Humanities Final

Jacques-Louis David

Oath of Horatti (Neoclassical)

Botticelli

Primavera

Hegelian dialect

Proposed historical process of thought whereby a thesis gives rise, in reaction, to its opposing antithesis, which are then ultimately resolved into a higher synthesis of truth.

Renaissance humanism

Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from the medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts and culture; devotion to the humanities and literary culture

Uomo Universale

Renaissance man; an ideal that developed in Renaissance Italy from the dictum that "a man can do all things if he will."

Dürer

Self Portrait

Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun

Self-Portrait

Andy Warhol

Campbell's Soup Cans

Bernini

Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Poussin

Holy Family on the Steps

Claude Monet

Impression, Sunrise

Gentileschi

Judith Slaying Holofernes

Dürer

Knight, Death, and the Devil

Giotto

Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)

Pablo Picasso

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Transcendentalism

19th-century movement based on the belief in the essential unity of all things, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of intuitive insight for grasping the deepest truths.

Edouard Manet

A Bar at the Folies-Bergere

Georges Seurat

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

A

Which composer, although he died tragically at age 35, left behind a huge body of music encompassing and excelling at every musical genre of his time, making him probably the most universal of composers? a. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart b. Franz Joseph Haydn c. Antonio Vivaldi d. Ludwig van Beethoven

A

Which musician may be seen as a bridge between Classical and Romantic styles of music, a musician who was also unfortunately devastated by deafness? a. Ludwig van Beethoven b. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart c. Robert Schumann d. Frederic Chopin

D

Which of the following is not true regarding Renaissance humanism? a. One of the greatest influences of Renaissance humanists was their call to go ad fontes, back to the original sources, rather than depending on second-hand accounts, which was influential for the Protestant Reformation. b. Renaissance humanists were first and foremost scholars of classical literature who gave a more prominent focus to the humanities, had a central passion for Cicero, and also gave Greek language and literature back to the West. c. The first major Renaissance humanist was Petrarch; Pico wrote On the Dignity of Man, a glorification of humanity; Erasmus ("prince of the humanists") wrote In Praise of Folly, critical of church corruption, and Thomas More wrote Utopia. d. Renaissance humanists focused exclusively on human values and concerns in contradistinction to sacred values and concerns.

existentialism

A philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Byronic hero

A romanticized antihero of flawed character; typically a young, attractive male, associated with destructive passions, alienation, rebellion, and intense introspection.

pluralism

A state of society in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups maintain and develop their traditional culture or special interest within the confines of a common civilization.

indulgence

A distinctive feature of the penitential system of the Roman Catholic Church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin (esp. by "sale" of a slip).

linear perspective

A means of depicting objects in space in a way that closely approximates the real appearance of the world by means of converging horizontal lines to a vanishing point

Jesuit

A member of the Roman Catholic Society of Jesus founded by St. Ignatius Loyola in 1534, devoted to missionary and educational work.

noble savage

A supposed condition that empiricists attribute to the human mind before ideas have been imprinted on it by the reaction of the senses to the external world of objects.

categorical imperative

According to Kant, the ruling principle of morality, that one must do only what one can will that all others should do under similar circumstances.

social contract

Actual or hypothetical compact or agreement among individuals by which organized society is brought into being and invested with the right to secure mutual protection and welfare.

tabula rasa

An idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization.

Social Darwinsim

Application of the theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues - including persons, groups of races - following the notion of "survival of the fittest."

abstract art

Art which attempts to depict the essence of a thing rather than its actual appearance.

Modernism

Artistic or literary philosophy and practice arising in the early part of the 20th century characterized by a self-conscious break with the past and search for new forms of expression, rejecting conventional artistic expression to depict a world seen as altogether new and constantly in flux.

Jackson Pollock

Autumn Rhythm

Hans Holbein the Younger

Charles de Solier, Sieur de Morette

Faustian

Insatiably striving for worldly knowledge and power even at the price of spiritual values.

