Human Services 001 - Chapters 7-11

Stress can have a large effect on families (Minuchin):

-Stress in families is caused by situational (unexpected) problems (e.g. illness) and predictable developmental issues (e.g. birth). -Healthy families have the mechanisms to successfully deal with such stressors.

Cultural competence can be achieved in many ways such as

1. Course offerings 2. Workshops 3. Immersion activities 4. Supervision 5. Case studies 6. Discussion groups 7. Role-plays 8. Journaling 9. Readings 10. Videos

List the Eight Steps for Implementing Community Change. Pg. 189-190

1. Ensure all stakeholders are involved. 2. Collaborate with community members. 3. Respect of community members. 4. Accurately define the problem. 5. Jointly develop strategies for change. 6. Implement change strategies. 7. Assess effectiveness. 8. Recycle if necessary and stay committed.

For children between the ages of 8-15, what is the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder? Pg 245

For children between ages 8-15, the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder is ADHD.

Who is Murray Bowen?

Murray Bowen employed a multigenerational approach when doing family therapy

Before conducting research

One must develop a hypothesis or research question.

Describe Cognitive-behavioral theory / approach?

The Cognitive-behavioral approach is a conceptual orientation that includes "Behavior Therapy," "Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy," "Cognitive Therapy," "Reality Therapy," and other approaches to the helping relationship. To some degree, all of these approaches rely on learning theory and focus on the changing of behaviors and cognitions when assisting clients in the change process The approach includes concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, positive/negative reinforcement, punishment, social learning, model, and counterconditioning. Helping clients understand the connection between thinking, feeling, and behaving can dramatically affect how those individuals interact in the world.

Tripartite Model of Personal Identity

The Individual Level -Client's unique genetics and distinctive experiences The Group Level -The various factors a person may have in common with other people (e.g., race, gender, age, culture) The Universal Level -Shared experiences that define all of us as human -Biological/physical similarities -Common life experiences (birth, death, love, sadness, etc.) -Self-awareness -Ability to use symbols, such as language

Indivisible Model

The Indivisible Self is a model that suggests that we should focus on five factors when reviewing our own wellness; this includes the creative self, the coping self, the social self, the essential self, and the physical self.

Discrimination

an active behavior that results in differential treatment of individuals within specific ethnic or cultural groups

Scapegoat

an individual, within a system, who is unconsciously given the blame for problems in the system

Religion

an organized or unified set of practices and beliefs that have moral underpinnings and define a group's way of understanding the world

Minority (or nondominant group)

any person or group of people who are being singled out due to their cultural or physical characteristics and are being systematically oppressed by those individuals who are in a position of power

Triadic Relationship

in supervision, when two supervisees meet with a supervisor for consultation about clients

Prejudice

judging a person or a group based on preconceived notions about the group

Power Differentials

real or perceived power disparities between people

Spirituality

residing in a person, not a group. Defines the person's understanding of self, self in relationship to others, and self in relationship to a self-defined higher power or lack thereof.

Stereotypes

rigidly held beliefs that most or all members of a group share certain characteristics, behaviors, or beliefs

Homeostasis

tendency to maintain a steady state, its unique equilibrium. A good system's homeostasis is not "bad" or "good" - it simply is.

Practicality

the ease of administration and interpretation of the test (cost/location/time/length of exam)

Political Correctness

the identification of a universally nonoffensive group label is difficult.

Consultee

the individuals being helped in a "Consultation;" the professionals who need to gain knowledge from the "Consultant"

Sexual Orientation

the predominant gender for which a person has consistent attachments, longings, and sexual fantasies

Cross-cultural Fairness

the test measures what it is supposed to measure for ALL subgroups. (Griggs v. Duke Power Company 1971)

Validity

the tests measures what it is supposed to measure (statement about the test, not people taking the test)

Race

traditionally defined as permanent physical differences as perceived by an external authority. Used to be based on genetics; now issue is clouded and unclear, so better to avoid this term

Simpson's Paradox

when averages are taken across different groups, they can appear to contradict the overall averages -the same set of data can appear to show opposite trends depending on how its grouped

Therapy groups

work towards self-understanding, more satisfactory ways of relating or handling stress, and challenging patterns of behavior towards health

Different types of boundaries in an agency

-Semipermeable: healthiest (healthy communication, flexibility, change) -Rigid: agency is struggling with issues of power and control -Permeable: agency has not yet "gotten its act together" and needs to formulate rules to help govern itself effectively

Best and Kahn describes research as:

"The systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events."

