Human Physiology Final Exam study guide
Which of the statements below is true about fast glycolytic fibers?
can generate the most powerful contractions
What happens immediately after ATP attaches to myosin?
myosin head detaches from actin
Which mechanism below is defined by the transfer of heat in the form of infrared rays between warmer and cooler objects without any physical contact?
radiation
The basal ganglia help regulate muscle tone by sending signals to which part of the nervous system?
reticular formation
Alexi was in a car accident. After the accident, Alexi has difficulty maintaining posture as he walks. Which motor pathway do you suspect was injured?
reticulospinal
Damage to the midbrain could affect all motor components of brain stem, EXCEPT
vestibular nuclei
Where are cardiac contractile fibers mainly located?
walls of the atria and ventricles
When does the metabolic rate of the body increase?
when the blood levels of thyroid hormones rise
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediate disease where the immune system targets the myelin surrounding neurons in the CNS. Which area is most affected by this condition?
white matter
Which cell type is located in the adrenal medulla?
Hypothalamus
The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by the:
Iris
In which stage of sleep will an EEG show that alpha waves are replaced by brain waves?
Stage 1
Basal cells of the olfactory system are a type of:
Stem cells
Identify a function of the gallbladder.
Storing bile
If memories are formed in the hippocampus, which is a part of the limbic system, how does that connection affect the memories that are formed?
Stronger emotions increase the strength of the memories formed.
Which olfactory cells provide physical support to the olfactory receptor cells and help detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium?
Supporting cells
Glucose elicits which type of taste?
Sweet
Which structures are present in a skeletal muscle triad?
two terminal cisternae and one transverse tubule
The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid ______ of sodium that _______ the nerve cell's membrane.
Influx; depolarizes
When processing data to answer this multiple-choice question, you are utilizing the _______ of the nervous system.
Integrative function
Which of the following is true of the stratum basalis layer of the endometrium?
It gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation.
Identify the function of the epiglottis in coordination with organs A and B in the image.
It prevents the passage of food from A to B (trachea/windpipe)
How does mastication help in the digestion process?
It reduces food to a soft, flexible, and easily swallowed mass.
How does the increase in pH trigger the gastric phase of digestion?
It stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid in response to action potentials.
Sexual stimulation causes parasympathetic axons extending to smooth muscle in penile arterioles to release:
nitric oxide and acetylcholine
Myosin heads can stay attached to actin longer in smooth muscle than in skeletal muscle, because smooth muscle can enter a/n ______ state.
latch
Which enzyme is secreted in the oral cavity, but it is only activated in the stomach due to the acidic environment?
lingual lipase
While some channels can have open states regulated by stimuli, others are random. What common term among those that are opened by a stimulus?
Gated
Which of the terms below is defined by the ability of the brain to undergo changes in structure or function based on the presence or absence of stimuli?
plasticity
Which of the following correctly describes some of the physical characteristics of the sympathetic neurons?
pre-ganglionic neurons are short and post-ganglionic neurons are long
Which protein below is similar to dystrophin?
utrophin
Imagine an individual with a tendency to delay defecation by voluntarily contracting the external anal sphincter. If he or she continues doing this over a long time period, he or she is likely to suffer from
constipation
Which smooth muscle cells (fibers) are usually grouped together and act as a single, coordinated unit?
contractile fibers
Which of the following circuits has presynaptic cells that only make a connection with one postsynaptic cell?
converging circuit
In the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the:
corpus luteum
Which molecule can be used to quickly regenerate ATP by a direct phosphorylation reaction?
creatine phosphate
Activation of the somatic nervous system is NOT important for which of the following functions?
heart contraction strength
Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract decussate at what level of the nervous system?
medulla
Segmentation in the small intestines plays an important role in:
mixing the chyme
__________ is the primary neurotransmitter released from somatic nerves.
Acetylcholine
True or False: Cardiac muscle cells generate most of their ATP through aerobic respiration.
True
True or False: In cardiac muscle cells, entry of calcium from the extracellular fluid triggers release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
True
True or False: The axons of the ganglion cells leave the retina via the optic nerve.
