Human Sexuality Final Exam
Who are the current members of the Supreme Court?
1. John Roberts 2. Clarence Thomas 3. Elena Kagan 4. Ruth Ginsburg 5. Stephen Breyer 6. Samuel Alito 7. Sonia Sotomayor 8. Neil Gorsuch 9. Brett Kavanaugh
What are the two types of abortion?
1. Medical- medicine, very early 2. Surgical- procedure
What is the diaphragm?
A plastic cup that fits over the cervix (opening to the womb) to form a barrier.
______ percentage of babies are born prematurely in the USA, and may be at risk of_____ A. 10%, lung immaturity B. 20%, urinary/intestinal complications C. 15%, cardiac malformations D. 5%, brain damage
A. 10%, lung immaturity
Which is true regarding orientations and masturbation habits? A. asexual individuals are more likely to have sexual fantasies that do not involve other people than "sexual", or people who experience/and act on sexual attraction to others B. asexual individuals are unlikely to have sexual fantasies C. asexual individuals do not masturbate D. those who are not asexual masturbate less frequently than asexual individuals
A. asexual individuals are more likely to have sexual fantasies that do not involve other people than "sexual", or people who experience/and act on sexual attraction to others
Which is FALSE regarding "hook ups" and "casual sex"? A. opportunities for "hook ups" are usually difficult to find B. Hookups often occur in the context of alcohol use C. some refer to female-female hookups as "girls having the B.U.G." D. males are more likely to engage in casual sex/hook ups than females
A. opportunities for "hook ups" are usually difficult to find
Which is not an apex, or aspect, of Sternberg's love triangle? A. passion B. jealousy C. intimacy D. commitment E. All are aspects of Sternberg's triangle
A. passion
Which is true regarding sexual arousal? A. the "anterior cingulate gyrus" is the part of the brain involved B. the parietal lobe is the part of the brain involved C. aphrodisiacs work by direct chemical stimulation of genitalia D. Answers A and C are correct
A. the "anterior cingulate gyrus" is the part of the brain involved
After birth, when can a woman resume sexual activity?
About 4-6 weeks after
"Sex has no appeal to me, and I am in love"
Asexual
Which is true regarding romantic love? A. It is a relatively new phenomenon B. All cultures show some historical evidence of romantic love C. Falling in romantic love is a well thought out process, and never occurs spontaneously D. Falling in love is typical after sexual intimacy
B. All cultures show some historical evidence of romantic love
Which is true regarding how males perceive the facial expressions of females? A. Males rate females as more attractive if the females are not smiling B. Males rate smiling females as more attractive than non-smiling females C. Males rate females who appear smiling and proud as more attractive than females who are merely smiling D. Males rate women of different races/ethnicities as more attractive than women of their own race/ethnicities
B. Males rate smiling females as more attractive than non-smiling females
Which is correct regarding casual sex? A. feeling bad, or guilty after casual sex is more common among females B. Negative feelings after casual sex are more likely if the sex act was engaged in "non autonomously" (if the person was intoxicated) C. Casual sex is less common among males who are gay, compared to males who are not gay D. Casual sex is rare between females who are not lesbians
B. Negative feelings after casual sex are more likely if the sex act was engaged in "non autonomously" (if the person was intoxicated)
PPD, or postpartum depression differs from "baby blues" (BB) in that... A. PPD is more common than BB B. PPD is more severe and lasts longer than BB C. PPD is characterized by anxiety and tearfulness, and BB is not D. BB lasts longer than PPD
B. PPD is more severe and lasts longer than BB
Which is true of marriage in the USA? A. Same sex marriages is still illegal in some states B. Same sex marriage is legal in all 50 states C. Interracial marriage is not legal in some states in the USA D. Lesbians may not marry, but gay men can
B. Same sex marriage is legal in all 50 states
How does brain chemistry change when someone experiences unrequited love, or is dumped by a lover? A. The Nucleus Accumbens shuts down, and the feelings of love persist but not as severely B. The reward system becomes more active when a person cannot get what they want, and love feelings intensify C. The ventral tegmental area is deactivated D. None of the above are correct
B. The reward system becomes more active when a person cannot get what they want, and love feelings intensify
Which is true regarding slender bodies? A. They are globally rated as more attractive B. They are rated as more attractive in Western culture C. Being thin has been considered attractive throughout US history D. Being thin has been associated with increased fertility in females.