Heterosexism

(formerly known as homophobia) discrimination, denigration, or stigmatization of a person for nonheterosexual behaviors

Define each term and explain the difference between Administrative Supervision and Counseling Supervision. Pg. 196-197

-Administrative supervision is concerned with the survivability of the agency. The administrative supervisors focus on issues such as managing costs, developing evaluation techniques, defining roles and functions of employees, encouraging and eliminating services, developing better ways of "Case Management" and insisting on some forms of professional development. This position encourages tasks that some employees may not like. -Counseling supervision is intensive, extended, and evaluative interpersonal relationship in which a senior member of a profession (1) enhances the professional skills of a junior person (2) assures quality services to clients, and (3) provides a gatekeeping function for the profession. They have many responsibilities such as assuring the welfare of the client; meeting regularly with the supervisee; assuring ethical, legal, and professional standards are being upheld; overseeing the clinical and professional development of the supervisee, and evaluating the supervisee. -The DIFFERENCE between Administrative Supervision and Counseling Supervision is that Administrative supervision is concerned more with the mundane running of the agency and about ensuring profits for the agency. While the Counseling supervision focuses on enhancing the professional skills of junior staff members, assuring quality services to clients, and providing a gatekeeping function for the profession

Later 1900s

-Carl Whitaker - Experiential-Humanistic approach -Murray Bowen - Multigenerational approach -Michael White and David Epston - Narrative approach

Late 1800s-Early 1900s

-Charity Organization Societies (COSs), called friendly visitors, assisted families with education, advice, moral support, and necessities -Settlement movement (Jane Addams and Hull House) -Alfred Adler - His work with children was a model upon which family therapy models are built

Define Classification System and provide an example. Pg 277

-Classification System provide information about whether an individual has, or does not have, certain attributes or characteristics. This can include behavior or feeling word checklists. -An example of classification systems may be a long list of physical barriers to live fully from which someone can check off which attributes they may have.

Counseling and Therapy groups

-Counseling: Have the purpose to address the problems of group members through growth, development, removing blocks/barriers, and prevention. Counseling & Therapy groups: -Smaller number of people (between 4 and 12) -Usually meet at least once a week for 1-3 hours -Confidentiality is essential, both with the therapist and with other group members -Expression of feeling and change encouraged

Administrative supervision

-Requesting employees to see more clients to better manage costs -Developing evaluation techniques to demonstrate to funding sources that goals are being met -Suggesting that some employees change roles and functions -Encouraging development of new client services or eliminating older ones -Suggesting new and better case management methods -Insisting on some form of professional development

Define Diagnostic Assessment and provide an example. Pg 274

-Diagnostic Assessments are used to delve more deeply into areas of suspected learning problems and are often given on a one-to-one basis by an experienced examiner such as a school psychologist or learning disabilities specialist. These are often recommended after the results of a survey battery achievement test. They are a variety of assessment tasks that are used to determine students' level of knowledge, skills, and understandings at the beginning of a course, grade level, unit and/or lesson. -An example of a Diagnostic assessment could be a survey or a pre-test to assess the knowledge of a participant.

Dysfunctional couples and families:

-Do not take responsibility for own feelings or actions, and scapegoat others -Might be unaware of or unwilling to address unfinished business

Clients from diverse cultures are:

-Frequently misunderstood and misdiagnosed -Often spoken down to and patronized -Have the impact of negative social forces minimized by the helper -Find the helping relationship less helpful -Seek mental health services at lower rates -Terminate helping relationships earlier

Provide an overview of General Systems Theory, and state what field focuses on the examination of the manner in which systems tend to maintain their typical ways of functioning, whether those actions are healthy or unhealthy? Pg 163

-General systems theory was developed to explain the complex interactions of all types of systems, including living systems, family systems, community systems, and even the solar system. -Each system has a boundary that defines it. Boundaries can be rigid, permeable, or semi-permeable. A healthy system has semi-permeable boundaries. Boundaries helps a system define how it interacts with other systems -The field that focuses on the examination of the manner in which systems tend to maintain their typical ways of functioning, whether healthy or unhealthy are cybernetics. It's how we interact, how other systems interact with other systems

