition and encouragement is associated with _____. a. psychoanalysis b. behaviorism c. cognitive psychology d. humanism

b. behaviorism

93. Which is a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language? a. immersion b. bilingual education c. English as a second language (ESL) d. traditional mainstream education

b. bilingual education

3. Based on studies of _____, the psychologists who began a revolution in newborn care insisted that mother-child bonding required newborns to be held by their mothers immediately. a. wild animals b. domestic animals c. children in other countries d. pain management

b. domestic animals

64. Which are communication milestones that a child typically reaches at 6 months of age? a. laughter begins, imitates movements, and enjoy interaction with others b. new sounds including squeals, growls, croons, trill, and vowel sounds, expresses negative feelings (with face and arm), and capable of distinguishing emotion by tone of voice c. makes simple gesture, recognizes pointing, and responds to simple requests d. combines two words, uses nouns and verbs, and uses movement, including running and throwing to indicate emotion

b. new sounds including squeals, growls, croons, trill, and vowel sounds, expresses negative feelings (with face and arm), and capable of distinguishing emotion by tone of voice

11. Which is a typical means of communication for 3- to 6-month-olds? a. comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations b. squeals, growls, croons, trills, and vowel sounds c. first spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language d. cooing, fussing, crying

b. squeals, growls, croons, trills, and vowel sounds

12. Carla's baby is 5 months old. What would you expect his developmental language abilities to be at this stage? a. comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations b. squeals, growls, croons, trills, and vowel sounds c. first spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language d. first two-word sentence

b. squeals, growls, croons, trills, and vowel sounds

72. Which are characteristics or achievements in first language at age 3 years old? a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words d. vocabulary of 5,000-30,000 words

b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words

74. Dustin is 3 years old. What would you expect his vocabulary in his first language to be? a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words, average sentence length of 2-6 words b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words, average sentence length of 3-8 words c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words, average sentence length of 5-20 words d. vocabulary of 5,000-30,000 words average sentence length seems unending

b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words, average sentence length of 3-8 words

19. At what age are the first spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language typically spoken by a child? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 12 months d. 18 months

c. 12 months

80. The basic spoken vocabulary is typically about _____ words, most learned before age 20 a. 5,000. b. 10,000 c. 20,000 d. 50,000

c. 20,000

81. Mia is 20 years old. About how many words would you expect her have as her basic spoken vocabulary? a. 5,000 b. 10,000 c. 20,000 d. 50,000

c. 20,000

15. Nawal and her husband's first baby is starting to babble. They enjoy recording the sweet sounds that their baby makes and sharing it on social media with their friends and family. How old is their baby likely to be? a. newborn b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 13 months

c. 6 months

96. Which psychologist noticed that spontaneous babbling is usually reinforced. a. Sigmund Freud b. Albert Bandura c. B.F. Skinner d. Abraham Maslow

c. B.F. Skinner

97. The essential idea that learning to communicate is acquired, step by step, through association and reinforcement is associated with _____. a. Sigmund Freud b. Albert Bandura c. B.F. Skinner d. Abraham Maslow

c. B.F. Skinner

14. Which is a typical means of communication for 6- to 10-month-olds? a. First spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language b. Slow growth of vocabulary, up to about 50 words c. Babbling, including both consonant and vowel sounds repeated in syllables d. Naming explosion—three or more words learned per day

c. Babbling, including both consonant and vowel sounds repeated in syllables

56. Which of these is CORRECT about young children and grammar. a. Children are not able to understand the difference between "cry baby" and "baby cry" until they are in preschool. b. Children are not capable of understanding differences in subject-verb-object prior to 4 years old. c. Children learn the grammatical order of their own language. d. All children understand the same grammar rules, regardless of which language they speak.

c. Children learn the grammatical order of their own language.

94. Which is an approach to teaching English that gathers all of the non-English speakers together and provides intense instruction in English? Students' first languages are never used during this approach. a. immersion b. bilingual education c. English as a second language (ESL) d. traditional mainstream education

c. English as a second language (ESL)

35. Which of these is TRUE about maternal depression and language development? a. Infant language development is not affected by maternal depression. b. Infants with mothers who have depression experience an increase in their language development. c. Infants with mothers who suffer from maternal depression may experience an impact on their language development. d. Infants with mothers who suffer from maternal depression always stop communicating all together.

c. Infants with mothers who suffer from maternal depression may experience an impact on their language development.