B. They are rated as more attractive in Western culture
Which is true regarding casual sex? A. This term refers to sex acts within a relationship when one person is not as interested in sex as the other, but has sex anyway B. This term refers to a sexual encounter that occurs without a durable relationship in place C. Casual sex has greater appeal for females than males D. Males who are gay are less likely to engage in casual sex than males who are not gay
B. This term refers to a sexual encounter that occurs without a durable relationship in place
Which of the following may signal information about a potential mate's genetic health? A. the size of an individual's eyes B. facial symmetry C. a baby face D. extreme masculinity or femininity E. a good sense of humor
B. facial symmetry
The decline in sexual satisfaction in long-term relationships is called________. A. resolution B. habituation C. misattribution of arousal D. fluctuating asymmetry
B. habituation
A woman is experiencing nausea, an aversion to strong-tasting foods, a need to urinate frequently, and breast tenderness, it is likely she is.... A. ovulating B. in her first trimester C. in her second trimester D. in her third trimester E. in labor
B. in her first trimester
Which is false of oxytocin? A. it is present/active in all four stages of labor B. it causes production of breast milk C. it increases bonding between mother and baby D. it causes release of breast milk E. all are true
B. it causes production of breast milk
Which is true regarding clamping/cutting the umbilical cord? A. statistically, it is extremely dangerous to leave the cord attached to the placenta, as is done in a "lotus birth" B. it is best to leave the cord attached to the placenta for at least a minute after birth, as this increases fetal blood volume C. the umbilical cord should be cut immediately after birth, as this is a trigger for a newborn to breathe D. the umbilical cord should be cut immediately after birth, to minimize maternal blood loss
B. it is best to leave the cord attached to the placenta for at least a minute after birth, as this increases fetal blood volume
Which is false regarding pregnancy? A. home pregnancy tests are very accurate when used properly B. most of the time when a woman does not experience "quickening" in the FIRST trimester, it is likely that the fetus is in danger C. sex during pregnancy is healthy D. women should exercise during pregnancy
B. most of the time when a woman does not experience "quickening" in the FIRST trimester, it is likely that the fetus is in danger
Which is true regarding current fantasies of adults ages 18-30? A. sexual fantasies of males and females have almost nothing in common B. people are most likely to fantasize about threesomes C. Having sex with a stranger is the most popular sexual fantasy D. having sex with the possibility of being discovered is the top sexual fantasy of most adults
B. people are most likely to fantasize about threesomes
Which is FALSE regarding phases or stages of childbirth? A. effacement occurs in stage one B. placental delivery occurs in stage four C. the longest phase is typically stage four D. massage of the uterus is recommended in stage four E. breast feeding is recommended in stage four F. all are true
B. placental delivery occurs in stage four
Which is true regarding pregnancy? A. the most rapid fetal growth occurs in the beginning of the third trimester B. quickening should occur by 20 weeks C. quickening is defined as the start of uterine contractions D. exercise during pregnancy is not recommended E. women pregnant with a single child need 1000 calories extra or in addition to their normal dietary needs, during the first trimester F. answers B and C are true
B. quickening should occur by 20 weeks
Which is the most commonly held perspective regarding sex in the USA, currently? A. traditional B. relational C. recreational D. none of the above
B. relational
Of the following, which part of the brain is involved in sexual arousal? A. the frontal lobe B. the anterior cingulate gyrus C. the occipital lobe D. the hypothalamus
B. the anterior cingulate gyrus
Which best defines homogamy? A. the tendency of people to be attracted to those who are from similar socioeconomic backgrounds to their own B. the tendency of people to be attracted to those who physically resemble them C. This term refers to a person having only one male sexual partner at a time D. none of the above correctly defines homogamy
B. the tendency of people to be attracted to those who physically resemble them