Groups

-Groups, like families, are systems. -Thus, many of the same dynamics are in place (boundaries, power dynamics, hierarchies, homeostasis, etc.). -Groups will build their own homeostasis, and it's up to the leader to help the new system function in a healthy manner. -Important not to let individual members become scapegoats of the system's problems

Knowing organizational climate and structure helps one be a team player

-Hierarchy -Pecking order -Communication of opposing perspectives

Describe what the similarities and differences are between Family Guidance and Family Counseling. Pg 169

-In Family Guidance, the helper is seen as an expert who can offer advice and has important knowledge to give. They provide specific knowledge that the family might need such as seeking needed services and dealing with concerns. Family Guidance is generally short term, with periodic follow-up meetings to ensure that the family has learned or gained from the advice or information that was given. The helper consults with the family about issues and problems, particularly those that can be focused upon through education. -In Family Counseling, the helper is seen as an expert in facilitating the change process, but not necessarily in other areas. Providing knowledge is generally secondary to helping the family learn how to communicate and how to change embedded, dysfunctional ways of relating. Family Counseling can be short term or long term, depending on the approach and whether the family has made significant progress toward rearranging the manner in which they communicate and act toward each other. The helper counsels family about issues and problems, particularly those related to family structure and family communication problems. -Family Guidance and Family Counseling are similar in their function of helping families, but they differ in the ways that they help them. Family Guidance helps the family through processes they don't know how to manage or work through and is more broad and dependent on what the family needs. Family Counseling is more specific in working with the family's structure and functionality to better it.

APA adopted a three tier system for deciding who can give tests

-Level A (some Level B): associate- and bachelor-level individuals who have some knowledge of assessment and are thoroughly versed with the test manual (e.g., proctoring an achievement test) -Level B: Individuals with a master's degree and have taken a tests and measurement course (some personality tests; career tests) -Level C: Minimum of master's degree and advanced training (e.g., projective tests, intelligence tests)

Define Projective Technique and provide an example. Pg 276

-Projective Techniques assess personality characteristics by having individuals respond to unstructured stimuli. The stimuli presented to allow for a broad range of responses that represent conscious and unconscious needs, desires, likes, drives, and personal struggles. -An example of a projective technique is sentence completion, where a client is given a sentence stem and the client completes it with the first thing that comes to mind and then this is interpreted for meaning.

Define the Community Mental Health Centers Act passed in 1963. Pg. 193

-Provided federal funds for treatment centers that could provide a variety of different offerings, including consultation and education services -Legislation that provided federal funds for the creation of comprehensive mental health centers across the country, which gravely changed the delivery of mental health services. -By providing federal funds, the act made available grants for short-term inpatient care, outpatient care, partial hospitalization, emergency services, and consultation and education services. For the first time, there was an acknowledgment that consultation was an important factor in the prevention of mental health problems.

Compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative research. Pg 262

-Quantitative research assumes that there is an objective reality within which research questions can be formulated and scientific methods used to measure the probability that certain behaviors, values, or believes either cause or are related to their behaviors, values, or beliefs. -Qualitative research holds that there are multiple ways of viewing knowledge and that one can make sense of the world by immersing oneself in the research situation in an attempt to provide possible explanations from the problem being examined. -Quantitative and qualitative research are similar in that they approach the analysis of research problems, but they do so differently. Qualitative research relies on the deductive method of identifying variables, isolating them, and measuring them

Healthy couples and families:

-Semi-permeable boundaries -Good communication -Aware of own feelings and take ownership of them -Parents/Guardians main rule makers -Hierarchies are clear and established

Reliability

how precisely a test measures a trait or ability (accuracy of test scores)

Define the components and focus of the Advocacy Model 218-219.

-The Advocacy Model focuses on the client, community, and the public. When acting with the client, community, and public, the following focuses are of interest: client empowerment, community collaboration, and public information. Client empowerment is when the helper assists the client in identifying external barriers that are impeding growth and offers skills to the client, so the client is empowered to make specific changes in his or her life. Community Collaboration is when the helpers are often aware of the issues within the community and can identify concerns that specific agencies and organizations might be interested in working on collaboratively. Public information is the knowledge of how societal/environmental factors can deleteriously affect people, they have a unique ability to inform the public about issues that have far-reaching effects. -When acting on behalf of the client, community, and public, the following focuses are of interest: Client Advocacy, Systems Advocacy, and Social/Political Advocacy. Client Advocacy can happen because when human service professionals work with clients who are frequently faced with external barriers to growth, they are in a unique position to advocate for client services that will reduce these barriers. Systems Advocacy is when human service professionals have an understanding of system-wide barriers that negatively impact clients and can develop a plan for eliminating such barriers through social action and political power. Social/Political Advocacy: Human service professionals are sensitive to the concerns of nondominant groups, and when they recognize that a particular group is being discriminated against, they can take action to eliminate such discrimination.