5. Donna has just given birth to her son in a hospital. If mother and baby are healthy, which scenario is most likely to occur? a. Donna will be taken to a separate room from her baby so she can have some peace and quiet. b. The baby will be taken to the nursery for cleaning, sedation, and medication. c. The baby will be placed on her breast immediately. d. Donna will be sent home while the baby stays in the hospital for a few days.

c. The baby will be placed on her breast immediately.

76. Which are characteristics or achievements in first language at age 4 years old? a. average sentence length of 2-6 words b. average sentence length of 3-8 words c. average sentence length of 5-20 words d. average sentence length seems unending

c. average sentence length of 5-20 words

30. Motherese is also known by the formal term _____. a. caregiver-directed speech b. parent-child speech c. child-directed speech d. mother-to-child directed speech

c. child-directed speech

31. Higher, softer, and more varied pitch that is often used by caregivers when communicating with infants is referred to as _____. a. caregiver-directed speech b. parent-child speech c. child-directed speech d. mother-to-child directed speech

c. child-directed speech

32. Laura is speaking to her grandchild in an exaggerated way, using soft and then higher pitched sounding words. She talks to all babies this way and tells her son and his wife that babies really like it when she does this. What kind of speech is she using? 'a. caregiver-directed speech b. parent-child speech c. child-directed speech d. mother-to-child-directed speech

c. child-directed speech

44. By 10 months old, a baby's babble is called _____. a. reflexive communication b. motherese c. expressive jargon d. child-directed speech

c. expressive jargon

54. Word order, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns and negations, prepositions, and articles are all aspects of _____. a. syntax b. semantics c. grammar d. phonology

c. grammar

66. Which are communication milestones that a child typically reaches at 10 months of age? a. laughter begins, imitates movements, and enjoy interaction with others b. new sounds including squeals, growls, croons, trill, and vowel sounds, expresses negative feelings (with face and arm), and capable of distinguishing emotion by tone of voice c. makes simple gesture, recognizes pointing, and responds to simple requests d. combines two words, uses nouns and verbs, and uses movement, including running and throwing to indicate emotion

c. makes simple gesture, recognizes pointing, and responds to simple requests

59. Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. a. social branding b. social perspective c. social referencing d. social cues

c. social referencing

60. Tati and her grandmother have just gone to the park. There are many children running around screaming. Tati keeps looking at her grandmother, as if trying to see if she should be excited or frightened in this new setting. What is this behavior referred to as? a. social branding b. social perspective c. social referencing d. social cues

c. social referencing

27. In the past few decades, experts have analyzed babies crying and found _____. a. that babies only have one type of cry, which is consistent in loudness and tone b. that babies only have one type of cry, which is inconsistent in loudness and tone c. that babies have multiple cries, which vary in loudness and tone d. that babies have multiple cries, but they do not vary in loudness and tone

c. that babies have multiple cries, which vary in loudness and tone

40. In the thousands of studies of maternal depression and children depression, researchers have found _____. a. that there is no real linkage between the two b. that depression in infants is only caused by genetic factors c. that there is a linkage between the two and there are several factors such as genes, hormones, and postpartum depression that may play a role d. that the topic is too complicated to study or understand

c. that there is a linkage between the two and there are several factors such as genes, hormones, and postpartum depression that may play a role

77. Latrice is 4 years old. What would you expect her vocabulary in her first language to be? a. vocabulary of 100-2,000 words, average sentence length of 2-6 words b. vocabulary of 1,000-5,000 words, average sentence length of 3-8 words c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words, average sentence length of 5-20 words d. vocabulary of 5,000-30,000 words average sentence length seems unending

c. vocabulary of 3,000-10,000 words, average sentence length of 5-20 words

34. If a mother is distant and unexpressive due to illness or depression, among other things, the baby will _____. a. not be affected at all b. will become more responsive c. will become less responsive d. will stop communicating all together

c. will become less responsive

21. At what age does a naming explosion—three or more words learned per day—typically occur? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 12 months d. 18 months

d. 18 months

22. Kiki feels like she can't even keep track of all the new words her toddler is saying each day. All of a sudden, Sammy's language seems to have "exploded." How old is Sammy likely to be? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 12 months d. 18 months