Men say that they find women with a sense of humor to be sexually attractive. In studies how has this "sense of humor" been defined? A. the ability to make their male partners laugh B. the willingness to laugh at their male partners' jokes C. the ability to tell a good joke D. the enjoyment of good comedy E. the ability to laugh at oneself
B. the willingness to laugh at their male partners' jokes
Which is true regarding recommended weight gain for pregnant females during pregnancy? A. it is recommended that all women gain between 15-25 pounds per pregnancy B. weight gain recommendations depend on the pre-pregnancy weight C. only women who gain too much weight are at risk for problems during pregnancy D. only women who gain too little weight are at risk for complications during pregnancy E. All of the above are correct
B. weight gain recommendations depend on the pre-pregnancy weight
Which best describes homophily? A. The tendency for individuals to be attracted to those who are physically different from them B. Opposites attract C. "birds of a feather, flock together" or people who are attracted to those who are from similar backgrounds to theirs D. The tendency for people to be attracted to people who have the same eye color as they do
C. "birds of a feather, flock together" or people who are attracted to those who are from similar backgrounds to theirs
Which of the following is NOT a facet of physical attraction? A. a baby face B. Facial symmetry C. A good sense of humor D. Extreme masculinity or femininity of features E. All the above are facets of physical attraction
C. A good sense of humor
Which is true regarding the study of the brain "in love"? A. CT scans are useful, as they show what parts of the brain are activated when love is felt B. Brain scans of people in love have not elucidated much information thus far, as the technology is not well developed C. Functional magnetic imaging has allowed researchers to see what parts of the brain are active when a person feels love D. No imaging of brains in love has been performed as of 2019
C. Functional magnetic imaging has allowed researchers to see what parts of the brain are active when a person feels love
In the National Opinion research center (NORC) survey discussed in class, which of the following is correct regarding adults in the USA, add their views on sex? A. Peoples views on premarital sex have remained unchanged for the last 15 years or so. B. People are less approving of same-sex intimate relationships than they were in the past. C. People are more approving of same-sex intimate relationships than they were in the past. D. People are more approving of teens having sex than they were in the past.
C. People are more approving of same-sex intimate relationships than they were in the past.
Why might baby-faced be considered attractive? A. It is not, it is a sign of maturity. B. It means that you can easily manipulate the person. C. Such faces may elicit thoughts like "I can trust this person" or "I need to protect them." D. Babyfacedness is associated with increased fertility.
C. Such faces may elicit thoughts like "I can trust this person" or "I need to protect them."
Which is correct regarding chemicals involved in sexual arousal? A. Estrogen is the primary hormone of arousal B. Serotonin is associated with sexual arousal C. Testosterone is associated with sexual arousal D. Dopamine is uninvolved in sexual arousal
C. Testosterone is associated with sexual arousal
Which of the following factors make sex more acceptable in the western world? A. Sex is not really acceptable in the western world, and contextual factors are irrelevant. B. Sex is viewed very favorably in the western world, and more sex on TV and in the media has increased out approval of sex acts. C. The context within which sex occurs greatly influences the cultural acceptance of sex. D. The fact that most adults and teens in the USA have a good working knowledge of sex has greatly improved the acceptability of sex in western culture.
C. The context within which sex occurs greatly influences the cultural acceptance of sex.
What is "misattribution of arousal"? A. This is when a male will become more easily aroused by a new, or "novel" partner. B. This refers to sexual familiarity resulting in decreased sexual desire over time. C. This refers to feelings of sexual arousal in response to a non-sexual emotion. D. This refers to the phenomenon of individuals having increased sexual desire while consuming alcohol.