Anabaptist

Member of the sectarian movement of the Protestant Reformation and spiritual ancestor of some modern Protestant wings of Christianity.

Paul Cezanne

Mont Sainte-Victoire

Jacques-Louis David

Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Umberto Boccioni

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Vincent van Gogh

Starry Night

impressionism

Style of painting characterized by a concern with depicting the visual perception of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

Caravaggio

The Calling of Saint Matthew

Michelangelo

The Creation of Adam

Edward Burne Jones

The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon

William Hogarth

The Marriage Settlement

J. M. W. Turner

The Slave Ship

Jean-Honore Fragonard

The Swing (Rococo)

Francisco Goya

The Third of May 1808

Masaccio

The Tribute Money

Caspar David Freidrich

The Wanderer Above the Mist

Leonardo da Vinci

Virgin of the Rocks

Black Death

The great epidemic of a disease thought to be the bubonic plague, which killed a large proportion of the population of Europe in the mid-14th-century

absolutism

The political doctrine and practice of unlimited, centralized authority and total sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator.

nihilism

The rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless.

materialism

The theory or belief that nothing exist except the physical world; the belief that science, technology, and industry can know all the truth, solve all the problems, and create human happiness.

c. Victory of Louis-Philippe

This painting, by Eugene Delacroix, is called a. Liberty Leading the People b. The Death of Sardanapalus c. Victory of Louis-Philippe d. Victory of Napoleon

D

Which of the following is not true about High Renaissance Art? a. Raphael was a relatively short-lived but masterly painter whose famous works include his Madonnas, (like the Sistine Madonna), the Transfiguration, and most notably his School of Athens, which suggest the unity of all learning and knowledge. b. Leonardo da Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance man, a "scientific-artist," intensely empirical and curious, and a theorizer of flight mechanics, whose most famous paintings are The Last Supper and La Gioconda. c. Michelangelo was a powerfully transformative figure, his work evinces great energy, his art was perhaps the peak of the Renaissance, and he deeply absorbed classical techniques and took them to new heights, as seen in the masterpieces Pietà, David, and the Sistine Chapel Ceiling. d. Botticelli was an innovator in chiaroscuro (light and shade), depicting atmospherics like blueshift, and in linear perspective, seen in his Holy Trinity, whereas Masaccio was a Platonist with a deep focus on classical beauty, and even a mystic of beauty, as seen in his Birth of Venus.

D

Which of the following is not true about Sigmund Freud and the rise of modern psychology? a. William James was an early pioneer in the field with his Principles of Psychology and his theory of functionalism. b. Freud was the most influential figure in the rise of modern psychology, developing the "talking cure" of psychotherapy, the theory of the subconscious, and the theory that libido or sexual desire is the most all-pervasive of human drives. c. Freud taught other early pioneers of modern psychology, such as Carl Jung, who expounded a theory of the collective unconscious, and Alfred Adler, who expounded a theory of psychology centered on power relations and feelings of inferiority. d. The behaviorist B.F. Skinner put forth the theory of the three-part structure of human nature, including the id (unreflective drives), the superego ("conscience," ideals or social norms), and the ego (the conscious self).

D

Which of the following is not true of Dostoyevsky? a. As a young man he was imprisoned and sentenced to death by firing squad, but reprieved at the last moment. b. He believed in the infinite worth of each human soul c. He presents in his Brothers Karamazov powerful arguments against God's existence, so that by refuting them he can truly defend Christianity. d. He wrote Crime and Punishment about Prince Myshkin, his attempt at realistically depicting a genuinely beautiful human being.

D

Which of the following is not true of Elizabethan England? a. Elizabeth helped stabilize England in a turbulent time after Henry VIII brought about the English Reformation by splitting England from the Roman Catholic Church, which caused bitter division between the Roman Catholics of England and the new Anglican church. b. Elizabeth's reign saw England emerge as a major European power in politics, commerce, and esp. the arts, and she helped shape the destiny of her nation. c. This was the time of the incomparable Shakespeare, whose writings capture the full range of common human experience, of whom it was said he "was not of an age, but for all time." d. When Elizabeth, aka The Virgin Queen, was carefully crafted as a glittering symbol for England, politically she was merely a figurehead.

