Human Motivation final quiz 8, 10-13

Compared to people in a neutral or negative mood, people under the influence of positive affect are significantly more likely to:

Answers: go to religious services. behave selfishly Correct -solve problems in a creative way solve problems in a rigid, rote-learning way

Researchers suggest that acts of kindness are just as likely to activate ___________in us as they are to activate ___________

Answers: gratitude; pride Correct -indebtedness; gratitude pride; gratitude joy; pride

The facial feedback hypothesis:

Answers: has been shown to be false explains how infants communicate their feelings and thoughts to adult caregivers Correct -asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior is a cognitive theory of emotion

According to Averill (1968, 1979), ______________ indirectly motivates people to seek and maintain social cohesion within groups.

Answers: anger circumspection Correct -sadness anxiety

Motivation and emotion are ________ and can be ___________

Answers: fixed; interpreted and analyzed energizing; increased and decreased Correct -malleable; changed and strengthened all of the above

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

Answers: physiological state. verbal persuasion. personal behavior history. Correct -vicarious experience

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation?

Answers: "Do it." "I can do it." "I have what it takes to do this." Correct -"What I do will work."

_________ functions as a warning signal for forthcoming physical or psychological harm that manifests itself in an impulse to freeze or flee (as in the "flight" part of the fight-or-flight response)

Answers: Anxiety Disgust Anger Correct -Fear

the consensus in humanistic thinking about the problem of evil is that evil

answers: can be reversed or healed rather easily, given the existence of warm interpersonal relationships occurs in both supportive and coercive interpersonal climates Correct -is not inherent in human nature does not exist

___________ is the considered the oldest emotion, with its original function being to prevent the oral incorporation of offensive substances

Answers: Anxiety anger Fear Correct -disgust

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

Answers: Correct -" I failed, but it wasn't my fault" "No matter why I tried, nothing seemed to work." "I feel low; depressed." "Why even try?"

Which of the following group of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaning interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well-being."

Answers: Correct -cognitive emotion researchers only biological emotion researchers only neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers both biological and cognitive emotion researchers

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns

Answers: Correct -conditions of worth characteristics necessary for the emergence of the self conditions for self-actualization conditions of the fully functioning individual

Humanistic theorists emphasize that human beings are motivated to

Answers: Correct -develop their full potential resolve unconscious conflicts from childhood that would otherwise undermine self-actualization find ways to merge intimately and completely with another person or with other people reduce anxiety

In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed a program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion. Specifically, the researchers developed, implemented, and tested the merits of a compassion cultivation training: The results showed that worry levels

Answers: Correct -for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry decreased for both the control and experimental participants were unchanged for the control participants and higher for the experimental participants increased for controls and decreased for experimental participants

During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on:

Answers: Correct -how they can remedy the failure. their low ability their bad luck the inaccuracies of the teacher's feedback.

Which one of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?

Answers: Correct -quest to avoid the daily mistake gratitude visit three good things in life identification of signature strengths

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?

Answers: Electrical stimulation of the brain can cause an emotional reaction Correct -Emotions can only be found in the human species Emotions are often difficult to verbalize Emotions occur in infants and children

Which of the following sequence of events best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answers: I see a dog, I feel fear, relief replaces fear, and relief fades away Correct -I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear I see a dog, I feel fear, my heart races I see a dog, I appraise the situation as harmful, I feel fear, my heart races

Which of the following is NOT one of the themes proposed by Maslow's need hierarchy?

Answers: Needs arrange themselves in the hierarchy according to potency or strength The lower the need in the hierarchy, the sooner it appears in development Correct -Needs vary in how innate they are, as some are innate and others are learned Needs in the hierarchy are fulfilled sequentially, from lowest to highest

Which one of the following best represents Lazarus's concept of primary appraisal?

Answers: What will happen next? Can I cope with this situation? Correct -Is this event a personal threat? What was the outcome—a success or a failure?

According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions

Answers: also energize and direct behavior, but in a much more potent fashion than do motives channel undirected behavior into goal-directed behavior all of the above Correct -facilitate or inhibit that behavior

Nolen-Hoeksema and colleagues assert that rumination-based __________ impairs problem solving, distracts attention, stimulates negative thinking, erodes social support, and replaces reparative coping behaviors with self-harm and destructive bingeing behaviors.

Answers: anger shame Correct -depression sadness

In Buddhist thought (as expressed by the Dalai Lama), which are the three most destructive emotions?

Answers: anger, greed, and lust love, hate, and fear fear, anger, and greed Correct -craving, agitation, and hatred

Compared to people in neutral moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive affect):

Answers: are less competitive and more individualistic experience greater self-consciousness and care markedly about what others think of their performances Correct -have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories provide shorter answers to questions

In the Supporting Psychological Need Satisfaction intervention,21 experienced middle and high school teachers implemented an Autonomy Support Intervention Program (ASIP). The intervention results showed that

Answers: autonomy support increased for both control or experimental participants both control and experimental groups evidenced lower levels of autonomy support there were no significant differences between control and experimental groups on autonomy support Correct -there were significant between-group differences, and experimental participants demonstrated greater levels of autonomy support

In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:

Answers: both depressed and nondepressed individuals made inaccurate judgments about about their control depressed individuals overestimated their control while nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments of control Correct -depressed individuals made accurate judgments of control while nondepressed overestimated their control depressed individuals underestimated their control while nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments about their control

Helplessness is

Answers: caused by the failure to construct pre-performance implementation intentions innate dependent on self-efficacy Correct -learned

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term

Answers: coach instructor Correct -facilitator educator

The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and [A1] closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment

Answers: congruent personality structure autonomy causality orientation fully functioning individual Correct -control causality orientation

De Hooge and colleagues suggest that the functional purpose of ___________ is to motivate behaviors that will restore a positive view of the self that has just been threatened or challenged by one's own moral violation or display of incompetence

Answers: depression guilt sadness Correct -shame

The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to

Answers: develop high self-esteem and high self-concept certainty keep depression at bay, especially in potentially uncontrollable environments persist at a task with strong effort and with positive emotion Correct -suffer high anxiety during social interaction

In the case study vignette of the "Suffering Student" on page 500, what might this student have benefitted from in terms of his motivation for the class?