C. This refers to feelings of sexual arousal in response to a non-sexual emotion.
Regarding women and attraction to men, which is true? A. Women will rate a man as more attractive if the man smiles frequently B. Women like men who laugh when they (women) tell jokes C. Women prefer brooding male faces smiling ones D. Women smile at women more than they smile at men
C. Women prefer brooding male faces smiling ones
Which is true regarding senses other than vision, and sexual attraction? A. natural body odor is considered attractive in the USA B. Women are more attracted to higher pitched voices than they are to lower pitches voices C. Women prefer deep voices in males D. Voice pitch is unrelated to sexual attraction
C. Women prefer deep voices in males
Currently available home pregnancy tests... A. detect LH in the urine B. are very unreliable C. are reliable and easy to obtain D. are flushable and biodegradable
C. are reliable and easy to obtain
The thinning of the cervix is called ______ , and occurs during the ______ stage of labor is called: A. dilation, second B. effleurage, first C. effacement, first D. transition, second
C. effacement, first
Romantic love... A. involves vasopressin as a neurotransmitter B. involves oxytocin as a neurotransmitter C. involves dopamine as a neurotransmitter D. is usually self limiting
C. involves dopamine as a neurotransmitter
Uterine contractions during the first stage of labor are necessary to... A. speed up the process of delivery B. push the baby down the birth canal C. pull the cervix upward to form a continuous birth canal D. fatigue the uterine muscles so they will relax and release the baby E. Harden and tighten the cervix so it can withstand the birth process
C. pull the cervix upward to form a continuous birth canal
Which is NOT an evolutionary adaptation in males/females that increase the likelihood of fertilization/pregnancy? A. the high number of sperm per ejaculate B. the increased cervical mucus volume C. sperm living up to two weeks after ejaculation D. semen containing sugar E. all are adaptations which increase fertilization odds
C. sperm living up to two weeks after ejaculation
What did the "wallet study" show? A. That the USA is one of the most honest countries on the planet B. that males are more likely to return a lost wallet than females are C. that females are more likely to return a lost wallet than males are D. that people who randomly distribute wallets full of cash are wasting our money and time
C. that females are more likely to return a lost wallet than males are
Which of the following is a universal indicator of physical attractiveness? A. Baby face B. a "good" body C. waist hip ratio D. a good sense of humor E. having curly hair
C. waist hip ratio
Which of the following is true of 'water birth' (assume all births referred to in this question are in a hospital or birthing center)? A. the governing bodies of medicine (meaning doctors) fully support water birth B. water birth is more dangerous than a land birth (outside of water) C. water birth is no more dangerous for mother or baby than land birth D. water births are decreasing in popularity in the USA
C. water birth is no more dangerous for mother or baby than land birth
Pregnant women require an extra ____ calories per day A. 10-20 B. 50-75 C. 100-150 D. 250-300 E. 400-500
D. 250-300
A post term baby is born after _____ weeks. This occurs _______ of the time, and is associated with _________. A. 40, 10%, lung immaturity B. 42, 20%, visual problems C. 43, 15%, cardiac malformations D. 42, 10%, issues of size
D. 42, 10%, issues of size
Which is FALSE regarding upbringing and future relationships for young adults? A. Those who witness abusive relationships as children are more likely to be involved in abusive relationships as adults B. Children who grow up in abusive, chaotic households are more likely to have serious medical health issues than children who grow up in stable non-abusive households C. Growing up in house where there are abusive relationships may alter the brain chemistry of children D. All of the above are true
D. All of the above are true
Regarding attachment in relationships, which is correct? A. vasopressin and oxytocin are the primary chemicals involved B. Animal experiments have demonstrated that monogamous prairie voles have more dopamine receptors in their brains than non monogamous prairie voles C. Animal experiments have demonstrated that monogamous prairie voles have more vasopressin receptors in their brains than non monogamous prairie voles D. Answers A and C are correct
D. Answers A and C are correct
Which best describes "asexuality"? A. It is similar to a bisexual orientation B. It is very similar to abstinence C. Asexual people do not ever fall in love D. Asexual people are not interested in sex E. Asexual individuals tend to be unable to form close relationships with others
D. Asexual people are not interested in sex
Which is correct regarding different types of love, according to Sternberg? A. Consummate love involves intimacy and passion only B. The early part of romantic love usually involves intimacy and commitment C. Empty love consists of commitment and passion D. Consummate love combines all three aspects of love
D. Consummate love combines all three aspects of love
Which is true regarding the sexual response cycle, as it was discussed in our class? A. The resolution phase is when a man cannot have an erection B. Heart rate and respiratory rate increased during resolution C. Orgasm occurs during the arousal/excitement phase D. Erection occurs during arousal
D. Erection occurs during arousal
Which is true of aphrodisiacs? A. They are the same as pheromones B. Viagra is an example of an aphrodisiac C. Food aphrodisiacs have been shown to have a direct neurological effect on sex drive D. Food aphrodisiacs often resemble genitalia
D. Food aphrodisiacs often resemble genitalia
Home pregnancy tests work by detecting _____, which is made by ____ A. progesterone, placenta B. prolactin, pituitary C. HCG, placenta D. HCG, blastocyst/embryo
D. HCG, blastocyst/embryo
Which is true regarding women? A. heterosexual women do not have "gay" sexual fantasies B. Heterosexual women are more likely to masturbate than gay women C.Heterosexual women are rated as more attractive when menstruating D. Heterosexual women have sexual fantasies about women
D. Heterosexual women have sexual fantasies about women
In surveys, how do fantasies differ between heterosexual males and females? A. They don't. The content is actually similar. B. Males tend to be less adventurous in their fantasies. C. Women fantasize about kissing, men don't. D. Males fantasize about potentially risky situations more often than females.