Stages of Group Development

-The Pregroup Stage: Forming -The Initial Stage: Forming -The Transition Stage: Storming-Norming -The Work Stage: Performing -The Closure Stage: Adjourning

Which are the stages of groups development and briefly explain their purpose.

-The first stage has to do with the forming of the group. -The Pregroup Stage is when potential members of the group come where the group description is given to potential members. -Still part of the first stage; The Initial Stage of forming is when members are learning about the rules and goals of their group and wondering whether they can trust the other members. Topics discussed are "safe" so that members can ease out their fears and worries. The point of this stage is to establish rules and to build trust -The Transition Stage is when members understand the goals and rules of the group but are still anxious about the process. Hostility as resistance may happen, but as this stage continues, group members begin to settle in and can focus more on themselves. They start to gain the capacity to take ownership of their feelings and life predicaments, a deepening of trust and a sense of cohesion. -The Work Stage is characterized by having the development of its own homeostasis. Members begin to take an active role in the change process -The Closure Stage happens when group members reach their identified goals and there is an increased sense of accomplishment and the beginning of awareness that the group process is near completion. The leader might summarize the learning that has happened, and shares a sense of togetherness. Members may present future goals for themselves, and what they've learned from the group to feel complete and whole as the group finishes.

Social class

-The perceived ranking of an individual within a society and the amount of power an individual wields -Based on factors such as education, income, and wealth -Even though individuals may share a similar culture, ethnicity, or race, they may have little in common with one another due to differences in social class

Test worthiness

-Validity :the tests measures what it is supposed to measure (statement about the test, not people taking the test) -Reliability: how precisely a test measures a trait or ability (accuracy of test scores) -Practicality: the ease of administration and interpretation of the test (cost/location/time/length of exam) -Cross-cultural Fairness: the test measures what it is supposed to measure for ALL subgroups. (Griggs v. Duke Power Company 1971)

Mid-1950s

-Various family therapy models developed, many in Palo Alto, California -Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes - Strategic Family Therapy -Satir - communication approach -Salvador Minuchin - Structural Family Therapy -Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg - Solution Focused Brief Therapy

self-help groups

-a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support -Usually, nonpaid volunteer acts as leader; not trained as a therapist -Usually free or ask for a nominal contribution -Tend to be open groups, but this makes it hard to build cohesion -Share only what feels comfortable

Consultation

-the process by which a professional with specialized expertise (the consultant) meets with other professionals (the consultees) to improve their work with current or potential clients -Consultation is systemic—the consultant sees that any changes in the consultee can affect the lives of many others. Involves a triadic relationship that affects: 1.Consultee 2.Third party (client) 3.System (client's family, agency) Prevention -Primary prevention -Oriented toward education and prevention -Secondary prevention -Focuses on the remediation of nonsevere mental health problems -Tertiary prevention -Addresses severe mental health problems Consultation at Agencies -Community Mental Health Centers Act (1963) -Provided federal funds for treatment centers that could provide a variety of different offerings, including consultation and education services -Outward consultation -Inward consultation -Consultation styles -Consultant-centered consultation -Consultee-centered consultation

Ethnographic Research

-the study of human behavior in its natural context; involves observation of behavior and physical setting -made popular by Margaret Mead

Cybernetics

-the study of information processing, feedback, and control in communication systems -examines how systems tend to maintain their typical ways of functioning, whether those actions are healthy or dysfunctional

Psychoeducational groups (formerly guidance groups)

-training groups where students can be taught how to achieve and behave effectively -A group set up to increase knowledge or skills about a specific somatic or psychological subject and allow members to communicate emotional concerns. -Mental health education dissemination -Purpose: prevent future problems and promote personal and interpersonal growth and self-understanding -Designated, well-trained leader; often gives a didactic presentation -Can vary in number of people and in length of time

Suggestions when working with varied religious backgrounds clients (pg 236)

1. Have the right attitudes and beliefs, gain knowledge, and learn skills 2. Determine the client's background early in the helping relationship 3. Ask the client how important religion is in his or her life 4. Assess the client's level of faith development 5. Don't make false assumptions 6. Become familiar with your client's religious beliefs and important holidays and traditions 7. Understand that religion can deeply affect a client on many levels, including unconscious