d. 18 months

67. Kaley uses nouns and verbs when speaking and likes to really run around when she is excited. How old is she likely to be? a. 6 months b. 9 months c. 12 months d. 18 months

d. 18 months

55. Grammar is dramatically evident at _____, when two or more words are combined. a. 6 months of age b. 9 months of age c. 12 months of age d. 18 months of age

d. 18 months of age

23. At what age would you expect a child to say their first two-word sentence? a. 6 months b. 12 months c. 15 months d. 21 months

d. 21 months

24. At what age would you expect a child to say their two and more word sentences? a. 9 months b. 15 months c. 18 months d. 24 months

d. 24 months

25. Nelly is a toddler and is so proud of himself as he speaks 2- and 3-word sentences. How old is he likely to be? a. 9 months b. 15 months c. 18 months d. 24 months

d. 24 months

79. About how many words in a full-size English dictionary? a. 5,000 b. 100,000 c. 250,000 d. 500,000

d. 500,000

39. In the research that was discussed in the text regarding the studying of 281 mothers who showed their 3- to 14-month-olds a plush gorilla and said "Pet the gorilla," researchers found _____. a. No difference in speech between the mothers who had some symptoms of depression and those that did not. b. A difference in speech between the mothers who had some symptoms of depression and those that did not but no effect on the child. c. A difference in speech between the mothers who had some symptoms of depression and those that did not where infants with depressed mothers had larger vocabularies. d. A difference in speech between the mothers who had some symptoms of depression and those that did not where infants with depressed mothers had smaller vocabularies.

d. A difference in speech between the mothers who had some symptoms of depression and those that did not where infants with depressed mothers had smaller vocabularies.

16. Which is a typical means of communication for 10- to 12-montholds? a. Slow growth of vocabulary, up to about 50 words b. Naming explosion—three or more words learned per day c. First two-word sentence d. Comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations, specific vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well

d. Comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations, specific vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well

17. Logan is 11 months old. What would you expect his developmental language abilities to be at this stage? a. Slow growth of vocabulary, up to about 50 words. b. Naming explosion—three or more words learned per day. c. First two-word sentence. d. Comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations, specific vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well.

d. Comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations, specific vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well.

78. Which statement is accurate? a. A 2-year-old can speak 10,000 words. b. A 6-year-old can speak 20,000 words. c. A 10-year-old can speak 40,000 words. d. Estimates on vocabularies are averages. Some individual's vocabulary may be more extensive than others.

d. Estimates on vocabularies are averages. Some individual's vocabulary may be more extensive than others.

68. Which are communication milestones that a child typically reaches at 18 months of age? a. laughter begins, imitates movements, and enjoy interaction with others b. new sounds including squeals, growls, croons, trill, and vowel sounds, expresses negative feelings (with face and arm), and capable of distinguishing emotion by tone of voice c. makes simple gesture, recognizes pointing, and responds to simple requests d. combines two words, uses nouns and verbs, and uses movement, including running and throwing to indicate emotion

d. combines two words, uses nouns and verbs, and uses movement, including running and throwing to indicate emotion

10. Tommy is a 2-month-old baby. What would you expect his developmental language abilities to be at this stage? a. comprehension of simple words, speechlike intonations b. squeals, growls, croons, trills, and vowel sounds c. first spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language d. cooing, fussing, crying

d. cooing, fussing, crying

7. Which is a typical means of communication for a newborn? a. cooing, fussing, crying, and laughing b. squeals, growls, croons, trills, and vowel sounds c. babbling, including both consonant and vowel sounds repeated in syllables d. cries, movements, and facial expressions

d. cries, movements, and facial expressions

49. A single word that conveys emotions, expectations, or hopes is called a _____. a. baby sign b. "Crie de chat" c. babble d. holophrase

d. holophrase

83. Fast-_____ is the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning. a. placing b. identifying c. connecting d. mapping

d. mapping

57. The average number of words in a typical sentence, which is often used to measure language development is _____. a. normal length of utterance b. mode length of utterance c. average length of utterance d. mean length of utterance

d. mean length of utterance

90. The most difficult aspect of language is _____, which is knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use when, and with whom. a. linguistics b. grammar c. intonation d. pragmatics

d. pragmatics

101. The idea humans are dependent on each other for survival and joy is associated with _____. a. neuroscience b. behaviorism c. cognitive psychology d. sociocultural psychology

d. sociocultural psychology