Humanities EXAM #3: The Baroque Period
Identify France's two MAIN baroque tragedians.
1. Pierre Corneille 2. Jean Racine
Who was "Hugo Grotius?"
A Dutch jurist and scholar whose writings eventually helped formulate international law, he urged freedom of the seas to all nations in his treatise Mare luberum, or The Law of War and Peace. Furthermore, he was convinced that natural law was founded on human reason and was not a gift from a loving God.
Who was "Bishop Bossuet?"
A French church leader, he argued against Grotius by defending the theory that kings rule with divine right. He avowed the ideals of absolutism.
Who was "Pierre Corneille?"
A French tragedian, he is generally considered one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine.His dramas stressed the importance of duty, patriotism, and loyalty-ideals that mirrored the values of his courtly audience. His finest word is Le Cid (based on the legendary Spanish patriot.)
Who was "Peter Henlein?"
A German locksmith credited with inventing the world's first watch (i.e. pocket watch, which could be easily transported by its carrier.)
Define "baldacchino."
A canopy of state typically placed over an altar or throne. It had its beginnings as a cloth canopy, but in other cases it is a sturdy, permanent architectural feature (i.e. Bernini)
Define "baroque."
A concept relating to or denoting a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and 18th centuries that followed mannerism and is characterized by ornate detail.
Define "mercantilism."
A system of creating and maintaining wealth through carefully controlled trade.
What is the term for the new breed of rulers introduced during the Baroque period? (QQ)
Absolutists.
Explain the meaning of the "Unmoved Mover." ***IMPORTANT!
According with its primary foundation, the geocentric system had an absolute up and an absolute down; "up" referred to the areas belong the spheres (i.e. planets) inhabited by the Unmoved Mover-Aristotle's term for the source of all celestial motion-and "down" referred to the center of the earth.
What happened to Galileo when the Church found out about his publicized hypotheses?
After running afoul with religious authorities, Galileo was arrested by the Inquisition (a church court created in the 1200's to punish heretics) in 1633. He was charged with false teachings for his public support of the idea that the earth moves, a notion central to Copernicanism but untrue in the eyes of Aristotle and the Church. Threatened with torture, he recanted his views until he was released, and eventually died a broken man.
Who was "Rembrandt?"
An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history. Rembrandt is also known as a painter of light and shade and as an artist who favoured an uncompromising realism that would lead some critics to claim that he preferred ugliness to beauty. Early in his career and for some time, Rembrandt painted mainly portraits. Famous for The Night Watch and his self portraits.
Who was "Andrea Pozzo?"
Andrea Pozzo was an Italian Jesuit brother, Baroque painter and architect, decorator, stage designer, and art theoretician. Pozzo was best known for his grandiose frescoes using the technique of quadratura to create an illusion of three-dimensional space on flat surfaces. Famous for his fresco Allegory of the Missionary Work of the Jesuits.
Explain the characteristics of the restrained baroque-style.
Attuned to the sober values of their religion and sympathetic to the civic ideals of the Dutch Republic, these artists created a secular style that mirrored the pious outlook of the ruling middle-class.
Which created The Ecstasy of St. Teresa? (QQ)
Bernini. (i.e. he was famous for his female figures and poses.)
What type of math did Newton invent that used a mathematical of using symbolic notations? (QQ)
Calculus.
Who famously created the pendulum-style clock?
Christian Huygens.
Kepler, using math, presented us with what shape for the planetary orbits? (QQ)
Ellipse (i.e. the "oval")
Explain the characteristics of the classical baroque-style.
Emphasized by French rulers and nobility, the classical baroque-period was also influenced by the values of simplicity and dignity. Accordingly, after Louis XIV became king, French artists found the florid baroque alien, and even offensive (i.e. too ornate.)
Henry V is the king of which kingdom? (Henry V QQ)
England.
Who famously stated "Knowledge is power"?
Francis Bacon.
Inductive reasoning begins with "____________" to develop sound hypotheses. (QQ)
General ideas.
Who was "John Locke?"
John Locke was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". He expressed his view that the government is obligated to serve the people, by protecting life, liberty, and property. Also, he went about limiting the power of the government. Famous for his Two Treatises of Government.
Who famously wrote "Two Treatises of Government"?
John Locke.
Which famous philosopher believed that "human nature is inherently good" and that human beings are capable of governing themselves?
John Locke. (i.e. low-key anarchist)
What was the name of Louis 14th economic policy? (QQ)
Mercantilism.
According to the book, who was viewed as the greatest artist of the Dutch school and one of the greatest painters of Western art?
Rembrandt van Rijn.
TRUE or FALSE: Baroque artists were fascinated with the concept of infinite space.
TRUE!
TRUE or FALSE: Warfare was crucial in establishing the great power system in Europe.
TRUE! The most successful states were those in which the king could marshal his country's resources behind his military goals. Warfare and diplomacy now became means for keeping the existing state system in check.
What instrument did Galileo depend on for his discoveries? (QQ)
Telescope.
Define "tenebrism."
Tenebrism, from Italian tenebroso, also occasionally called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using profoundly pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image
Which building is the best example of the Classical Baroque?
Versailles. (i.e. think "French)
The "climax" of the Baroque Age occurred between 1685 and 1715, a period better known as what? ***IMPORTANT!