Suggestions when working with diverse cultural/racial clients (pg 235)

1. Have the right attitudes and beliefs, gain knowledge, and learn skills 2. Encourage clients to speak their own language 3. Assess the cultural identity of the client 4. Check the accuracy of your interpretation of the client's nonverbal expressions 5. Use alternative modes of communication 6. Assess the impact of sociopolitical issues on the client 7. Encourage clients to show you culturally significant and personally relevant items 8. Vary the helping environment

Suggestions when working with women clients (pg 237)

1. Have the right attitudes and beliefs, gain knowledge, and learn skills 2. Ensure that the helping approach you use has been adapted for women 3. Establish a relationship, give up your power, and demystify the helping process 4. Identify social and political issues related to the clients problems and use them to set goals 5. Use a wellness model and avoid the use of diagnosis and labels 6. Validate and legitimize a woman's angry feelings toward her predicament 7. Actively promote healing through learning about women's issues 8. Provide a safe environment to express feelings as clients begin to form connections with other women 9. Provide a safe environment to help women understand their anger toward men 10. Help clients deal with conflicting feelings between their traditional and newfound values 11. Facilitate integration of the client's new identity 12. Say goodbye

Suggestions when working with men clients (pg 239)

1. Have the right attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, and skills 2. Accept men where they are to help build trust 3. Do not push them to express feelings 4. Early in the helping relationship, validate the man's feelings 5. Validate the man's view of how he has been constrained by sex-role stereotypes 6. Develop goals 7. Begin to discuss developmental issues 8. Slowly encourage expression of new feelings 9. Explore underlying issues and reinforce new ways of understanding the world 10. Encourage behavioral change 11. Encourage integration of new feelings, ways of thinking, and behaviors 12. Encourage new male relationships 13. Say goodbye

Suggestions for working with Individuals with Substance Abuse

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills 2. Do an appropriate assessment 3. Gain knowledge about substance abuse 4. Build a relationship and stay committed 5. Be prepared to refer to a therapist 6. Be prepared to refer to rehabilitee facilities or hospitals 7. Be prepared to refer to a self-help group 8. Include family and friends as needed 9. Stay in touch and stay committed

Suggestions for working with clients that are The Hungry, Homeless, and the Poor

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills 2. Focus on client's social issues (e.g., help clients obtain basic needs if necessary) 3. Know the clients racial, ethnic, and/or cultural background 4. Be knowledgeable about health risks 5. Be prepared to deal with multiple issues 6. Know about developmental delays and be prepared to refer 7. Know psychological effects 8. Know resources 9. Be an advocate and stay committed

Suggestions for working with clients who are lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills 2. Have a gay-, lesbian-, and bisexual-, and transgender-friendly office 3. Help LGBT clients to understand and combat societal forms of oppression 4. Have an affirmative and nonheterosexist attitude 5. Do not jump to conclusions about lifestyle 6. Understand the differences between gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender individuals 7. Know about community resources that may be helpful to LGBT individuals 8. Know identity issues 9. Understand the complexity of sexuality 10. Understand the idiosyncrasies of different religious views regarding homosexuality 11. Recognize unique issues faced by LGBT clients

Suggestions for working with Individuals with Disabilities

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills 2. Have knowledge of the many disabling conditions 3. Help clients know their disability 4. Assist the client through the grieving process 5. Know referral sources 6. Know the law and inform your client of the law 7. Be prepared to do or refer for vocational/career counseling 8. Include the family 9. Be an advocate 10. Empower your clients

Suggestions for working with clients that are Chronically Mentally Ill

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills 2. Help clients understand his or her mental illness 3. Help client work through feelings concerning his or her mental illness 4. Ensure attendance 5. Assure compliance with medication 6. Assure accurate diagnosis 7. Revaluate treatment plan and do not give up 8. Involve the client's family 9. Know resources

Suggestions for working with clients that are Individuals who are HIV Positive

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills 2. Know the cultural background of your client 3. Know the disease and combat myths 4. Be prepared to take on uncommon roles 5. Be prepared to deal with unique treatment issues 6. Deal with your own feelings about mortality 7. Understand ethical and legal implications of working clients who may pose a risk to others or are dealing with end-of-life decisions 8. Offer a "strength based" approach