True
Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the ________. The sound waves are then transmitted along the ________ to the cochlea.
Tympanic membrane; ossicles
Which of the following statements about a twitch is true? A twitch:
consists of three sequential phases: the latent period; the contraction period; and the relaxation period
How does the digestive system help the nervous system in the human body?
Gluconeogenesis in the liver and the absorption of carbohydrates in the liver provide glucose for ATP production by neurons.
What are the two types of neurotransmitters utilized by the ANS?
Cholinergic and adrenergic
Which cell type is located in the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells
A sour tastant releases ________ ions, that will enter the gustatory receptor causing depolarization.
Hydrogen
Which term below is defined by a net influx of Na+ions into the muscle fiber through the open nicotinic ACh receptors causing the motor end plate to depolarize?
End plate potential
Which of the following nervous system components is part of the digestive system?
Enteric nervous system
A whole muscle is controlled by activation of a single motor unit.
False
Brush-border enzymes are synthesized by the paneth cells.
False
Mastication involves forcibly expelling the contents of the gastrointestinal tract through the mouth.
False
Metabotropic receptors can open or close ion channels indirectly. The intermediary is typically a
G-protein
An electrical synapse is characterized by a direct conduction of action potentials through what type of junctions?
Gap junctions
The neural integration process called convergence is described by ________.
Many nerve cells communicating with one cell
____________ are sensitive to deformation, stretching or bending of cells. And also provide sensations such as touch and pressure.
Mechanoreceptors
Which of the receptors listed below are considered slow adapting?
Merkel discs and Ruffini corpuscles
Which type of receptor contains a neurotransmitter binding site and a site that is coupled to a G protein?
Metabotropic receptor
Stapes-induced vibration of the ______ induces a wave of vibration through the perilymph that must also vibrate the _______ due to the incompressibility of perilymph.
Oval window; round window
Which term below is defined by the capability for change associated with learning?
Plasticity
During a chemical synapse, neurotransmitters bind to receptors present in the:
Post-synaptic membrane
The chemical synapse is bounded by the _______ neuron, from which neurotransmitters are released across the synaptic cleft, to the _________ neuron, where the receptors for that neurotransmitter are located.
Presynaptic; postsynaptic
The greatest degree of inhibition of motor neuron activity occurs during which stage of sleep?
REM
During which stage of sleep do your eyes move rapidly back and forth under closed eyelids?
REM sleep
Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved with eye movement?
accessory
During the steps of muscle contraction, what will happen to acetylcholine after it is released and diffused across the synaptic cleft?
acetylcholine will bind to nicotinic receptors on motor end plate
Which process requires sufficient oxygen to occur?
aerobic respiration
Which protein helps solubilize the lipoprotein in body fluids?
apoproteins
Amy has an accident causing her not to be able to recognize different objects, such as a comb or apple. Which part of her cerebral cortex do you suspect she has damaged?
association areas
It is common to teach a dog not to go to the bathroom inside the house and attempt to teach it to go outside in the grass. If a dog owner gave her pet a treat every time it went to the bathroom outside, she would be utilizing which learning technique?
associative learning
The development of tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells that creates the blood-brain barrier is stimulated by which cell type?
astrocytes
Contraction in smooth muscle is regulated by which branch(es) of the nervous system?
automatic
The single-unit smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract consists of two types of cells. They are:
autorhythmic fibers and contractile fibers
Cones respond maximally to wavelengths corresponding to which colors?
blue, green, red
Which neuronal cell is the main output of the cerebral cortex?
pyramidal cells
Which type(s) of muscle fibers is/are most fatigue resistant?
slow oxidative
The muscle action potential quickly spreads into the muscle fiber as it travels along the _____, which is an extension of the _____.
transverse tubules; sarcolemma
Which protein gets removed from the binding sites of the thin filaments allowing initiation of muscle contraction?
tropomyosin
Which term below is defined as a brief muscle fiber contraction in response to a single action potential?
twitch
Which extraembryonic membrane below is responsible for supplying nutrients to the embryo during the early weeks of development?
yolk sac
Both the auditory and vestibular systems rely upon _______ to detect movement of fluid within the ear.