D. Males fantasize about potentially risky situations more often than females.
Regarding "romantic" attraction and "sexual attraction", which is true? A. Asexual individuals experience neither type of attraction B. Asexual individuals experience both types of attraction C. Romantic attraction usually takes less time to develop then sexual attraction D. Romantic attraction usually takes more time to develop than sexual attraction E. Romantic attraction, by definition, involves a desire for sexual intimacy
D. Romantic attraction usually takes more time to develop than sexual attraction
What is the Coolidge effect? A. When a person is aroused by a non-sexual stimuli B. When a person tries to vary their sex habits, in an effort to rekindle passion with a mate C. When a person becomes jealous of another person D. When a person (usually a male) is more interested in sex with a new partner.
D. When a person (usually a male) is more interested in sex with a new partner.
Those who identify as "Demi sexual"... A. are really just very "picky" about partner choice B. tend to have more "one night stands" than other groups C. do not experience sexual attraction, but do fall in love D. experience sexual attraction only after a romantic relationship has been established
D. experience sexual attraction only after a romantic relationship has been established
Which is FALSE regarding infant and maternal mortality in the USA? A. black infants are more likely to die than white infants B. the incidence of premature births in the USA is about the same as other industrialized nations C. black females are more likely to die in childbirth than white females D. increasing education levels in black women is associated with decreased infant mortality E. All are true
D. increasing education levels in black women is associated with decreased infant mortality
Which of the following constitutes a "babyface" feature? A. a thin face B. high cheekbones C. full, deeply pigmented lips D. large eyes
D. large eyes
According to researchers, a face viewed more than one time is rated as ________ attractive. This suggests that familiarity _______ attraction. A. less; decreases B. less; increases C. less; habituates D. more; increases E. more; decreases
D. more; increases
Alex is experiencing Braxton-Hicks contractions. This means A. that labor is imminent B. she is experiencing an ectopic pregnancy C. effacement is occurring D. nothing, it is simply false labor
D. nothing, it is simply false labor
Which is false of teratogens? A. the term "teratogen" refers exclusively to foods that can harm a developing fetus B. maternal fever is a teratogen C. a hot bath may be considered a teratogen D. teratogens cause morning sickness E. vitamins may be teratogens F. marijuana is a teratogen G. all are true
D. teratogens cause morning sickness
What is the most common sex position?
Doggie style
Which is not a facet, or a feeling, accompanying romantic love? A. "someone is camping in my head" B. "I cannot stop thinking about ______ ." C. "I don't need or want to sleep. I only need to be with _____ ." D. "The less the hope, the hotter my love." E. All are facets, or feelings that may accompany romantic love
E. All are facets, or feelings that may accompany romantic love
Which is false regarding romantic love? A. Romantic love is usually the result of cognitive/higher thinking process B. Romantic love originates in the Nucleus Accumbens C. Romantic love originates in the Ventral Tegmental Area D. Romantic love originates in the reptilian part of the human brain E. Answers A and B are false
E. Answers A and B are false
Which is correct regarding jealousy and infidelity in the USA? A. male are more often sexually jealous, females are more often emotionally jealous B. females are more likely to cheat outside of marriage than males are C. most people, when married do not engage in extramarital sex D. studies have shown that >50% of heterosexual males cheat on their spouse while married E. Answers A and C are correct
E. Answers A and C are correct
Pheromones... A. are chemicals released by animals that affect sexual behavior B. are an important part of attraction and arousal in humans C. are not active in humans D. are sold in drugstores E. Answers A and C are true
E. Answers A and C are true
Based on course discussion, what word/phrase best describes female orgasm? A. common B. less than 50% of the time with penis-vagina sex C. one type only D. smorgasbord E. Answers B and D are correct
E. Answers B and D are correct
The sexual response cycle... A. Was first described by Whalen and Roth B. Has been criticized for being heteronormative C. Incorporates a person's sexual history D. Was first described by Masters and Johnson E. Answers B and D are correct
E. Answers B and D are correct