D

Which of the following is not true of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? a. Rousseau was one of the most influential Enlightenment philosophers, as seen in his inspiration of the French Revolution, his great influence for new methods of childhood education, and and his pioneering of modern autobiography with his Confessions. b. Rousseau, unlike Hobbes and Locke, proposed the "noble savage," that man in a state of nature is essentially good until corrupted by the influences of civilization (e.g., property and commerce), thus making evil external rather than internal to human nature. c. With his emphasis on emotion over reason, religious sentiment (as opposed to doctrine), and the beauties of nature, Rousseau was actually a historical hinge between the Enlightenment and Romanticism. d. Rousseau consistently showed deep optimism that humanity would escape from its dystopia of alienation, oppression, and lack of genuine freedom, to ultimately achieve true individual authenticity.

D

Which of the following is not true of John Milton and Paradise Lost? a. John Milton is generally considered to rank second only to Shakespeare among English poets and Paradise Lost is similarly considered the greatest epic of the English language. b. Paradise Lost is a masterpiece that dramatically recounts the fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. c. Milton wrote a companion piece to Paradise Lost titled Paradise Regained, which dramatizes the temptation of Christ. d. Milton's most famous sonnet is "Death, Be Not Proud," written while he was suffering from an illness that brought him near to death.

D

Which of the following is not true of Machiavelli and The Prince? a. The Prince essentially advocates an ethics of mastery and power, holding that one should make use of traditional morality where expedient. b. Machiavelli argues that the first concern of a prince (ruler) must be the art of the war, that reputation is more important than virtue in itself, and that the prince must gather as much power to himself as possible so to minimize fortune's power and maximize his own control. c. The Prince may be interpreted as a work that advocates an amoral, practices politics, with the chief end of the prince being self-preservation by any means necessary ("the end justifies the means"). d. Machiavelli was a French philosopher and statesman in the Parisian republic who is sometimes considered the father of modern political thought with its central focus on the human desire for power.

D

Which of the following is not true of Modernism and the Modernist novel? a. It consisted of artists who were self-consciously trying to break with the past in search of new forms of expression with a desire to reinvest a fragmented, chaotic, and disoriented world with meaning in the face of Western disillusionment. b. Modernist novelists Marcel Proust, with his In Search of Lost Time, and Virginia Woolf, with To the Lighthouse, sought to focus on lived experience, and were trying, in their distinct ways, to deal with the issues of fragmentation, the difficulty of communication and connection, and to give meaning to the world through art. c. Franz Kafka's The Trial deals with issues of the of the difficulties, in a confusing world, with human knowledge, morality, and guilt, ultimately suggesting that one must submit to a system of reality outside oneself if one's life is to have meaning. d. Constantin Brancusi composed the Rite of Spring, in which he tried to capture a spirit of primitiveness, with individual instruments at war with one another, verging on chaos, representing life forces battling for survival in spring.

D

Which of the following is not true of Modernist art? a. Expressionism, inspired by Van Gogh, moved away from naturalistic representation of the world toward depicting the artist's inner emotions and experience of the world, and was often dark in tone, as in Munch's The Scream. b. Picasso rejected harmonious patterns for angular forms suggesting tension, and sought to visually portray the abstract ideas in art, leading to the development (with Braque) of Cubism, which analyzed, broke down, and reassembled objects in abstracted forms, as seen in Picasso's Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler. c. Dada was an artistic movement of negation that arose in response to WWI and was philosophically nihilist and irrationalist, and strongly anti-establishment, anti-tradition and essentially anti-art, which favored the depiction of the bizarre, irrational and fantastics, as in Duchamp's Fountain. d. The Fauvists were self-consciously public radicals who sought the destruction of anything they conceived as static and traditional, exalting in the sense of the forward motion that was part of the modern age and its speed, power, and innovation, as exemplified in Dali's Persistence of Memory.