Hair cells
Autonomic tone is the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic systems. This balance is regulated by which brain structure?
Hypothalamus
Neurons from which brain area die in individuals that present narcolepsy?
Hypothalamus
Which reflex is ipsilateral and monosynaptic?
stretch reflex
The face is innervated by _____ nerves
Cranial
When axons come together, they form a:
Nerve
Retrograde and anterograde transport occur in the
Axon
The mesoderm gives rise to which structure?
muscles
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that functions to:
Control mood
Cholinergic neurotransmitters use what type of receptors?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
What is the core temperature of the human body?
37°C
How much energy is yielded in the catabolism of carbohydrates and proteins?
4 kcal/g
Place the sequence for olfactory transduction in correct order. Depolarization of leading to action potential Stimulation of Golf Opening of cation channels Odorant binds to receptor Activation of adenylyl cyclase producing cAMP
4, 2, 5, 3, 1
How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have?
46
What is the normal blood glucose level?
70-110 mg/100 mL
Postganglionic nerves that release norepinephrine are referred to as _____ nerves, whereas those that release acetylcholine are referred to as ______ nerves.
Adrenergic; cholinergic
The __________ is the portion of the neuron along which the action potential propagates.
Axon
If the graded potential remains above threshold once it reaches the ________, an action potential will be generated.
Axon hillock
Information is sent from the dendrites to the ________, where an action potential may be generated.
Axon hillock
The ___________ is a subcortical nucleus through which most sensory information must pass. That sensory information is filtered and refined, allowing us to direct our attention to specific external stimuli.
Basal Nuclei
During a chemical synapse what happens immediately after the neurotransmitters are released from the synaptic vesicles?
Bind to neurotransmitter receptors
Which component of the brain contains the reticular formation, which helps to maintain consciousness and is active during awakening from sleep?
Brain stem
Which area of the brain generates a motor pattern for activation of muscles needed for speech?
Broca's area
The somatic nervous system conveys output from the ________ to the ____________.
Central nervous system; skeletal muscles
The ________ is the region of the brain involved in matching actual movement to the motor program that was generated.
Cerebellum
Ions cross the membrane through channels. What factors will affect the movement of the ions?
Chemical and electrical gradients
The _______ is a highly vascularized and pigmented layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the sclera and absorbs any light that has reached the back of the eye to prevent its reflection.
Choroid
The equilibrium potential measures the point at which the force of the electrical gradient exactly opposes the force of the _______ gradient on a particular ion, thus preventing any net movement across the membrane.
Concentration gradient
What is the first source of energy when muscle contraction begins?
Creatine phosphate
Graded potentials arise mainly in the:
Dendrites & Cells bodies of neurons
A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes less negative, is referred to as:
Depolarization
Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium channel based upon the _______.
Direction that the stereocilia move
The cell bodies of afferent nerve cells are located within the:
Dorsal root ganglion
Which term is defined as an increase in the length of a muscle during contraction?
Eccentric isotonic contraction
The cell bodies of ___________ neurons are located within the central nervous system, whereas the cell bodies for _____________ neurons are located outside of the central nervous system.
Efferent: afferent
An increase in calcium in a neuromuscular junction causes the:
Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
The influx of calcium into the axon terminal of a chemical synapse is responsible for the ______.
Fusion of vesicles to the membrane and their exocytosis
Key characteristics that define an excitable cell are
Generating an action potential as a response to a stimulus
Which statement about REM sleep is correct?
Increases blood pressure
Innervation of skeletal muscles by somatic nervous system can be voluntary or involuntary. Which of the functions below is classified as voluntary?
Kicking a ball during a soccer game
What happens during depolarizing phase of smooth muscle contraction?
L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
The neural pathway for a specific sensory modality travels along a(n) ________ that terminates in a specific region of the _________.
Labeled line; cerebral cortex
When an object is far away, for you to be able to clearly see this object which part of the eye will stretch and become thinner?
Lens
___________ are ion channels in the membrane of nerve cells that open or close in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor.