Answers: development of growth mindset Correct -all of the above self-management techniques positive, successful experiences in class

The fundamental assertion of positive psychology therapy is that

Answers: early childhood trauma blocks the person's capacity, even willingness, for personal growth to thrive, people need to seek pleasure and the absence of problems (i.e., hedonic well-being) Correct -good mental health requires more than the absence of mental illness to thrive, people often need to put on rose-colored glasses and see only the good side of life

In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or by cognitions, the conclusion reached by the text is that:

Answers: emotion intensifies over time to the point that the original cause of the emotion is not important to knowing the emotion's eventual end-state cognition is the cause of emotion, while biology is the after-effect biology is the cause of emotion, while cognition is the after-effect Correct -emotion is a complex interactive chain of events

According to Condon and Barrett (2013), ___________ is often regarded as a positive emotion, but the sympathy it entails for another's suffering produces elements of psychological distress.

Answers: envy schaedenfreude empathy Correct -compassion

The integration of self-efficacy and perceived control beliefs that one can attain desired goals leads to the psychological experience of

Answers: explanatory style reactance relatedness Correct -hope

During emotional socialization, an adult tells a child, "Louis, I see you are throwing a temper tantrum; boy-o-boy, you must be mad, really mad." This socialization experience exemplifies the passing along of:

Answers: expression management emotion control Correct -emotion knowledge expression duping

The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:

Answers: external sources of information that conflict with one's prior beliefs unconscious memories Correct -other people success-failure outcomes

the most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:

Answers: external sources of information that conflict with one's prior beliefs unconscious memories Correct -other people success-failure outcomes

When one student who doubts his computer skills watches another student cope very well with the demands of a computer, the first student's efficacy expectation rises. The student's increased efficacy expectation was due to the influence of:

Answers: extrinsic reinforcers outcome feedback. Correct -vicarious experience personal behavior history

The principal antecedent of _____ is physical and psychological restraint or interference, as in the experience showing that a situation is "not what it should be."

Answers: fear- Correct anger disgust sadness

The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that:

Answers: has been shown to be false explains how infants communicate their feelings and thoughts to adult caregivers Correct -asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior is a cognitive theory of emotion

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable.

Answers: helpless explanatory style pessimistic explanatory style Correct -optimistic explanatory style depression-prone explanatory style

In the Promoting Emotion Knowledge intervention, researchers developed a program within the context of Head Start to deliver an "Emotions Course" and an "Emotion-Based Prevention Program" to promote children's emotion knowledge. Overall, this intervention showed that children could

Answers: increase their emotion knowledge and decrease their effective emotion regulation abilities Correct -increase their emotion knowledge and increase their effective emotion regulation abilities have their emotions knowledge and emotion regulations abilities remain about what they were when they entered the project decrease their emotion knowledge and increase their effective emotion regulation abilities

In the Increasing a Growth Mindset intervention, researchers developed an intervention program to help adolescents endorse a growth mindset in thinking about a person's personality. The results of the intervention showed overall that aggressive retaliation became

Answers: less likely, but a prosocial behavior response became less likely more likely, while a prosocial behavior response became more likely more likely, while a prosocial behavior response became less likely Correct -less likely, while a prosocial behavior response became more likely

In Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they _____ than when they _____.

Answers: made a bad bowling score; made a good bowling score made a good bowling score; engaged their friends made a good bowling score; made a bad bowling score Correct -engaged their friends; made a good bowling score

Internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents

Answers: moves the person away from basic needs such as love and belongingness Correct -moves the person away from the organismic valuation process produces congruence between the actualizing tendency and the self-actualizing tendency moves the person toward becoming a fully functioning individual

The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but change very little for other emotions (e.g., disgust) is an important finding because it ____ of emotion.

Answers: proves the emotion is an entirely cognitive phenomenon supports Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory Correct -supports the James-Lange theory refutes the James-Lange theory

The following question represents which motivational construct: "If things start to go wrong during my performance, do I have the resources within me to cope successfully and turn things around for the better?

Answers: reactance Correct -self-efficacy learned helplessness attributional style

Compared to people who pursue inner guides such as self-actualization, people who devote their lives to the pursuit of the American dream (money, fame, popular

Answers: show gains in psychological well-being come from small families (i.e., there are few children in the household) Correct -suffer more psychological distress have a greater capacity to experience flow

The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that:

Answers: some cultures are more emotionally expressive than are other cultures Correct -facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component some cultures express positive emotions clearly but negative emotions only vaguely facial behavior has a learned, voluntary component

What might be a take-home message from Chapter 17?

Answers: the brain is as much about motivation and emotion as it is about cognition and thinking human wants and desires can be discovered using scientific methods motivation often arises from a source outside of conscious awareness Correct -there is nothing so practical as a good theory

Cognitive emotion theorists most endorse the position that

Answers: the stimulus event, not the appraisal, causes emotion emotion activation arises from a felt tendency to approach or avoid the stimulus event Correct -the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion emotion activation arises from the combination of cognitive and biological events

According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

Answers: two—love and hate (or life and death) an almost limitless number Correct -a small number—between 2 and 10 25—as represented by the 5 x 5 emotion grid