Suggestions for working with older persons

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills. 2. Adapt your helping style to fit the client's various needs 3. Build a trusting relationship 4. Be knowledgeable about issues many older persons face 5. Know about possible and probable health changes 6. Have empathy for changes in interpersonal relationships 7. Know about physical and psychological causes of sexual dysfunction 8. Involve the client's family and friends

Suggestions for working with clients that are chilren

1. Have the right attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills. 2. Know the limits of confidentiality 3. Know developmental theory 4. Use appropriate counseling skills 5. Use alternative methods of communication 6. Don't lead the child 7. Know relevant laws 8. Know available resources 9. Practice appropriate closure

Multicultural Counseling Competencies Model

1. Having appropriate attitudes and beliefs—being aware of one's own assumptions, values, and biases 2. Knowledge about clients' culture is needed to better understand them• Being aware of one's own cultural heritage and how it affects their relationship with clients 3.A repertoire of skills or tools that can be effectively applied to clients of diverse backgrounds

Key rules that govern families and groups:

1.Interactions are complex. 2.Overt and covert rules 3.Important to understand who is "in charge" and what that means for group communication 4.Understanding boundaries and subsystems is critical. 5.Rigidity or permeability of boundaries shapes families. 6.Communication in couples, families, and groups shapes functioning. 7.Each couple, family, or group has unique homeostasis. 8.Language used in these groups affects individual self-definitions. 9.Stress from various sources can seriously disrupt stable systems. 10.Cultural influences have conscious and unconscious impacts. 11.The past affects the present; may need to be a focus of intervention. 12.Change is possible if there is a clear, desired path.

According to your text, what percentage of the country's population is African American?

13.1%

According to your text, what percentage of the country's population is Latino?

16.9%

According to your text, what percentage of the country state religion is important to them?

80%

According to your text, what percentage of the country believes in God?

86%

Acceptance

Acceptance is respecting people's ideals, thoughts, and emotions. This is the attitude that suggests that regardless of what the client says, within the context of the helping relationship, he or she will feel accepted. In the helping relationship, individuals with a high regard for others are able to accept the helper unconditionally, without having "strings attached" to the relationship (unconditional positive regard). Showing acceptance and positive regard means that you can understand how people end up where they do, rather than judging them for the actions themselves.

Advocacy Competencies

Acting with the client, community, and public -Client empowerment -Community collaboration -Public information Acting on behalf of the client, community, and public -Client advocacy -Systems advocacy -Social/political advocacy

What does Research answer?

Are our hunches about the world correct?How might what we are doing affect the future?

Quantitative Research

Assumes there is an objective reality within which research questions can be formulated and scientific methods used to measure the probability that certain behaviors, values, or beliefs either cause or are related to other behaviors, values, or beliefs. -Describes and explains research, uses "what", "how", "does" -uses hypothesis and predictions -looks at data numbers and uses stats -usually deductive (based on theories)

Competence

Being knowledgeable of the most recent professional research and trends and being able to apply it with clients. Having a thirst for knowledge and knowing the limits of one's professional capabilities. This is the ability and drive to improve and expand their expertise and knowledge.

Informed consent

Client has right to know purpose and nature of all aspects of involvement with the helper, including when he or she will undergo testing or be involved in research.

Informed consent:

Client has right to know purpose and nature of all aspects of involvement with the helper, including when he or she will undergo testing or be involved in research.

Context

Context has to do with the systems in which we live, such as our family, community, social and political system, work system, and global system. When assessing yourself on the five factors, you should consider how your self might change based on the context in which you find yourself.

Qualitative Research

Holds that there are multiple ways of viewing knowledge and that one can make sense of the world by immersing oneself in the research situation in an attempt to provide possible explanations for the problem being examined. -explores "what" and "how", doesn't predict -no hypotheses, it is explanatory -data as words; comes from documents, interviews, observations - from the field (the natural settings where participants are) -researcher is the instrument -method can change during study, takes long

Counseling supervision

Intensive, extended, and evaluative interpersonal relationship in which a senior member of a profession: 1.Enhances the professional skills of a junior person 2.Assures quality of services to clients 3.Provides a gatekeeping function for the profession