"The crisis of European conscience," as the balance tipped from traditional ideas to modern views.
According to the book, the term baroque, from Portuguese barroco, literally means what? (QQ)
"irregular pearl."
Identify the three MAIN contributor's to the Scientific Revolution's impact on literature. ***IMPORTANT!
1. Francis Bacon (English jurist/statesman) 2. Rene Descartes (French mathematician) 3. Blaise Pascal (French mathematician)
Identify the three MAIN ideals that served as the driving force for baroque art and architecture.
1. Grandeur 2. Opulence 3. Expanding horizons
What is the most enduring baroque-style of literature? ***IMPORTANT!
D-R-A-M-A.
Who famously wrote "On the Motion of Mars," a work dedicated to understanding the orbit of the planets?
Johannes Kepler.
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, Rembrandt.
Identify the title of the painting shown and the artist credited.
Explain how Aristotle's theory of the "Unmoved Mover" was changed over the course of history.
In the second century C.E>, the Egyptian scholar Ptolemy updated Aristotle's geocentric theory with new astronomical data and improved mathematical calculations. In the High Middle Ages, Western scholars recovered Ptolemaic heritage-with Muslim additions-and integrated it into a Christian context: the Unmoved Mover was God and the space beyond it was heaven; the Church adopted this mindset because it validated the doctrine of additional sin.
How did the Thirty Years War impact the nations involved? ***IMPORTANT!
Including the nations of Austria, France, Brandenburg (i.e. Prussia), Denmark, Sweden, Spain, Venice, the Netherlands and Poland, the Thirty Years War was actually a series of four wars that emphasized the dispute between Protestants and Catholics. Germany suffered the most because the war was fought almost entirely on German soil; France profited the most due to its alternating loyalties (it supported Catholics, then switched to favoring Protestants.)
Define "inductive reasoning."
Inductive reasoning (i.e. framing hypotheses from observable facts) is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion; this is in contrast to deductive reasoning; it yields generalizations that are based on a large number of specific observations.
Define "virtuoso."
It is used to identify an artist of masterly technique and skill; also known as a person who dabbled in the latest sciences and gave them respectability.
What was the main issue between Copernican astronomy and the older worldview?
It was not one of mathematical precision; rather, it came down to which of the two systems was simpler. Copernicus reasoned that a more convincing picture of the universe could be achieved by transposing the positions of the sun and the earth, envisioning a vastly expanded, but not infinite, universe.
Who was "Antonio Vivaldi?"
Italian composer from Venice, a minister and school teacher known as the "Red Priest", one of the most prolific composers of the Baroque. Famous for his piece titled The Four Seasons.
What do Jamy, Fluellen, and Macmorris represent? (Henry V QQ)
Jamy, Fluellen and Macmorris represent the three nations that have allied themselves with England: Wales, Ireland and Scotland.
Who was "Jean Racine?"
Jean Racine, baptismal name Jean-Baptiste Racine, was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France, along with Molière and Corneille, and an important literary figure in the Western tradition. (Possibly France's greatest playwright.) His baroque masterpiece was Phaedra.
Who was "Jan Vermeer?"
Johannes Vermeer, in original Dutch Jan Vermeer van Delft, was a Dutch Baroque Period painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle class life. During his lifetime, he was a moderately successful provincial genre painter, recognized in Delft and The Hague. Dutch Golden-Age artist Jan Vermeer is famous for his Delft paintings, including Girl with a Pearl Earring and Lacemaker.
Who was the political theorist in the Baroque era who argued against Absolutism, and in favor of limited government, the right to revolt, and developed Classical Liberalism? (QQ)
John Locke (i.e. low-key anarchist.)
Who was "John Milton?"
John Milton is best known for Paradise Lost, widely regarded as the greatest epic poem in English. Together with Paradise Regained, it formed his reputation as one of the greatest English writers. In his prose works he advocated the abolition of the Church of England (as a Protestant response to Dante's Divine Comedy.)!
Who was "Judith Leyster?"
Judith Jans Leyster was a Dutch Golden Age painter. She painted genre works, portraits and still lifes. Although her work was highly regarded by her contemporaries, Leyster and her work became almost forgotten after her death. Her specialties were genre scenes, portraits, and still lifes. Famous for Carousing Couple.
The leaders of the five MAIN military states (England, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) were classified as what kind of rulers?
Known as absolutists, these rulers wanted complete control over state affairs, unlike medieval monarchs, who had to share authority with the church and the feudal nobles. Heavily influenced by the ideals of Machiavelli, they fueled their claims with divine right and natural law.
Who was "Robert Boyle?"
Known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry," Robert Boyle FRS was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method.He also attempted to separate chemistry from alchemy.
Who did Copernicus dedicate his book Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies? (QQ)
Pope Paul III. (i.e. in an attempt to "appease" the Catholic Church)
In what year did the baroque period first make it's appearance?
1600.
According to the book, who is credited with becoming the "spokesman for the experimenters?"
Francis Bacon.
Who was "Francis Bacon?"
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, PC QC, also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are credited with developing the scientific method and remained influential through the Scientific Revolution. Famous for his phrase "Knowledge is power."