Which is true regarding the study/experiment using a "confederate"/attractive coeds, who were sent out into college campuses, and approached students of the other sex regarding "going out" or "having sex"? A. Male and females were equally likely to want to go out "on a date" with the confederate B. Females were equally likely to say "yes" to casual sex with the "confederate" as males were C. No females expressed a wish to go over to the "confederate's" house D. The study affirms the notion that males have greater interest than females do, when it comes to casual sex E. Answers C and D are true
E. Answers C and D are true
Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by... A. large eye, large prominent lip B. an abnormally large head and neck C. small eye slits D. smooth or absent philtrum E. C and D are true
E. C and D are true
Regarding sexual fantasies, which of the following is true? A. Only males fantasize about role playing during sex. B. Rape fantasies are extremely rare C. Fantasies about sex without consent (rape fantasies) indicate a wish to experience a "real life" rape D. Same-sexual fantasies are an indication of being gay E. None of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
Which of the following would be an example of "misattribution of arousal"? A. people becoming aroused after viewing a sex act on TV B. people becoming aroused after engaging in conversation of a sexual nature C. people becoming aroused after watching a movie depicting graphic sex D. when people become aroused after kissing one another E. a couple becoming sexually aroused while grieving the loss of a loved one F. people rating each other as less attractive after they get to know each other
E. a couple becoming sexually aroused while grieving the loss of a loved one
Which is NOT a reason that individuals might enter into a sexual relationship? A. because they would like to have a child B. because they want to experience physical pleasure C. because they feel it is their "duty" D. because they feel having sex will confer improved social status E. all are reasons that people may enter into sexual relationships
E. all are reasons that people may enter into sexual relationships
Which is false regarding fetal alcohol spectrum disorder? A. at least half of cases are undiagnosed B. it manifests in physical malformations in an infant C. it is a leading, and preventable, cause of cognitive impairment of children in the USA D. it is thought to be common in the USA E. light drinking does not harm the fetus
E. light drinking does not harm the fetus
Which is true of miscarriage? A. it is extremely uncommon B. it is usually the result of the female ingesting a teratogen C. most of the time when a woman miscarries she is aware of it D. miscarriages do not usually result in bleeding E. they occur in at least 50% of all pregnancies
E. they occur in at least 50% of all pregnancies
Vaginal lubrication increase
Excitement
Which is true of pregnancy? A. the second trimester is most important for organ formation B. HCG is made by the corpus luteum C. most women realize they are pregnant due to sever abdominal cramping D. the fetal heart begins beating at about 12 weeks E. HCG is the cause of nausea/vomiting F. answers B and E are correct
F. answers B and E are correct
Stage 4 of childbirth is characterized by: A. delivery of the baby B. the baby moving down toward the birth canal C. delivery of the placenta D. loss of estrogen and progesterone E. colostrum F. answers D and E are correct
F. answers D and E are correct
As education level increases, approval of premarital sex goes down. True or false?
FALSE
What are the medical terms for oral sex performed on a female? Male?
Female- cunnilingus Male- fellatio
Smoking is associated with all of the following except? A. spontaneous miscarriage B. premature birth C. low birth weight D. difficulty in getting pregnant E. learning disabilities in offspring F. asthma in grandchildren of smokers G. All of the above
G. All of the above
Does anal sex cause damage to the rectum or anus?
No
Anal sphincter contraction
Orgasm
"Sex cannot be wrong if it feels right"
Pleasure
"Sex is fine as long as I have a serious girlfriend"
Relational
All the vital signs return to their baseline levels
Resolution
What sex position is preferred in late pregnancy?
Spooning
As people get older, they are more likely to think premarital sex is wrong. True or false?
TRUE
Heterosexual men fantasize about sex with other men. True or false?
TRUE
Women are more likely to fantasize about getting married than men. True or false?
TRUE
Plateau
This phase involves peak arousal that can proceed to orgasm at any time
"Sex before marriage is a sin"
Traditional
What is tribadism?
a lesbian practice in which one partner lies on top of the other and simulates the movements of the male in heterosexual intercourse
What is a femme?
a lesbian whose appearance and behavior are seen as traditionally feminine
What is the halo effect?
tendency for people to be perceieved as inherently good or bad, we tend to be more attracted to the people we perceive as good