Ligand-gated Channels
Which term below can be defined as the region of the muscle fiber plasma membrane that is opposite to the synaptic end bulb?
Motor end plate
The somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions of the nervous system all play a role in the __________ of the nervous system.
Motor function
Which factor that determines muscle tension is defined by a process that increases the number of active motor units?
Motor unit recruitment
A ______ most directly results in the contraction of a muscle cell.
Muscle action potential
Which term below can be defined as proprioceptors that detect both static and changes in muscle length?
Muscle spindles
White matter in the brain gets it color from:
Myelinated Axons
Information is transmitted from cell to cell across the chemical synapse via a(n):
Neurotransmitter
Which of the following sensory receptors is correctly paired with its adequate stimulus?
Nociceptors respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissues.
Which term defines what occurs when repeated exposure to a single stimulus causes a change in behavior?
Non-associative learning
All postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release which neurotransmitter.
None of the Options are correct: epinephrine ,norepinephrine, and acetylcholine
Which cranial nerve controls olfactory input from the nose?
Olfactory
Which glial cell is essential to the rapid electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocyte
In farsighted, corrected vision, the image will be formed:
On the retina
The ability of the sympathetic nervous system to produce widespread responses within the body is driven by the structural relationship between pre- and postganglionic neurons where ___________.
One preganglionic neuron sends collaterals to multiple ganglia, affecting multiple postganglionic neurons
What is a difference between oogonia and secondary oocytes?
Oogonia are diploid cells, while secondary oocytes are haploid cells.
Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor at an inhibitory synapse can lead to ______ of ______ channels.
Opening; potassium
Which neuropeptide released from certain neurons of the hypothalamus promotes wakefulness?
Orexin
_______ describes the receptors within a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the stimulation of a particular afferent neuron.
Receptive fields
Which phase/state of an electrical signal occurs when all voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed?
Resting stage
What part of the eye is responsible for converting light into action potentials?
Retina
Which of the motor tracts below is where the red nucleus helps control voluntary movements of the upper limbs?
Rubrospinal tract
Neuroglia play a variety of roles and are found throughout the nervous system. Which of the following neuroglia is found only in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
Select the division of the nervous system that allows you to know that coffee is brewing in another room.
Sensory
Which component of the reflex arc conducts action potential from the PNS to the CNS?
Sensory neuron
The autonomic nervous system innervates all effector organs and tissues EXCEPT:
Skeletal muscles
Which statement about fast and slow pain is correct?
Slow pain fibers are unmyelinated while fast pain fibers are myelinated
Which of the following changes occurs in the orgasm phase for men during sexual intercourse?
Smooth muscle in the walls of the epididymis contract.
Varicosities can be defined as:
Swollen regions on axon terminals that contain synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters
Before the axons project into the gustatory cortex, they first pass through the:
Thalamus
The extent of neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane is determined primarily by:
The concentration of neurotransmitter
The direction of change in membrane potential, in response to a stimulus that initiates a graded potential, is dependent upon _________.
The ion channels that are opened or closed
All of the following are functions of the liver EXCEPT
The liver stores bile when the sphincter of Oddi is closed.
The type of stimulus that we perceive when a sensory receptor has been activated is determined by ______.
The region of the cortex where the sensory nerve pathway integrates
What primary function do the vertebrae and meninges serve for the spinal cord?
They provide a protective covering for the spinal cord
In the thalamus, sensory neurons synapse with ______ that transmit the information to the cerebral cortex.
Third order neurons
The sympathetic nervous system originates in the ___________ and ___________.
Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
The process by which sensory receptors convert a stimulus into a graded potential is known as _____.
Transduction
All three types of muscle can undergo hypertrophy.
True
Glutamate acts as both an inhibitory neurotransmitter onto some retinal neurons and an excitatory neurotransmitter onto other retinal neurons.
True
Olfactory information is the only sensory information that can project directly to the cerebral cortex without being relayed through the thalamus.
True
Olfactory transduction involves binding of an odorant molecule to a receptor protein that in turn activates the Golf protein.
True
T/F: Before glucose can be used by body cells, it must first pass through the plasma membrane and enter the cytosol.
