Human Physiology CH 11

The placenta is responsible for waste exchange between the fetus and the mother, and also secretes large amounts of __________.

estrogen and progesterone

Check all that are functions of prostaglandins.

Cause swelling at the site of a cut Inhibit secretion of gastric juices after a meal Slow blood flow to injured area

The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates a(n) __________.

G-protein

The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme __________.

adenylyl cyclase

ADH functions to __________.

decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction

Damage or dysfunction of the anterior pituitary gland may result in ________.

decreased estrogen levels

The enzyme α-kinase adds __________ to proteins.

phosphates

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the __________.

posterior pituitary

The mode of action of steroid hormones involves __________.

stimulation of mRNA transcription

ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration.

true

ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream.

true

Hypothyroidism developed in a patient a few months following a head injury. Blood work reveals low levels of T3 and T4, low TSH, and no antibodies to the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism in this case is likely due to damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.

true

Steroid hormones travel in the blood attached to protein carriers.

true

What drug might be used to treat hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal gland?

Prednisone

Two or more hormones work together to produce a result= A hormone enhances an organ's response to a second hormone, or increases the activity of the second hormone= One hormone inhibits the secretion and action of another hormone, or has an opposite effect= How does half-life effect a hormone? The half-life of a hormone=the time required for the plasma concentration of a given amount of the hormone to be reduced by half ranges from minutes to hours for most hormones (thyroid hormone has a half-life of several days).

Synergistic effect Permissive effect Antagonistic effect

Exogenous ____________ such as ____________ are useful in controlling inflammation and suppress the immune systems following organ transplant. Untreated persons with Addison's disease encounter elevated ____________ due to negative feedback resulting from low levels of glucocorticoids.

glucocorticoids, prednsione ACTH

The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland both serve as ____________ in a negative feedback loop with the thyroid gland, since they monitor levels of ____________ . If the thyroid does not release enough ____________ , ____________ levels will ____________ . This may cause enlargement of the thyroid gland, resulting in ____________ . Since the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary release ____________ and ____________ , respectively, in response to decreased levels of ____________ , they also serve as ____________ . Typical findings in ____________ include low levels of ____________ , and elevated levels of TSH.

sensors, T3 and T4 T3 and T4, TSH, increase, a goiter TRH, TSH, T3 and T4, effectors hypothyroidism, T3 and T4

The ultimate result of lipid-soluble hormones on cells is the production of proteins.

true

1. What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood rather than duct and carries the hormone to target cells that contain specific receptor proteins so It can respond to them in a specific fashion. Endocrine system: thyroid gland, hypothalamus, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue

2. Know all endocrine glands listed in chapter, the hormone it releases, its effect and the target organ (maybe make flash cards of these??)

An increase in stress causes an increase in ____________ from the ____________ pituitary. The change in ACTH levels in response to ____________ causes a(n) ____________ in glucocorticoid secretions from the adrenal ____________ . Glucocorticoids suppress the ____________ system. A rise in ____________ can promote ____________ resistance.

ACTH, anterior stress, decrease, cortex immune glucocorticoids, insulin

Select the hormones that exert their effects through the use of second messengers.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones.

The receptor proteins are located in the nucleus, bound to DNA. Thyroid hormone receptors bind to only one DNA half-site of the hormone response element and form a heterodimer.

the mechanisms of action of steroid hormones.

The two hormone receptors on their DNA half-sites form a homodimer.

Mineralcorticoids= Glucocorticoids= Sex steroids=

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

Once inside of the cell, lipid-soluble hormones __________.

bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm

Lipid-soluble hormones __________.

diffuse through the cell membrane

The paracrine regulators that cause vasoconstriction of the blood vessels are ___________.

endothelins

The adrenal medulla secretes ___________.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The gonads, the testes and the ovaries all secrete _________.

estrogen, progesterone, androgens, sex steroids

The steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to __________.

hormone response elements in DNA

Damage or destruction of cells of the pancreas would most likely result in __________.

hyperglycemia

Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the __________.

hypothalamus

An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and anxiety.

hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism

The symptoms of hypothyroidism include all of the following EXCEPT ________. The role of TSH is to ________. The major form of thyroid hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland is ________.

increased sweating stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone T4

It is the ____________ gland that secretes ____________ and not the hypothalamus. The pineal gland is innervated by the ____________ nervous sytem. A decrease in ____________ production is associated with the onset of puberty. Melatonin production ____________ during daylight hours.

pineal, melatonin sympathetic melatonin decreases

Steroid hormones bind to __________.

protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell

As a result of intracellular binding of a lipid-soluble hormone, __________.

the receptor-hormone complex binds with a DNA molecule to produce a mRNA molecule