Jane Addams

Jane Addams was the first American woman to receive a Nobel Peace Prize, was known for her compassion, social activism, feminist views, and progressive ideas. She established the best-known settlement house which was the Hull House in 1899 in Chicago. She was one of the first "modern-day" social workers known for her humane and liberal ways. She contributed to the Human Services profession because she was an advocate and activist toward providing better services for the poor. Because of her involvement with the underprivileged came articles and books concerned with medos of adequately meeting the needs of the underclass. Because of her successes and influence, others followed her lead and contributed to the social work field as well, making it grow in main areas such as social casework, social group work, and community work

APA adopted a three tier system for deciding who can give tests:

Level A (some Level B): associate- and bachelor-level individuals who have some knowledge of assessment and are thoroughly versed with the test manual (e.g., proctoring an achievement test) -Level B: Individuals with a master's degree and have taken a tests and measurement course (some personality tests; career tests) -Level C: Minimum of master's degree and advanced training (e.g., projective tests, intelligence tests)

Review and define PL-94-142 and the IDEA. Pg 175

PL-94-142 (Public Law 94-142) and IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) are laws that asserted that any individual who was suspected of having one of many disabilities that interfere with learning had the right to be tested, at the school system's expense, for the disability. These laws also stated that a school team would review the testing and other assessment information obtained, and that the student with the learning disability would be given an individual education plan that states which services will be offered to assist the student with his or her learning problem.

History of Group Work

Prior to 1900, groups were developed to assist people in functional and pragmatic ways. -1900: Jane Addams (Hull House) and the Social Group Work Movement—to help with daily living -Dr. Joseph Pratt applied group work, emphasizing psychoeducation, to patients with tuberculosisEarly 1900s: Vocational and moral guidance groups in high schools -1940s: Carl Rogers and the Encounter group—working with war veterans -1940s: Kurt Lewin and National Training Laboratory (NTL) to look at group dynamics -1960s and 1970s—increased popularity of groups—(e.g. Esalen in California) -Today: Self-help Groups, Psychoeducational, Counseling and Therapy Groups

51% of the population identify as what religion?

Protestant

RESPECTFUL Model

The Respectful Counseling Model was developed by D'Andrea and Daniels, a model that speaks to the ingredients needed by the culturally competent mental health professional in order to provide better services and understand their clients better. The factories that counselors should consider addressing with client are: R - religious/spiritual identity E - economic class background S - sexual identity P - level of psychological development E - ethnic/racial identity C - chronological/developmental challenges T - various forms of trauma and other threats to one's sense of well-being F - family background and history U - unique physical characteristics L - location of residence and language differences

Define what the Tripartite Model of Personal Identity is (Sue and Torino's definition)

The Tripartite Model of Personal Identity is a manner of developing cultural competence in which the helper reviews three levels of the client's lives: the individual level, the group level, and the universal level. The individual-level represents the clients' unique genetics and distinctive experiences. The group-level which reflects a wide range of factors that a person may have in common with other people. The universal level comprises those shared experiences that come to define all of us as human such as "biological and physical similarities, common life experiences, self-awareness, and the ability to use symbols such as language. This model is helpful because it defines a number of factors that human service professionals can target to better understand their clients, offers us a model for understanding how the client may be unique, and provides an understanding of how clients may be similar to us.

Which denomination has the largest percentage of Americans who self-identify as belonging to a particular faith?

The denomination that has the largest percentage of Americans who belong to this faith is Christianity, having 78% of Americans.

Who is the founder of, and what is the psychodynamic approach?

The founder of the psychodynamic approach is Sigmund Freud. The psychodynamic approach is a conceptual orientation that includes "Psychoanalysis," "Analytical Therapy," "Individual Therapy" and other approaches to the helping relationships To some degree, all of these approaches suggest an unconscious and a conscious effect of the functioning of the person in some deeply personal and dynamic ways, look at early child-rearing practices as important in the development of personality, and indicate that the past and the dynamic interaction of the past with conscious and unconscious factors are important in the therapeutic process

According to your text, what are the common types of disabilities among the American population? Pg 250

The most common types of disabilities among the American population are limitations related to walking or using stairs, physical tasks such as lifting, grasping, reaching, and pulling, taking medications, bathing, going to bed, preparing meals, doing homework, mental disabilities, sigh, hearing, or speaking disability, dressing, bathing, eating, toileting.

Which non-dominate group(s) make up the smallest U.S. population?

The non-dominate group that makes up the smallest portion of the U.S. population is Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander.

What percentage of Americans say they believe in God? pg 235

The percentage of Americans that say they believe in God is 86% and nearly 80% state that religion is fairly or very important to them

What percentage of the U.S. people are of African-American backgrounds?

