Human Physiology Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function

Four types of connective tissue

1. Connective tissue proper 2. Cartilage connective tissue 3. Bone connective tissue 4. Blood (vascular) connective tissue

Types of glands

1. Exocrine 2. Endocrine (formed by epithelial cells)

Examples of positive feedback

1. Parturition (labor and oxytocin levels) 2. Voltage gated Na+ channels

Negative feedback

1. defends the set point 2. reverses the deviation 3. produces change in the opposite direction (ex. insulin decreases plasma glucose, body temperature)

Subcomponents of Connective tissue proper

1. loose (areolar) connective tissue 2. dense fibrous connective tissue (tendons/ligaments) 3. adipose connective tissue

The body is composed of 4 different primary tissues:

1. muscle 2. nervous 3. epithelial 4. connective

Three types of muscle tissue are

1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth

Shapes of epithelial cells

1. squamous 2. columnar 3. cuboidal

Examples of exocrine glands

1. tear glands 2. sweat glands 3. prostate glands 4. pancreatic duct

In a hollow organ such as a renal tubule, epithelial cells have _______ membrane surfaces.

2

The body's composition of total body water is __________.

65-75%

Squamous cells line _________________________.

all blood vessels and pulmonary alveoli

Positive feedback action of effectors _______ the changes in the _________ direction as change.

amplifies, same

Stratified membranes

are composed of a number of layers and are specialized for protection.

Epithelial tissue

cells that form membranes and provide barrier between external and internal factors

Organs

composed of at least two primary tissues, tissues serve different functions of the organ

Muscle tissues are specialized for__________.

contraction

Cuboidal cells are ___________ in shape and function in ____________.

cube-shaped; excretion, secretion, and absorption

Exocrine glands are

derived from cells of epithelial membranes

Sensor

detects deviations from the set point (the normal range)

integrating center

determines the response (often, but not always, the brain)

Columnar cells line _______________________.

digestive tract, uterine tubes (contain cilia), and respiratory passages (contain cilia).

Endocrine glands may be

discrete organs (specific, individual) (primary functions are the production and secretion of hormones)

Squamous cells are ___________ in shape and function in ____________.

flattened; diffusion and filtration

Extracellular compartment

has two divisions: blood plasma and interstitial fluid (1/3 of body's water)

Negative feedback inhibition occurs with ___________________________.

hormones when secretion of a hormone is inhibited by its own effects on homestasis

Pathophysiology

how physical processes are altered in disease or injury

Negative feedback loop can occur both when there is an ______________ in a value and when there is a _______________________ in a value.

increase, decrease

Body-fluid compartments

intracellular and extracellular

Types of regulatory mechanisms

intrinsic and extrinsic

Basolateral (membrane surfaces of epithelial cells)

is on the basement membrane side

Apical (membrane surfaces of epithelial cells)

is on the lumen side

Simple epithelial tissue

is one cell layer thick and specialized for transport.

extrinsic regulatory mechanism

is outside of the organ, such as nervous or hormonal systems

Intracellular compartment

is the fluid inside the cell (2/3 of body's water)

Intrinsic regulatory mechanism

is within the organ being regulated (in the tissue)

Each membrane surface in a hollow organ has ___________ functions.

its own

Cuboidal cells line __________________________.

kidney tubules, salivary, and pancreatic ducts

Endocrine glands secretions

lack ducts

Dynamic constancy is ___________________________.

maintained within a certain range

Homeostasis

maintaining constancy of internal environment

Homeostasis is maintained by _______________________.

negative feedback loops

systems

organs that are located in different regions of the body and perform related functions

Effector

produces the response (if integrating center determines a response is needed)

Exocrine gland secretions are

released through ducts

Endocrine glands

secrete hormones into capillaries/lymphatic system within the body

Feedback loops include ______________.

sensor, integrating center, and effector

Skeletal and cardiac muscles have __________ mechanisms of contraction.

similar

Columnar cells are ________________ in shape and function in _________________.

taller and column shaped; protection, secretion, and absorption (may contain cilia)

Epithelial tissue is classified according to___________________.

the number of layers and shape of the cells in the upper layer

Human physiology

the study of how the human body functions and how organisms accomplish tasks essential for life