Famous for The Education of Marie de' Medici, Peter Paul Rubens (Florid Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, Gentileschi (Florid Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Lacemaker, Jan Vermeer (Restrained Baroque-style.)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice, Poussin (Classical Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Lords John and Bernard Stuart, Van Dyck (Restrained Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
The Conversion of St. Paul, Caravaggio (Florid Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Who was the first "great composer of opera?" ***IMPORTANT!
Claudio Monteverdi.
The Maids of Honor (i.e. Las Meninas), Velazquez, (Florid Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Who was the "outstanding artist" of the Restrained Baroque? (QQ)
Rembrandt.
What event was deemed the most important, formative influence on the evolution of baroque style in the arts?
The Council of Trent.
What type of clock was invented during this time giving more precise measurements than before? (QQ)
The pendulum.
The Scientific Revolution was both an "____________" and a "____________" of the Aristotelian cosmology that had held Western thinkers in its grip for 2,000 years.
"Outgrowth," and "rejection."
What architectural foundation served as the symbol of Louis XIV's reign of self-glorification?
The Palace of Versailles.
Who famously published the Historical and Critical Dictionary?
Pierre Bayle.
Which ruler was classified as the "Sun King?" ***IMPORTANT!
Louis XIV of France.
Who famously stated "I think, therefore I am"?
Rene Descartes.
What is credited with furthering the separation between philosophy and theology?
Innovations in technology.
Who is known as the "Sun King"? (QQ)
Louis XIV (of France)
Following the death of Queen Elizabeth I, which dynasty took over the English throne?
The Stuart Dynasty.
How did Henry IV differ from his ancestral rulers?
Like a medieval king, Henry IV shared authority with the feudal nobles; a pragmatist, he felt no need to force his adopted faith (Catholicism) on the Huguenots (French Calvinists) and allowed them limited freedom of worship. This all changed when Henry IV was assassinated in 1610.
Who was "Pierre Bayle?"
Pierre Bayle was a seventeenth-century French skeptical philosopher and historian. He is best known for his encyclopedic work the Historical and Critical Dictionary, a work which was widely influential on eighteenth-century figures such as Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson.
Identify three MAIN internal problems that reflected the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
1. A line of ineffective sultans were usurped by ambitious viziers in a corrupt game of power plays. 2. The once-feared Turkish army began to decline after its significant loss of men in battle. 3. The royal treasure was depleted, causing taxes to rise and provinces to revolt.
Identify the three MAJOR changes that happened in Europe as a result from the competing monarchs bid for absolute power.
1. Administrative bureaucracies were reformed into the domains of university-trained, middle-class officials. 2. Absolute monarchs established permanent diplomatic corps to assist in foreign policy. 3. Standing armies (funded by state revenue) manned lower-class soldiers.
Identify the three MAIN false ideas shared by both Aristotle and Galen (that were later proven to be false.)
1. Air moves directly from the lungs into the heart. 2. Blood flows from the veins to the outer part of the body. 3. Different types of blood course in the arteries and the veins.
Identify the three MAIN areas of study that were the most impacted by the paradoxes of the Scientific Revolution.
1. Astronomy 2. Physics 3. Biology
List the 5 MAIN military states that rose to power in 1715. ***IMPORTANT!
1. England 2. France 3. Austria 4. Prussia 5. Russia
Identify the four MAIN trends of baroque music. ***IMPORTANT!
1. It involved the development of major and minor tonality (to first stage to the rise of modern music.) 2. It involved the mixing of genres, as noted in literature and the arts. 3. The expressiveness that entered the late 1500's was not being greatly exaggerated highlight stressful and emotional undertones. 4. It was an age of virtuosos, master musicians who performed with technical skill and vivid personal style.
Identify the two MAIN ironies of the Scientific Revolution.
1. Only a handful of thinkers contributed scientific changes; most of the population remained unaware of these finings. 2. Not all scientific advancements were original creations; some were rooted in late medieval rationalism or Renaissance ideas.
Identify Descartes' two MAIN contributions to Western philosophy.
1. Skepticism 2. Dualistic theory of knowledge
Identify the two MAIN inventions that made the advancements of the Scientific Revolution possible. ***IMPORTANT!
1. Telescope 2. Microscope
Identify the three MAIN changes that happened in France as a result of Louis XIV's absolute rule.
1. The French Protestants (i.e. Huguenots) were mercilessly persecuted. 2. The policies of the Bourbon ancestors became the chief guidelines of French life. 3. The concept of mercantilism overtook economic policies and state control.
Identify the 5 MAIN technological advancements that defined. baroque-style warfare. ***IMPORTANT!
1. The arquebus, or barquebus (a shoulder-fired gun) 2. The musket (a muzzle-loading shoulder gun) 3. The rifle (an improved musket, using flintlock instead of a matchlock for ignition) 4. The paper cartridge (for holding the gunpowder) 5. The tactic of affixing bayonets to rifles
Identify the three MAIN manifestations of baroque-style interpretations. ***IMPORTANT!
1. The florid baroque-style: Dominated by Roman Catholic religious ideals and motivations, this style was a product of the Counter Reformation. (Developed in Spain and Central Europe) 2. The classical baroque-style: Associated with French taste and the aristocratic and courtly, this style was guided by the Renaissance values of simplicity and harmony. 3. The restrained baroque-style: Repelled by Catholicism and French absolutism, the artists of this style had reserved Protestant values, keeping things simpler and less ornate.