The percentage of people of African-American backgrounds is 13.1%.

Social self

The social self is the part of self that is connected to others through our friendships, intimate relationships, and through family. It is composed of the ability to connect with others in supportive, emotional, and sometimes sexual ways (friendship), and is also the part of us that can share deeply with others and be mutually respectful and appreciative (love)

Creative self

This aspect of self has to do with our uniqueness in our interpersonal relationships and how we come to understand our place in the world. It has to do with our ability to be mentally sharp and open minded (thinking), being in touch with our feeling (emotions); being intentional and planful and knowing how to express our needs (control); being effective at work and using our skills (work); and being able to deal with life as it comes at us (positive humor)

Coping self

This aspect of self is related to our ability to deal with life's events and to effectively cope with negative situations. It is composed of our ability to develop leisure activities (leisure) successfully cope with stress (stress management), value ourselves and having good self-esteem despite problems (self-worth), and having the capacity to be imperfect and to realize that it is unrealistic to think we can be loved by all (realistic beliefs)

Essential self

This has to do with how we make meaning in life in relationship to ourselves and to others. It has to do with recognizing the part of us that is beyond our mind and body (spirituality), feeling comfortable in the way we identify with our gender (gender identity) and with our culture (cultural identity), and being able to care for ourselves through self-care and by minimizing harm in our environment (self-care)

Cross-cultural sensitivity

This is being sensitive to clients from nondominant groups and having the desire to learn about others in an effort to effectively counsel clients. This is the ability to respect and understand cultural differences

Wellness

This is the ability to attend to personal wellness such as physical and mental selves. Wellness is ensuring individuals attend to their personal issues and examine all aspects of their lives in order to be more empathetic, accepting, and to avoid countertransference

Relationship Building

This is the ability to create a relationship between the helper and the client. The human service professional must build an alliance with their client in order to create a strong relationship, understand their clients better and provide effective services. Relationship building is the idea that it is critical to find some mechanism that allows one to build effective relationships with clients.

Genuineness

This is the ability to sync with one's own feelings and behaviors (being congruent with self). Being genuine is evident in what someone says or how they act and can then impact the helping relationship when clients recognize the genuine or non genuine self of the counselor.

Empathy

This is the ability to understand the inner world of another person. It is also the ability to accept people with their differences and can communicate it. Empathetic people can understand another person's point of view, feelings, and perspective. Having empathy can build rapport, elicit information, and help the client feel accepted. High-level empathic responses are seen as helping a client see hidden parts of themselves.

Cognitive Complexity

This is the ability to understand the world and their clients in a multifaceted and abstract way. These helpers are able to examine a client's predicament from multiple perspectives, and are therefore better able to resolve problems in the helping relationship. Such individuals view learning as a mutual and reciprocal process whereby individuals can share knowledge and learn from one another. They are open and willing to integrate new approaches into their usual way of helping.

Physical self

This is the part of ourselves that is reflected through our biological and physical aspects of self and is related to ensuring that we have adequate physical activity in our lives (exercise) and that we eat well, have a good diet, and avoid being overweight or underweight (nutrition)

Purpose of Social Justice Work

To broaden culturally competent helping by including a wide range of activities that affect the client's broader system. This ultimately creates a better life for the client.

What does triangulating the data mean?

Triangulating is the collection of data in multiple ways, which thereby increases the validity or trustworthiness of the information being obtained. Triangulating the data means increasing the validity of results by collecting more information to see more patterns, themes, and results.

Sexual Prejudice

a blanket term for negative attitudes targeted toward homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual, or transgender individuals

Semipermeable boundaries

a framework that allows information to enter the system and be processed and incorporated. "Boundaries" that are too rigid prevent information from coming into or leaving the system. Boundaries that are too permeable do not allow the system to maintain its identity.

Ethnicity

a group of people who share a common ancestry, which may include specific cultural and social patterns such as a similar language, values, religion, foods, and artistic expressions (not based on genetic heritage)

Racism

a specific belief that one race is superior to another

Microaggression

a subtle type of discrimination that is conscious or unconscious and includes brief, subtle, and common putdowns or indignities directed toward individuals from diverse cultures

Sexism

discrimination or stigmatization of another due to his or her gender

Culture

expressed through common values, habits, norms of behavior, symbols, artifacts, language, and customs