D

Which of the following is not true of Nietzsche? a. He developed the notion of the "superman," the man with superior potential who completely masters himself and strikes off conventional morality to create his own values. b. He held that the fundamental drive of human nature was the "will to power," an instinct for growth and durability. c. He was a proponent of the theory of perspectivism, which holds that knowledge is always from a particular point of view and that no all-inclusive perspective is possible. d. His thought was greatly influenced by Albert Camus, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Sigmund Freud.

D

Which of the following is not true of early Renaissance culture? a. The real breakthrough toward Renaissance art was Giotto, who took a huge leap toward naturalism by painting figures in naturalized space and realistic poses (implying that the view participates in the same world as those in the painting), as seen in Meeting at the Golden Gate. b. Pietro Lorenzetti experimented with three-dimensional spatial arrangements and depicted naturalistic human emotion, as seen in his piece Deposition from the Cross. c. Ambrogio Lorenzetti put greater artistic focus on earthly life and civic concerns, as seen in his Allegory of Good and Bad Government, and also helped revive landscape painting. d. The earliest phase of the Renaissance, or proto-Renaissance, is referred to as the Quattrocento, referring to Italian culture in the 1400s, the period in which Les Demoiselles was painted.

D

Which of the following is not true of the Industrial Revolution? a. The Industrial Revolution, through applied science, involved a shift away from manual agrarian and handcraft economy toward a machine-based economy powered by natural resources, permitting mass production with smaller usage of human energy. b. It was characterized by new use of basic materials (like iron and steel), new energy sources (like steam, electricity, and petroleum), the transformation of transportation (via trains, canals, roads, and automobiles), and a new organization of labor into a factory system with specialized functions. c. It was accompanied by agricultural improvements, economic and political transformations involving new patterns of authority, massive urban growth, and a psychological change involving a heightening of humanity's confidence to master and transform nature. d. The revolution began in the United States but spread overseas to Europe, first to France, then Britain and Belgium, whereas in Asia it started in China and India and from thence spread to Japan.