True
Which part of the sarcomere contains only thin and not thick filaments?
Which term below can be defined as the ability of a muscle to stretch without being damaged?
Why is it beneficial that sensory information received can synapse directly with a motor neuron?
because it is faster communication and causes faster involuntary movement
Activation of which type of taste receptors involves metabotropic receptors?
bitter, sweet, and umami
During the absorption of the gastrointestinal tract products of digestion will get moved from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into:
blood and lymph
During cranial reflex, where will the neuronal integration occur?
brain stem gray matter
Oxygen debt restores metabolic condition in the body after exercise by all of the following listed below, EXCEPT:
by catalyzing the transfer of one of the high-energy phosphate groups from ATP to creatine
Which ion, needed for cardiac muscle contraction, is located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid?
calcium
During smooth muscle contraction, calcium ions will bind to which protein?
calmodulin
Which type(s) of muscle can display(s) autorhythmicity?
cardiac and smooth
Calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is important for contraction of which type(s) of muscle?
cardiac, skeletal and smooth
The neural centers in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and brain stem are activated by the though, sight, or smell of food during the _____ phase of digestion.
cephalic
Which digestion phase stimulates the secretion of saliva by the salivary glands?
cephalic phase
_______ (hormone) causes the gallbladder to release bile into the ________.
cholecystokinin; duodenum
Which motility is (are) characteristic to the large intestine?
haustral churning and mass movement
The secretion of leptin, which causes a(n) ________ is increased by _________.
decreased sensation of hunger; storage of calories in adipocytes
Resulting distention of the rectal wall stimulates stretch receptors which initiates the __________ that empties the rectum.
defecation reflex
_____, or swallowing, is the movement of food from the mouth into the stomach.
deglutition
Which of the following is NOT a normal function of the high acidity of the stomach?
destroy lumenal epithelial cells
The doctor taps your leg just below your knee to test your reflexes. Your leg swings out at about the same time you perceive that your leg was tapped because of a
diverging circuit
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which protein might be absent?
dystrophin
All of the following statements below describe which portion of the digestive tract? A) does not produce digestive enzymes B) does not carry on absorption C) transports food from pharynx to stomach D) has a lower sphincter that prevents back flow of acid.
esophagus
Identify an organ that is part of the gastrointestinal tract.
esophagus
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the placenta to release prostaglandins?
estrogen
During an asthma attack, a patient may experience a bronchospasm, or tightening of the muscles around the airways, in addition to other complications. A bronchospasm is an example of what type of modification to which section of the nervous system?
excitation of autonomic motor neurons
Smooth muscle has no T tubules, instead there are small pouch-like invaginations of the plasma membrane called caveolae, which will contain _______ used for muscle contraction.
extracellular calcium ions
The secretion of saliva is stimulated by the action potentials returning from the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei along parasympathetic fibers of the
facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
What is a function of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the male human body?
facilitate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Which process below is observed during the absorptive state of hormonal regulation?
facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
An action potential has reached the synaptic end bulb, but there is no neurotransmitter release. This could be caused by:
failure of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open, preventing Ca2+ from entering the cell
All of the following below open to increase sarcoplasmic Ca+2 concentration that will trigger smooth muscle contraction, EXCEPT:
gap junctions
Which reflex stimulates the motility of the ileum in the presence of chyme in the stomach?
gastroileal reflex
Second order neurons in pain pathways would have receptors for which neurotransmitters?
glutamate and substance P
Glucose can be made in skeletal muscle cells through the breakdown of ______.
glycogen
Which term below defines excess glucose taken by the liver and skeletal muscles and then converted into glycogen?
glycogenesis
The lateral corticospinal tract will cause voluntary contractions of muscles located in which body region?
hands and feet
Identify a movement that is unique to the large intestine.
haustral churning
In World War I, nerve agents were used in the newly discovered chemical warfare in order to inflict extreme pain and death on a monumental scale. These agents interrupted normal communication at the neuromuscular junction by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity. How does this mechanism affect somatic muscle activity?
high amounts of ACh cause uncontrollable muscle spasms
Growth of skeletal muscle fibers in adults is primarily through the process of ______.