Identify the two MAIN inventions credited to Sir Isaac Newton.
1. The law of gravity 2. Calculus
Identify the three MAIN technological advancements that defined baroque-style households. ***IMPORTANT!
1. The replacement fo the Gothic look (rough, large scale, and painted in shot colors-by a refined Italian look, characterized by splendidly carved and polished furniture in elegant shapes.) 2. A fashion for imported Oriental products (i.e. lacquered furniture and household goods, such as china, vases, and precious objects) 3. New furniture for specific purposes (i.e. wardrobes for clothing, cupboards for china, dressers for valuable displays, etc.)
Identify the two MAIN contrasting traditions that arose from Descartes' dichotomy of revelations. ***IMPORTANT!
1. The scientists, who reduce the natural world to order through mathematics. 2. The thinkers, who focus on human psychology.
Identify the two MAIN stages of the pendulum clock's development.
1. The work of Galileo (i.e. he observed that the oscillation/swinging of a pendulum always remains constant.) 2. Christian Huygens (i.e. a Dutch mathematician who assembled the pendulum into a vertical clock.)
Identify the 5 MAIN baroque-style heating options that defined the varying eras.
1. Until 1100: Open hearths for cooking, located in the center of the room (making it the center of family life) 2. After 1100: Wood-burning fireplaces with chimneys to vent the smoke (introduced in Venice) 2. Early 1500's: Coal-burning fireplaces in England (due to a shortage of wood) 4. Early 1600's: Fireplaces with carved mantles, used to display valuable objects. 5. The 1630's: Improved fireplace with air ducts and vents (invented in France)
Explain the significance of the Austrian-Turkish Wars.
Also identified as the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, they were battles fought from the 16th through the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Hapsburg Monarchy, which was at times supported by the Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Hungary, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Habsburg Spain. The most famous battle of this period was the Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683, which resulted in a crushing defeat for the Turks.
How did the Baroque Period differ from that of the High Renaissance? ***IMPORTANT!
Although both styles were devoted to order, they differed in their concept of how harmony was best achieved. High Renaissance artists valued repose, a single, static perspective and designs that were complete in themselves. Baroque artists, on the other hand, created dynamic, open-ended works that threatened to explode beyond their formal boundaries. These exuberant works are characterized by grand, sweeping gestures; flowing, expansive movement; and curving lines and oval/elliptical shapes.
Who was "Thomas Hobbes?"
An English philosopher who believed that people should hand over their rights to a ruler in exchange for law and order, also known as a social contract. His most famous work, The Leviathan, set forth a theory of government based on the pessimistic view that individuals are driven by two basic forces: 1) the fear of death, and 2) the quest for power.
Who was "George Handel?"
Another of baroque's famous composers, Handel differed from Bach because his music was more cosmopolitan and allowed singers to express their virtuosity. Famous for his Messiah, one of the best known works of sacred music.
Who commissioned the new nave of St. Peter's Basilica?
Believing the Greek cross to symbolize pagan religion, Pope Paul V commissioned Carlo Maderno to construct a long nave, thereby giving the floorpan the shape of a Latin cross.
What was the role of the Ottoman Turks in the Austrian-Turkish Wars? ***IMPORTANT!
Bent on conquest, the Ottoman sultans (i.e. Turks) led armies into Southern Europe and spread Islam among the local Christians. During the 1600's, the two powers waged the Austrian-Turkish Wars, a series of isolated battles. From 1664-1699, warfare was almost continuous between the Ottomans and the Hapsburgs, who drew support from Venice and Poland.
Who was "Blaise Pascal?"
Blaise Pascal, in his short 39 years of life, made many contributions and inventions in several fields. He is well known in both the mathematics and physics fields. In mathematics, he is known for contributing Pascal's triangle and probability theory. He also invented an early digital calculator and a roulette machine. Famous for his masterpiece the Pensees, or Thoughts, a meditative work of intense feeling published in 1670.
Which was NOT a belief of John Locke? (QQ) A) Private property has to be protected. B) Humans have reason and are basically decent C) Humans give up their rights to the state in civil society D) All men are created equal
C) Humans give up their rights to the state in civil society
What did Malpighi discover with the use of a microscope to understand the flow of human blood? (QQ)
Capillaries.
Which thinker stated that with the use of inductive reasoning we realize that knowledge is power? (QQ)
Francis Bacon.
Who was "Cardinal Richelieu?"
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu, commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman and statesman. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the king's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister". He restricted the freedom of French Protestants and sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state.
Who was "Cardinal Mazarin?"
Cardinal Jules Mazarin was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death in 1661. Mazarin continued Richelieu's anti-Habsburg policy and laid the foundation for Louis XIV's expansionist policies.
Who is credited with transforming France into a strong, centralized state in the 18th century?
Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister to Louis XIV.
Who was "Carlo Maderno?"
Carlo Maderno was an Italian architect, born in today's Ticino, who is remembered as one of the fathers of [florid] Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Valle were of key importance in the evolution of the Italian Baroque.
What does Catharine (Charles' daughter) ask Alice to teach her and why? (Henry V QQ)
Catharine, the daughter of King Charles VI of France, asks her maid Alice to teach her how to speak English; she finds herself under the impression that she may soon be put into a position in which she must communicate with Henry V.