D

Which of the following is not true of the Protestant Reformation? a. Martin Luther was not the first to attempt reform of the church--e.g., John Wycliffe and Jan Hus had attempted before him. b. Martin Luther sparked the Reformation with his Ninety-Five Theses, an attack on the corrupt sale of indulgences, though what become central to his Reformation cause was the notion that by faith alone in Christ apart from good works anyone can gain God's complete favor. c. The French thinker John Calvin, formed by Renaissance humanism, was the most important figure of the second generation of the Reformation and built an influential Protestant community in Geneva, Switzerland. d. The Protestant Reformation had a profound religious impact, but little to no social and political impact.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding Baroque art and architecture? a. The Italian Baroque was dominated by Bernini, whose great achievements include his design of St. Peter's Square, his Baldacchino in St. Peter's Basilica, and his sculptures David, and Apollo and Daphne. b. The Baroque in Spain saw the great dramatic painter El Greco (notable for the Burial of the Count of Orgaz), the complex painter Diego Velazquez (notable for Las Meninas), and the production of the great Spanish novel, Cervantes' Don Quixote. c. The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens epitomized the Baroque style with his tempestuous diagonal compositions and ample, full-blooded figures, as seen in his Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus. d. The French absolutist monarch King Louis XIV is famous for his grand construction of St. Paul's Cathedral, the lavishness of which is seen in its Hall of Mirrors.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding David Hume? a. Hume was a Scottish philosopher who espoused radical empiricism, implying radical skepticism of any knowledge beyond sensory human experience or direct inference thereof, thus ultimately concluding that no theory of reality is possible due to the limits of knowledge. b. Hume seriously challenged the apparent link between cause and effect, calling it a habit of thought rather than a necessary connection, thus calling into question Newtonian science that inspired his philosophical method to begin with. c. Hume is linked to philosophical naturalism, was a precursor to cognitive science, and inspired utilitarianism and emotivist ethics (which holds that morality is based in sentiment rather than reason). d. Hume was heavily influenced by Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Darwin's evolutionary theory, and the positivism of Comte.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding Immanuel Kant? a. Kant was the foremost thinker of the Enlightenment and inaugurated a new era in the development of philosophical thought, bringing about his own "Copernican revolution" in philosophy. b. Kant proposed that the human mind imposes structure onto the world, and that the mind only has access to objects of experience (phenomena), not reality beyond experience (noumena) like the existence of freedom or God, which nevertheless must be postulated for the sake of morality. c. Kant put forth a synthesis of the philosophy of the rationalists (who emphasized reason) and the empiricists (who emphasized experience). d. Kant advanced his philosophy as a direct response to the radical skepticism of Leibniz-- who, Kant said, awoke him from his "dogmatic slumber"-- seeking to save modern philosophy from the extreme limits to which Leibniz had subjected to it.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding Romantic literature? a. Goethe, a novelist, playwright, and natural philosopher, was the greatest writer of German Romanticism, one of the leaders of the Sturm and Drang movement, and the author of Faust, a masterpiece that explores the human desire for mastery (and power) in all realms of knowledge. b. Mary Shelley published Frankenstein at age 20, a Gothic novel (sub-genre of the Romantic) in which Frankenstein creates a monster that turns on hum, a warning against scientific hubris seeking power over nature. c. Edgar Allen Poe was an American writer who excelled at creating eerie and supernatural Gothic atmospheres, as exemplified in "The Raven," "The Tell-Tale Heart," and "Annabel Lee." d. Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the American Transcendentalists, chose to reside within nature for two years by Walden Pond, seeking greater leisure, to learn the essentials of human existence, and to escape a life of "quiet desperation" commonly experienced in modern life, which he wrote about in Walden.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding Voltaire and the French philosophers? a. The philosophers, including Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Diderot, promoted the supremacy and efficacy of human reason, social and political reforms, and produced the Encyclopedie, an ambitious attempt to systematically compile all human knowledge. b. Voltaire was heavily influenced by Newton (who informed his mechanistic view of the universe) and Locke (who influenced his views on toleration), and promoted a natural, deistic religion and held that God governs the universe only through natural laws. c. Voltaire's most widely known work is his Candide, a philosophical fantasy attacking Leibniz's metaphysical optimism that this is his best of all possible worlds. d. Voltaire's work Emile promotes a practical philosophy, excluding what he thought of as excessive idealism and nebulous metaphysics, and praises the simplicity of work and "to cultivate one's garden."