hypertrophy
If someone is convicted of a crime of passion, which brain systems were most likely in control of the person's behaviors?
hypothalamus and limbic system
Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the _________ through ________.
ileum; complexing with intrinsic factor
Destruction of lower motor neurons results in
inability to respond to a stimulus
You have accidentally given a patient a dose of atropine rather than acetylcholine. What symptoms do you expect to see in the patient?
increase in heart rate
Which of the following would increase the tension produced by a skeletal muscle contraction?
increased frequency of muscle action potentials
Increased somatic nervous system activity has which effect on the motor neurons?
increased release of ACh from the somatic motor neuron
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs) are a type of drug which inhibit the removal of dopamine from the synaptic cleft. What effect might this have on the individual due to changes in the neural pathways of the brain?
increased sense of motivation and reward
Which cells serve as the primary sensory receptors of the cochlea?
inner hair cells
Which statement is correct about digestive tract smooth muscle contraction?
interstitial cells of Cajal are located between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers
Concentric and eccentric are types of ______ contractions.
isotonic
What is the significance of the refractory period during cardiac muscle contraction?
it allows the heart to fill up with blood
How does contraction and relaxation in smooth muscle compare to that in skeletal muscle?
it is slower in smooth muscle than in skeletal muscle
Which structure below is homologous to the shaft of the penis?
labia minora
Of the responses listed below, which one is considered to be a parasympathetic response?
lacrimination
Where are large fat particles initially absorbed?
lacteals
During anaerobic glycolysis, when oxygen is absent or at low concentrations, the glucose that was broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid will give rise to two molecules of __________ and two molecules of ________.
lactic acid; ATP
Which of the functions below is performed by the cerebellum?
monitoring intention of movements
Which statement below describes gastric repulsion?
movement of food from antrum to body
Creatine, which is a small, amino acid-like molecule, that can be synthesized everywhere, EXCEPT in (the):
muscle fibers
Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is located between the serosa and the submucosal layer?
muscularis externa
Which molecule has an ATP-binding site?
myosin
What happens during the power stroke of the contraction cycle?
myosin head pivots from 90o angle to 45o angle
A postsynaptic cell in a synapse could be a/an
neuron, skeletal & muscle cell (all choices)
________ is/are the functional unit of the nervous system.
neurons
Once the chyme begins to enter the duodenum, it must first be _______ before any of the enzymes in the pancreatic juices can be activated.
neutralized
The dendrites of olfactory receptor cells are located in the:
olfactory epithelium
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains ____ while the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains _____.
only sensory axons; only motor axons
Which digestive structures are involved in the process of deglutition?
oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus
Auditory stimuli are transduced into receptor potentials in which structure of the ear?
organ of Corti
Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions during labor?
oxytocin
The enzyme primarily responsible for lipid digestion in the small intestine is:
pancreatic lipase
When you detect that the temperature is rising, the sensory receptor is stimulated in the _____ nervous system, and the filtering of this information occurs in the _____ nervous system.
peripheral ; central
The cerebellum receives direct input from the
pontine nuclei
In the autonomic motor pathways, the motor neuron whose axon extends to the effector is known as the ______ motor neuron.
postganglionic
The idea to move is generated in the _________ and will end at the ________ where the motor plan is developed.
prefrontal cortex; premotor cortex
The control center that functions as the body's thermostat is a group of neurons in the anterior part of the hypothalamus, called the
preoptic area
During smooth muscle contraction, what will activate the enzyme known as myosin light chain kinase?
presence of calmodulin
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?
prevents immune responses against the surface antigens of spermatogenic cells
What would the presence of the toxin tetanospasmin do to muscle contraction?
prevents muscles from relaxing
Which part of the brain most directly controls the execution of a movement?
primary motor cortex
Hayden has been playing the piano for many years. Now he can play many songs from memory. This is an example of what process?
procedural memory
Production of milk from the mammary glands is stimulated by the hormone
prolactin
Which of the following muscle is located on the thigh?