How did the Church view the heliocentric theories of Copernicus? ***IMPORTANT!
Concluding that heliocentrism was dangerous and contrary to scripture, later religious leaders condemned it as a false system. What disturbed them was that if the earth were o be removed from the center of the universe, mankind's position under the divine order would also be educed. Thus, Catholic and Protestants alike denounced the ideas of Copernicus.
Who was "Rene Descartes?"
Descartes has been heralded as the first modern philosopher. He is famous for having made an important connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for the solving of geometrical problems by way of algebraic equations. He was also a rationalist and believed in the power of innate ideas. Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and that all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of God. Famous for his work Discourse on Method.
Who was "Diego Velazquez?"
Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV, and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period. Although he used chiaroscuro like Caravaggio, he limited his extremes of light and dark in favor of medium tones. Famous for The Maids of Honor (i.e. Las Meninas)
Define "empiricism."
Empiricism (i.e. collecting of data) is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily via sensory experience, as opposed to nativism. Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation. Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke and John Stuart Mill.
Who wins the battle and what does the winner get? What arrangement do the kings make? (Henry V QQ)
England wins the final battle; ever the noble and strategic ruler, Henry agrees to allow Charles to keep his current throne, seeking a more long term arrangement. Henry voices that he seeks to wed his distant cousin and Charles' daughter, Catharine. In doing so, he abides by English custom and grants his future lineage power over France when Charles VI dies.
How did the absolutist reign of England differ from that of France?
Eventually becoming a limited monarchy, the English property-owning classes and nobility served together as Parliament, a system to keep royal power in check.
TRUE or FALSE: John Locke embraced the idea that by making a social contract citizens would surrender their sovereignty to a ruler.
FALSE! (this was Hobbes' mindset)
TRUE or FALSE: After Henry IV of France was assassinated, Louis XIV immediately succeeded him in power.
FALSE! Although Louis did succeed Henry, real authority passed to Cardinal Richelieu, who was the virtual ruler of France until his death in 1624.
TRUE or FALSE: The famous baroque style originated in France, under King Louis XIV's reign.
FALSE! Although the baroque style is commonly referenced by French culture, it originated in Rome and from there spread across the Continent; the Italian city-states and the popes were no longer at the center of European political life.
TRUE or FALSE: Under Louis XIV's absolute reign, the religious freedoms of the French Protestants (i.e. Huguenots) flourished.
FALSE! Louis XIV canceled what freedom remained of the Huguenots, persecuting them until they converted to Roman Catholicism, fled in exile, or were killed.
TRUE or FALSE: The followers of Aristotle's teachings relied heavily on inductive reasoning.
FALSE1 Because they were too afraid to examine the great scholar's methodology and challenge his teachings, they relied on deductive reasoning; that is, they only explored the ramifications of already accepted truths.
Who was "Bernard de Fontenelle?"
Fontenelle, was a French author and an influential member of three of the academies of the Institut de France, noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the Age of Enlightenment. Famous for his work Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds.
Which nation is credited with sharing drama-based literature to the rest of baroque Europe?
France (it was its greatest contribution.)
Shakespeare's Henry V is set in the 100 Years War. What two kingdoms were fighting in this war? (Henry V QQ)
France and England.
Which famous scholar is credited with developing the scientific method? ***IMPORTANT!
Francis Bacon.
Who was "Galileo Galilei?"
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science". Of all of his telescope discoveries, he is perhaps most known for his discovery of the four most massive moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons: Io, Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. When NASA sent a mission to Jupiter in the 1990s, it was called Galileo in honor of the famed astronomer.
Which famous scholar is credited with the initial discovery of the law of inertia?
Galileo Galilei.
Which scholar of the Scientific Revolution is known as "the father of modern science?"
Galileo Galilei.
Who is the first scientist to make use of a clock as a basic means for measuring time in his experiments? (QQ)
Galileo. (pg. 419)
Prior to the Scientific Revolution, what was cosmology's fundamental principle?
Geocentrism.
Who was "Gian Lorenzo Bernini?"
Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was, also and even more prominently, the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture. He is credited for adding a key-hold shaped space and accompanying collanade to St. Peter's Basilica.
Which scholar is credited with inventing a more useful form of calculus (independent from Newton's version of calculus?)
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.
According to Isaac Newton, what holds planets in their orbits? (QQ)
Gravity.
What does Fluellen make Pistol eat? What is its significance? (Henry V QQ)
He makes Pistol eat the leek that was stored in his hat (a cultural tradition of the Welsh) because this was the very practice Pistol mocked him for.
Who was "William Harvey?"
He was an English physician who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea, thereby invalidating Galen's ebb-and-flow theory.
Why was Bardolph hung? (Henry V QQ)
He was hung because he violated the one, specific decree Henry V gave to his men: do not loot/steal from the conquered French towns.
Define "heliocentrism."
Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center.
What else does he think he should be king of and who convinces him he is right? (Henry V QQ)
Henry V, after being alerted to the peculiarity of the situation by his advisors, believes he is the rightful heir of France. The Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of Ely proceed to inform Henry that he has a rightful claim to the French throne because of a previous ancestor's position.
According to the book, what is florid-baroque artist Bernini most well-known for?