D

Which of the following is not true regarding World War I, aka the "Great War"? a. World War I was a completely different kind of war than what the world had experienced up to that time both due to its scale and the level of technology it employed, including machine guns, explosive weapons, tanks, battleships, submarines and aircraft. b. Its aftermath saw broad political transformations, with Russia replaced by the Soviet Union, the German regime replaced by the Weimar Republic and then Nazism, the Habsburg Empire broken into various European countries, and the Ottoman Empire replaced by Turkey and the Near East re-formed. c. It had a profoundly transforming impact on the Western mindset, mostly killing its former optimistic mindset and utopian idealism stemming from the Enlightenment project, science and technology, bringing about a crisis of self-identity and a waning of its sense of cultural superiority. d. The conflict, which concluded with the Treaty of Versailles, took place between the Allied nations with included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria, and the Central Powers with included France, the UK, and ultimately the US.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding World War II and the postwar world? a. A major postwar development was the civil rights movement, in a period which saw Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, the March on Washington and the "I Have a Dream" speech, and the passing of key civil rights legislation. b. Some important developments in the postwar world included decolonization and the decline of Western imperial control; and, in the West, and the rise of the "second wave" of feminism. c. In a horrified reaction to the Nazi death camps of World War II, the broad central focus of Western intellectuals became a concern for overcoming oppression, manifested mainly in the issues of race, class, and gender. d. World War II gave confirmation and a resurgence to Western optimism and its sense of cultural superiority stemming from the Enlightenment, leading to a renewed confidence in Western assumptions and way of life.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding central preliminary figures to the Enlightenment? a. Francis Bacon wrote the utopian novel New Atlantis promoting his vision of a scientific culture devoted to increasing control over nature, and he anticipated modern concerns like prolonging life, altering the body, curing all diseases, increasing the intellect, and even making new species. b. Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan promotes a materialist and reductionist philosophy, and argues that in the state of nature man's life is hellish, his chief drives being fear of death and desire for power, and thus individuals form a social contract to give all power to a sovereign for law and protection. c. John Locke's Second Treatise was a central influence on American democracy, promoting notions of natural rights, self-ownership, equality, pursuit of property, and a social contract theory with division of powers in which the government is responsible to the people, implying the right to revolution. d. Isaac Newton wrote Discourse on Method that promotes a math-like approach to all knowledge and uses a principle of radical doubt to reach an indubitable foundation of knowledge, and he also expressed a dualism of mind and body as categorically different things, with mind transcending matter.

C

Which of the following is not true regarding early modern science? a. Isaac Newton, who was the most towering figure of the scientific revolution, invented calculus, and authored the Principia, one of the most influential books ever written, which set the standard for mathematically precise scientific explanation thereafter. b. Two of the strongest effects of the scientific revolution have been a dramatic increase in power over nature and a powerful Western belief in progress. c. Tycho Brahe precisely recorded astronomical data in his great observatory; Kepler discerned planetary motions are elliptical (not round); Galileo first used a telescope for astronomical observation, proposed the concept of inertia, and encouraged the turn to describing nature principally in mathematical terms; and Descartes proposed a mechanical philosophy of the universe. d. The first figure ever to propose a heliocentric (sun-centered) universe was Copernicus, who was one of the earliest truly scientific figures intensely involved in astronomical empirical investigation.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding existentialism? a. Existentialism refers to a postwar philosophical/cultural movement with its roots in the self-identity crisis of postwar Europe, which was manifested in philosophy and art, and was chiefly concerned with individual human existence and how to live one's life in the midst of an unfathomable universe. b. Existentialism, though not a unified or consistent school of thought, had its historical roots in Kierkegaard Nietzsche, and central figures in the movement included Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Martin Buber, and Samuel Beckett. c. Central to Sartre's philosophy was the notion of radical freedom, that one's entire identity, in subjective terms, is the result of one's will and the interpretation and meaning one chooses to give oneself and everything else, even claiming we're "condemned" to be free. d. Sartre believed not in subjectivism but objectivism, that the source of one's reality and meaning come from outside the self, as a gift, and believed that consciousness creates a closeness between the self and the world not experienced by non-human animal life.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding logical positivism? a. Logical positivism resulted from the group known as the Vienna Circle, which came together to discuss the difference between true science and pseudo-science, ultimately claiming that scientific verification is the only true criterion of truth or meaning. b. The philosophy received a devastating critique from the inside by Quine, who argued that its principle of verification was not itself empirically verifiable, making the principle meaningless by its own definition. c. The logical positivists were forced to flee Vienna, taking their philosophy abroad, particularly to America, where it would have a profound influence on the institutions of learning. d. One of the most important philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein, was the central representative of logical positivist theory.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding postmodernism? a. It was a mid- to late-20th century movement involving radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture, identity, history, or language, typically characterized by a rejection of an ordered or stable view of reality and language, rather holding reality to be meaning in constant flux. b. Some of the characteristics of postmodern philosophy are the centrality of the will to power, a suspicion toward truth claims, a rejection or grand narratives and universality, a sense of relativism in meaning and morality, an emphasis on "becoming," and the insatiability and fluidity of identity and reality. c. Two of the most prominent postmodern thinkers were the French philosophers Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault, who argued that power structures are inherent in the very structures of the language in which we speak and think. d. A. J. Ayer was a central thinker of postmodernism, claiming that moral statements aren't grounded in truth or fact, but are merely emotional expressions of approval or disapproval of some action or person (sometimes called the "boo/hurrah" theory of ethics).