quadriceps femoris
Which type of signal is occurring in the dendrites of the encapsulated nerve endings? *
receptor potentials
Which phase of the human sexual response is defined by a state of profound relaxation?
resolution
As food is broken into smaller pieces in the mouth, it is combined with _______ that facilitates its movement down the esophagus.
saliva
Which enzyme is inactivated when chyme mixes with acidic gastric juice?
salivary amylase
Of the functions listed below, which one belongs to the goblet cells?
secretion of mucus
Which function below belongs to the Leydig cells?
secretion of testosterone
When you turn your head to look around you, equilibrioception tells us that your body knows the new position of your head. Which receptors are detecting this new movement?
semicircular ducts
The sperm are produced within the _________ of the testes.
seminiferous tubules
An abuse victim is brought into the hospital after being rescued from an attack. When the doctor goes in to visit with the patient he reaches his hand out to examine her eyes. When he does this, the patient flinches and raises her hand in defense. This is most likely an example of:
sensitization
The three functional classes of neurons are:
sensory, interneuron, motor
A motor unit consists of a:
single somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates
The autonomic nervous system innervates all effector organs and tissues except:
skeletal muscles
During a negative feedback mechanism for control of body temperature, where are the thermoreceptors located?
skin and hypothalamus
A competitive marathon runner will likely have a higher than average number of which type of muscle fiber?
slow oxidative
Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor?
sodium levels
Which of the following area(s) of the body lack nociceptors?
spinal cord
Polyspermy can be prevented by a quick hardening of which secondary oocyte structure?
zona pellucida
Which of the following is NOT an example of the somatic nervous system's contribution to homeostasis?
stimulation of digestive muscles
Which uterine layer sloughs off every month in a nonpregnant woman?
stratum functionalis
Which somatic reflex is important for regulating muscle length?
stretch
Which of the following is a neuropeptide?
substance P
Sweet taste is triggered by which of the following?
sucrose
Which of the following is NOT a function the cerebellum plays in controlling body movements?
suppressing unwanted movement
Which of the following is (are) main branches of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Which statement is correct with regards to the structural modifications present in the walls of the large intestine when compared to the small intestine? Large intestinal walls:
teniae coli contractions lead to formation of pouches called haustra
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cardiac contractile muscle cell?
tetanus
Damage to the cerebellum will lead to:
the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements
What happens during the excitement phase of heterosexual copulation?
the genital tissues get engorged with blood
What happens in the plateau phase of heterosexual sexual intercourse?
the head of the penis increases in diameter
The binding of calcium to the subunit of troponin will directly result in:
the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin-binding site on the actin molecule
Which of the following is correct regarding unfused tetanus in a skeletal muscle fiber?
the muscle is being stimulated at a high rate, with some time to relax slightly between stimuli
How can one tell if action potentials are generated by a threshold or suprathreshold stimuli?
there in no difference in action potentials generated by either type of stimulus
Identify the true statement about dizygotic fraternal twins.
they are genetically nonidentical
How do neurons of the basal ganglia suppress unwanted movements?
they inhibit neurons of the thalamus
Electrical synapses are different from chemical synapses because:
they provide a direct cytoplasmic connection between the two cells
Which of the muscle properties below is exclusive for cardiac muscle?
thick and thin filaments
Which structure helps to propel the food from the oral cavity into the pharynx during swallowing?
tongue
The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are:
transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are integrated
The famous American dish "Surf and Turf" includes a steak (the turf) and side of lobster or crab (the surf). Eating these two portions alone will MOST likely activate which taste?
umami
When you feel the urge to scratch your leg, which nervous fibers are most likely being stimulated?
unmyelinated C fibers
Which of the following types of neuron would NEVER be part of a somatic reflex arc?
upper motor neuron
Which type of neuron originates in the cerebral cortex and is essential for planning of voluntary movements?
upper motor neuron
Which pairing below is correct of the structure and compartment it prevents food from entering?
uvula; nasal cavity
Which cranial nerve is NOT correctly matched to its function?
vagus: controls movements of the head and neck
Which of the following drug types might cause uncontrollable muscle seizures?
α-latrotoxin - excitation of pre-synaptic vesicle release