His sculptural ideal was a dynamic composition that used undulating forms to delight the eye. His sensuous sculptures with their implicit movement were the perfect accompaniments to florid baroque structures and their highly decorated walls. His masterpiece is the Baldacchino, the bronze canopy that covers the spot where the bones of St. Peter supposedly lie.
What is the term for French Protestants, particularly Calvinists in France? (QQ)
Huguenots.
Define "absolutism."
Identified as the concept associated with the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters, absolutism also refers to absolute monarchy, meaning that the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right.
Who was "Caravaggio?"
Identified as the earliest great florid baroque painter, Michelangelo Merisi (better known as Caravaggio) rejected the anti naturalism of mannerism in favor of a dramatic realism. He selected his models directly from the streets and refused to idealize his subjects. He is one of the first major artists to incorporate tenebrism-a style of chiaroscuro-to banish landscapes from his artwork and focused on the subjects instead. Famous for The Conversion of St. Paul and Crucifixion of St. Peter.
Baldacchino, Bernini (Florid Baroque style)
Identify the architecture shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, Bernini (Florid Baroque style)
Identify the architecture shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
St. Peter's Basilica, Bramante, (Florid Baroque-style)
Identify the architectures shown, the name of the artists, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
The Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles (i.e. France)
Identify the name and location of the architecture shown.
Allegory of the Missionary Work of the Jesuits, Pozzo (Florid Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Carousing Couple, Judith Leyster (Restrained Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Christ Preaching, Rembrandt (Restrained Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Crucifixion of St. Peter., Caravaggio, (Florid Baroque style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
The Night Watch, Rembrandt (Restrained Baroque-style)
Identify the name of the painting shown, the name of the artist, and the style of baroque it emphasized.
Glorification of the Reign of Urban VIII, Pietro da Cortona.
Identify the title of the painting shown and the artist credited.
Explain the significance and impact Neoplatonism had on the Scientific Revolution.
Like late medieval science, Neoplatonism stressed the role of mathematics in problem-solving but also had a mystical streak-a legacy from Pythagoras-that led its devotees to seek harmony through numbers. Thinkers who followed Neoplatonism believed that simplicity was far superior to complexity in mathematical figuring because simplicity was the supreme sign that the solution was correct.
Explain the wars of Louis XIV and how they impacted his reign.
Louis XIV fought the states of Europe in four separate wars and was finally defeated by a coalition that included virtually all of Europe's major and minor powers. Louis' last struggle, the War of Spanish Succession, is generally regarded as the first world war-the first of its kind.
Who was "Louis XIV?" ***IMPORTANT!
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. Louis XIV called himself the 'Sun King' and his reign is famous for the extension of absolute royal rule and the building of the palace at Versailles, which seemed to summarize Louis XIV's reign.
Who was "Marcello Malpighi?"
Marcello Malpighi was an Italian biologist and physician, who is referred to as the "Founder of microscopical anatomy, histology & Father of physiology and embryology. With the aid of a microscope, he is credited with being the first to identify capillaries.
Who famously stated "L 'Etat c'est moi" and what does it mean? ***IMPORTANT!
Meaning "I am the state," it was stated by King Louis XIV of France and became the embodiment of his absolute rule.
Define "bel canto."
Meaning "beautiful song," bel canto is a trend of opera-style singing that epitomized the baroque age.
Define "tabula rasa."
Meaning "blank slate," it was connected to John Locke's theory that all human beings are born pure, and that their lifestyles and choices reflect the experiences they have had throughout life.
Who famously sought after "la gloire"?
Meaning "glory," la gloire was an elusive term that reflected King Louis XIV's image as the Sun King.
Explain the political turmoil that occurred in England between 1600 and 1653. ***IMPORTANT!
Meeting regularly, Parliament saw itself as the king's partner, not his enemy. The country's Calvinist minority (i.e. Puritans) were not despised by the Anglican majority. When the headstrong Charles I came to the throne, a constitutional crisis ensued. Parliament led a successful civil war, toppling the monarchy and setting up a republic called the "Commonwealth," in 1649. It soon became a military dictatorship under Puritan leader, Oliver Cromwell.
What is the correct order of the planets in the solar system? (QQ)
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
What European city was the first to have a public clock by 1335? (QQ)
Milan, Italy. (pg. 423)
In contrast to the rest of society, what did Newton believe to be his greatest achievement?
Newton believed his lasting monument to be his religious writings (as he was a devout Christian.)
The great British thinker Isaac Newton, whose research completed the Scientific Revolution, once declared, "It I have seen a little further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." What does Newton's "giants" metaphor mean?
Newton's "giants" metaphor means he felt indebted to the findings of early notable thinkers, such as the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe.
Who was "Nicholas Poussin?"
Nicolas Poussin was the leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and mythological subjects painted for a small group of Italian and French collectors. Famous for Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice.
Who was "Nicolaus Copernicus?"
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish Renaissance astronomer who proposed a model of the solar system that placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at its center. Having published Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies in 1543, Copernicus began the revival of Aristarchus' previously discarded theory.
Who famously wrote "Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies?"
Nicolaus Copernicus.
What is the primary paradox the Scientific Revolution is known for? ***IMPORTANT!