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the "Lost Generation"? a. Ernest Hemingway, author of The Sun Also Rises, was one of its major writers, viewing life as lacking purpose while at the same time searching for it; he had a tragic view of the world, though still held to the importance of honor, courage, and "grace under pressure" in the losing battle of life. b. F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term "Jazz Age" to refer to the period in America between the wars characterized by surface flash and flair but disillusionment and so sense of abiding purpose, which is captured in his novel The Great Gatsby, which suggests a cruelty at the heart of modern life. c. The Lost Generation departed from the pre-war Modernist optimism that art could restore meaning to the world; for them, art rather became the medium for reflecting the emptiness of the world, as seen in writers like T. S. Eliot and William Faulkner. d. Gertrude Stein wrote one of the classics texts of the Lost Generation, The Waste Land, which suggests there are no roots or foundations for life, only broken images, thus revealing a fragmented vision of the world, while nevertheless trying to hold on to the fragments of meaning that remain.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the American Revolution? a. Key preliminary factors that set the stage included Lockean and Enlightenment emphases on individualism, self-ownership, property rights, liberalism, and republicanism, and also the religious movement the Great Awakening, and the dissenting churches (away from the Church of England). b. Factors that incited colonial rebellion included taxation without representation and the Boston Massacre; and pivotal conflicts in the war included Bunker Hill (first major conflict), Saratoga (turning point where France openly joined), and Yorktown (the decisive American victory). c. The Declaration of Independence - in which we see Locke's social contract notion of "consent of the governed" - was drafted by a five-person committee, including Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, but penned mainly by Thomas Jefferson. d. The Second Continental Congress - including George Washington, John Adams, and Samuel Adams - met at the Boston Tea Party to discuss their grievances against Britain, and issued a declaration of the rights due every citizen, including life, liberty, property, assembly and trial by jury.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the Baroque period and Baroque music? a. Centrally important figures in Baroque music included Monteverdi (the first great opera composer, exemplified in Orfeo), Handel (famous for his oratorios, esp. Messiah), and Bach (considered one of the greatest composers ever, noted for his St. Matthew passion. b. One factor that shaped the Baroque period was a new interest in nature resulting from global exploration and developments in natural science, inspiring artistic experimentation and the painting of vast landscapes with man as but a small piece of the enormity of nature. c. Baroque art is characterized by a desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, including qualities like grandeur, sensuous richness, religious enthusiasm, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and elaborate decoration. d. The Baroque period was mainly driven by the cultural renewal of the Protestant Reformation and the decline of absolutist monarchies, leading to new experimentation in art among the lower classes.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the Counter-Reformation? a. It is also called the Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, and involved Roman Catholic efforts directed against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal (like taking action against corrupt and luxurious living by clergy). b. It led to a very significant event in the history of the Roman Catholic Church and of Protestant/Roman Catholic relations, the council of Trent. c. It saw a burst in Roman Catholic missionary activity, by men such as Francis Xavier, both abroad (like in Asia and in the New World) and seeking to reconvert areas of Europe back into its fold. d. It led to the formation of various new Catholic religious orders, especially the Calvinists.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the French Revolution and Napoleon? a. One of the French Revolution's defining documents was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - grounded in Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau - which proclaims equal opportunity, freedom of speech, popular sovereignty and representative government. b. The dark side of the French Revolution was the Reign of Terror; driven by the Jacobins, notably Robespierre, it sought the eradication of Christianity, arrested at least 300,00 suspected enemies, and officially executed some 17,000, with perhaps 10,000 more dying in prison or without trial. c. The end result of the French Revolution was the rise of the Napoleon, who seized power and became the "first consul," and then "emperor," dominated much of Europe through military expansion, and reorganized much of French society, making him a towering figure in modern history. d. The Storming of the Bastille was the coup d'etat by which Napoleon seized power from King Louis XVI and set up the National Assembly, whose members took the so-called Tennis Court Oath, vowing not to disperse until constitutional reform had been achieved.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the Northern Renaissance? a. Albrecht Durer, probably the first Northern artist to visit Italy and incorporate its techniques into his work, was the Northern Renaissance's greatest artist, and had tremendous range, as seen in his engraving Adam and Eve, his drawing Praying Hands, and his painting Young Hare. b. Jan van Eyck was one of the earliest oil painters, and achieved deep, rich colors and the most intricate detail even in small paintings, as seen in his Arnolfini Portrait and Madonna in the Church. c. Northern Renaissance Art was much less influenced by classical art, shows a great interest in concrete things, a deep attention to precise detail, and a mastery of capturing different textures, all seen in Dürer's Wing of a Roller. d. The greatest portrait painter of the age was Charles de Slier, as seen in his rich and near photographic Portrait of Thomas More and The Ambassadors.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the Renaissance and its time? a. It first developed among the city-states of northern Italy, esp. Florence, and spread throughout Western Europe, lasting c. 1300-1600. b. The printing press was invented by Gutenberg c. 1440, allowing for rapid mass production of printing and books throughout Western Europe (and beyond). c. Renaissance means "rebirth," essentially referring to a passionate reconnection to Greco-Roman literature, art, and culture and appropriating it into a Christian framework. d. The Italian Renaissance was a continuation and full flourishing of the tradition of Gothic art more so than classical art.

D

Which of the following is not true regarding the intellectual revolution in the 19th century? a. With the publication of The Origin of Species and the ascendancy of Darwinism, there was, broadly speaking, a profound shift in the vision of reality and the imagination of Western Europe. b. The materialist thought of Karl Marx was instrumental in radically reshaping the entire societies driven by a utopian ideal. c. The 19th century gave birth to several schools of "post-religious" or materialist thoughts that have greatly influenced late modern culture at its deepest level. d. Eugenicists of the 19th century, such as Sir Francis Galton, held that all human beings are equal by virtue of their common humanity.

D

Which of the following was not characteristic of the Enlightenment? a. It had its roots in the 17c and its high points in the 18c, sought to overthrow traditional authority of both Church and state (to be replaced by "dictates of reason"), was the beginning of Western secularization, and consisted of intellectuals who were mostly deists (and some atheists). b. As seen in Descartes' classic statement, "I think, therefore I am," it shifted one's ultimate authority from that which is external, such as God, to that which is internal, the individual thinker. c. It was driven overall by a great optimism that by education, through reason, and control over nature, through science, humanity could take its destiny into its own hands and reform the world, ultimately achieving human and social perfectibility. d. Its central belief was that humanity's most important capacity is emotion, and so people should accept beliefs on the basis of whether or not they tend toward emotional well being.

D

Which of the following was not true regarding Romanticism? a. It took place c. 1800-1850, and had an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, the medieval era, and had a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic. b. It was a reaction against the Enlightenment rationalism and mechanistic materialism, which it saw as too confining of human experience, and rather emphasized the emotional, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the visionary, and the transcendental. c. Among its characteristics were a deep appreciation of the beauties of nature, preoccupation with the genius or hero, a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, a heightened examination of human personality, and an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to spiritual truth. d. The chief critic of the movement was Rousseau, who argued that emotion should be restrained within the bounds of reason, affirmed aristocratic ideals over bourgeois (middle-class) life, and helf that moral development should be grounded in reason rather than the experience of powerful sentiments.