Notable for its paradoxes (i.e. self-contradictory statements) the Scientific Revolution is best remembered for the paradox of magic being combined with science; a revolution in human thought, it ushered in modern science, which was rooted in both magical beliefs and practical technological achievements.
Who was the leader of England (Lord Protector) when there was no king, after Charles I was beheaded? (QQ)
Oliver Cromwell.
Who was "Artemisia Gentileschi?"
One of Caravaggio's most dedicated disciples-known as Caravaggisti-and only female follower, Gentileschi concentrated on biblical and mythical subjects. Trained by her father, Orazio (a disciple of Caravaggio), she adapted the flamboyant and dramatic style of Caravaggio's realism and made it her own. Many of her pieces assert female dominance without the use of a nude model. Famous for Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes.
The night before the battle Henry V (disguised) makes an arrangement with Williams. What do they agree on? (Henry V QQ)
Opting for an "agree to disagree" scenario with Williams, the anonymous Henry defends his role as king. Refusing to be dissuaded, Williams continues to bash the English king. The two men, unable to find middle ground, agree to duel each other after the battle with the French (should they both survive.) They christen this commitment by exchanging gloves with each other; this physical transaction serves as a reminder to seek out their opponent after the battle.
What kingdom had become a constant threat on the Eastern borders of Europe during this time? (QQ)
Ottomans (i.e the Turks.)
What characteristics defined florid baroque-style painting?
Painters of this tradition tended to use rich color and unusual lighting effects to depict spectacular or dramatic moments. They represented nature and the human form realistically to make art intelligible and meaningful to the ordinary viewer.
Which painter was famous for his "voluptuous" female nudes and classical characters? (QQ)
Peter Paul Rubens.
Why was anatomical knowledge so limited in the 1600's?
Primarily because Christians forbade the violation of corpses, believing that the body must remain whole and intact in order to be resurrected. Biological research, which had been limited to the dissection of animals and then deemed equivalent to the human body led to misinformation and half-truths.
Explain why Copernicus waited until his death to publish his astronomical findings. ***IMPORTANT!
Recognizing the revolutionary nature of his hypothesis, Copernicus delayed printing his ideas until he was dying. In an attempt to mollify clerical critics, he dedicated his book to the pope, Paul III.
In what city did the baroque style originate from? ***IMPORTANT!
Rome (i.e. Italy.)
According to the book, the Baroque style originated in what city? (QQ)
Rome.
Who was "Anthony Van Dyck?"
Sir Anthony van Dyck was a Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England after success in the Southern Netherlands and Italy. The seventh child of Frans van Dyck, a wealthy Antwerp silk merchant, Anthony painted from an early age. His elegant style captured courtly qualities by noble patrons, often dressed in ornate clothing. Famous for Lords John and Bernard Stuart.
Who was the most famous architect of the restrained baroque-period? ***IMPORTANT!
Sir Christopher Wren. His crowning achievement was the reconfiguration of St. Paul's Cathedral.
Who was "Isaac Newton?"
Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution. Building off of the research of Copernicus, Kepler's laws, and Galileo's law of inertia, Newton created a new model that overturned the Ptolemaic scheme and finished the revolution started by Copernicus. He is most famous for his discovery of the law of gravity. His views were set forth in his written work, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
Who famously wrote "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?"
Sir Isaac Newton.
Who was "Peter Paul Rubens?"
Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish artist and diplomat. He is considered the most influential artist of Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens's highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. He is well known for his ripe sensuality and portrayal of female nudes (perv!) Famous for The Education of Marie de' Medici.
Which building is the best example of the Florid Baroque? (QQ)
St. Peter's Basilica (i.e. Cathedral)
What is the form of chiaroscuro used by Caravaggio that makes use of large areas of dark contrasting with smaller brightly illuminated areas? (QQ)
Tenebrism.
What gift does Henry receive from the Dauphin (Crown Prince of France) and what message is the Prince sending? (Henry V QQ)
Tennis balls (i.e. to make a mockery of Henry's wasteful youth and young age)
On what feast day is the Battle of Agincourt fought and what is the significance of this? (Henry V QQ)
The Battle of Agincourt is fought on St. Crispen's Day, a feast day to celebrate the Saints. This correlation has great significance because it places a greater emphasis on King Henry V's famous St. Crispen's Day Speech, where he refers to his men as a "band of brothers" (much like the saints referred to each other.)
Where is the climactic battle fought and hence named? (Henry V QQ)
The Battle of Agincourt. (i.e. France)
Who denounced the ideas of Copernicus for at least 200 years? (QQ)
The Catholics.
Define "Commonwealth of England."
The Commonwealth was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I.
What are the three men, Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry, Lord of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey, knight of Northumberland up to and why are they called before the king? How does Henry V trick them? (Henry V QQ)
The Earl of Cambridge, the Lord of Masham and the knight of Northumberland are three English noblemen who have been coerced by French agents to become spies; successfully bribed, they are conspiring to murder Henry in a town called Southhampton. Henry tricks them into confessing by inquiring as to how they would punish a guilty (but minor) criminal.
Define "English East India Company."
The East India Company was an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. Incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600, it was started as a monopolistic trading body so that England could participate in the East Indian spice trade.
Which sculpture marks the highest expression of Bernini's art?
The Ecstasy of St. Teresa.
What were the English odds of men in comparison to the French? (Henry V QQ)
The English troops, to the dismay of many, were outnumbered by the French 5 to 1.
Which famous establishment is credited as a monumental depiction of baroque styles?
The Hall of Mirrors (specifically), located in the Palace of Versailles.
Which European kingdom gained the most lands after the War for Spanish succession in the treaty of Utrecht? (i.e. the Treaty for the War of Spanish Succession) (QQ)
The Netherlands.
Which architectural structure emphasized the classical baroque-style?
The Palace of Versailles, and more specifically, the Hall of Mirrors located inside. The most striking aspect of Versailles is its monumentality: the palace is part of an elaborate complex that includes a royal chapel and various support structures, all of which are set in an elaborate park.
What was the "Restoration?"
The Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland took place in 1660 when King Charles II returned from exile in Europe (a result of his father Charles I's execution.) Occurred between 1660-1688. In 1688 King James II, Charles II's brother, was expelled in a bloodless coup known as the Glorious Revolution.
Define the "Thirty Years War." ***IMPORTANT!
The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged the Austrian Hapsburgs and the German princes. Fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, it was one of the most destructive conflicts in human history; it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague.
What was the name of the war fought between Protestants and Catholics during the Baroque and was the last religious battle in Europe? (QQ)
The Thirty Years War.
What officially ended the Thirty Years War?
The Treaties of Westphalia, also known as the Peace of Westphalia.
Which war does our book say is generally regarded as the first World War? (QQ)
The War of Spanish Succession.
Define the "War of Spanish Succession."
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700, the last Habsburg monarch of Spain. ... When his brother Emperor Joseph I died in 1711, Charles succeeded as Emperor. It was officially resolved through the Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713.
What was the "baroque mentality?" ***IMPORTANT!
The baroque mentality originated in a search for stability and order in a restless age. Encouraged by the Catholic Church, artists and writers sought to reveal the order they believed lay beneath the seeming chaos of life. In this, they shared similar aims with the High Renaissance.
Define "geocentrism."
The belief that the earth remains the center point.
Define "Glorious Revolution."
The bloodless overthrow (i.e. coup d' etat) of King James II (a Catholic ruler) that brought his daughter and son-in-law, William III and Mary II (Protestants) into English power as joint sovereigns.
Who was "Henry IV?"
The first ruler of the Bourbon dynasty, Henry IV was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the first English ruler since the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was English rather than French. Raised a Protestant, he became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois, but was challenged during a time of religious strife. Despite converting to Catholicism after becoming King of France in 1589, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance.
Who was "Johann Sebastian Bach?"
The greatest of the late baroque musicians, Bach is famous for establishing a religious legacy within baroque music. Famous for St. Matthew's Passion, The Well-Tempered Clavier and the six Brandenburg Concertos.
Galileo's studies of celestial and terrestrial motion and Newton's explanation of gravity led to the ultimate invention of what?
The pendulum clock; this clock, which measured time more precisely and accurately than any other, soon became a metaphor for the human condition: it symbolized the brevity of life and its graduated moments filled with unexplored potential.
Which social class held the most authority in the florid Baroque period?
The popes; during this time, these church authorities used their patronage powers to bring the florid baroque-style to life. The popes enlisted architects, painters, and sculptors to glorify the Catholic message. Religious subjects (such as Jesus) were portrayed with powerful realism in emotion-charged moments in order to convey the physical presence and immediacy of the Church. (Vitality and theatrical effects were highly praised.)
Define "illusionism."
The principle or technique by which artistic representations are made to resemble real objects or to give an appearance of space by the use of perspective.
What is the significance of Bardolph, Pistol, and Nim? (Henry V QQ)
The significance of Bardolph, Pistol and Nim are that their dispute in the village is the very scenario Henry voiced to expose Cambridge, Masham and Northumberland. Seeing a unique opportunity, Henry made the most of this information and used it to both expose treasonous advisors, publicize his good name to the people of England, and take these revelations as God's blessing for him to invade France.
Define the "theory of impetus."
The theory of impetus was an auxiliary or secondary theory of Aristotelian dynamics, put forth initially to explain projectile motion against gravity. It commanded scholars attention for about three centuries before genuine questioning came into effect.
Who is credited with coining the term "baroque" and what did it originally mean?
The word baroque was not commonly used in the seventeenth century; rather, it was coined in the next century by artists and scholars whose tastes were attuned to classical ideals. And, to them, much of seventeenth-century culture was imperfect, or baroque, a term probably derived from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning "irregular pearl."
Which famous philosopher believed that without absolute government and control, human beings would eventually become "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"?
Thomas Hobbes. (i.e. absolutist)
Who was "Johannes Kepler?"
Tycho Brahe's assistant, Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He is a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, Johannes Kepler is best known for his three laws of planetary motion. These laws are: 1) Planets move in orbits shaped like an ellipse, 2) a line between a planet and the Sun covers equal areas in equal times, and 3) the closer the Sun is to a planet, the faster its speed. Famous for his book On the Motion of Mars.
What was the central issue between geocentrism and heliocentrism for Copernicus? (QQ)
Which theory was simpler.
Sir Isaac Newton (painted by Godfrey Kneller)
Who is the scientific scholar depicted in this painting?