HUMANITIES TEST 3

Drypoint

Here the artist uses a sharp needle that raises a rough edge (called a burr) along each line. When printed, the burr creates a velvety line.

Image, Imagery

Types of figurative or imaginative language common to poetry.

Novel

A book-length work of narrative prose, usually realistic and complex in its plot

Short Story

A brief work of narrative prose, readable in one sitting

View Camera

A large-format camera that allows the photographer to view directly through the lens. The body of a view camera often has a flexible bellows that allows the lens to be angled differently relative to the film plane.

Paradox

A meaning or statement of apparently contradictory of incongruous truth, such as Wordsworth's maxim "The child is father of the man"

Stanza

A section or subdivision of a poem

Novella

A story in prose longer than a short story but briefer than a novel

Mezzotint

An engraving process that produces tones rather than lines. The whole metal plate is first given a uniform, sandpaper-like finish. Then the artist scrapes or polishes away the grainy surface to produce gradations in tone. The burred sandpaper areas hold the ink and print black; the smoothed areas print white. In the 1700s, mezzotint allowed prints of paintings to be widely reproduced.

Symbol

An image--an object, character, or event-- that means more than itself

Medium and Large Format

Any camera that uses a larger negative than 35 mm (4x5 and 8x10 inches are standard). The cameras are heavier and the film more expensive, but the resulting photographs contain more visual information.

Camera

Any device consisting of a box and a lens that focuses an image. Based on the camera obscura ("darkened chamber"), a Renaissance discovery: When light passes through a pinhole in the curtain of a darkened room, an inverted image will be projected on the back wall.

Filter

Any film or glass, usually attached to the lens, that absorbs some light wavelengths reaching the lens and the film. Filters can dramatically alter the character of the image.

Viewfinder

Any peephole device for seeing what the camera sees.

Engraving (Intaglio)

Any printmaking process in which a metal plate is grooved or textured. The plate is inked and wiped clean, leaving ink only in the incised indentations. Plate and paper are run through a press and the paper absorbs an image of the lines or textures in the plate.

Dance Styles

Classical Ballet: Dance based on a vocabulary of movement codified in 17th/18th century France Modern Ballet: 20th century variation on classical ballet based on the teaching of George Balanchine; NEOCLASSICAL Modern Dance: Various 20th century styles of theatrical dance, all seeking a formal dance language beyond classical technique; increasingly modern ballet and dance have been incorporated into the repertory of major ballet companies. Jazz Dance: A form of dance derived from the improvisational spirit of jazz music and social dance Butoh: Experimental Japanese dance form originated in 1959; characterized by its emotional intensity. Ankoku butoh, "dance of the dark soul" Folk, Ethnic: Any dance based on popular or ethnic traditions; nowadays often performed theatrically Kathakali: A traditional form of dance theater in southern India; employs spectacular costumes and a code of hand gestures called mudras Popular or Social Dance: The variety of dances from the waltz to swing to the twist, often featured in musical theater and film

Ballet Position

Five positions are the starting point for every move in classical ballet.

Personification

Imagery describing something inanimate as if it were a person or thing.

Metaphor

Imagery that compares two unlike things.

Aperture

In 35 mm cameras, the iris-like diaphragm that widens and narrows. The smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field.

Types of Poem

LYRIC: Brief (60 lines or less) and personal in tone NARRATIVE: Tells a story, usually for several pages, often in stanzas EPIC: Ancient narrative poem of heroic deeds, "The Odyssey"

Foot, Feet

Metrical unit consisting of a fixed number of syllables and a stress pattern. In English, most common is the iamb.

Photographic genres

Pictorialism- A school of early photography that sought to make the photograph look like a painting. Preferred women subjects in garden or Greek settings. Straight- The definitive genre of modern photography. The photographer pointed the camera at something beautiful or significant, and let the image speak for itself. Justified photography as an art in its own right. Documentary- A subgenre of straight photography, documentary photography is more politically engaged. Provides a visual document of social and political reality, often with sympathy for the oppressed. Photojournalism- Photography in service to journalism, practiced by newspaper and magazine photographers who document events to inform the public.

Free Verse

Poetry that follows no regular pattern of sound or line length

Allusion

Reference to something (often another literary work) outside the sphere of the poem itself.

Rhyme

Repetition of syllables with the same sound. End rhymes falls at the end of the line, internal rhyme within it.

Aquatint

Similar to etching, but instead of scratching through the resin coating, the artist places drops of porous resin onto the plate. The acid bath produces grainy areas of tonal color, similar to a wash drawing.

Point of View

The angle from which a story's action is told; a point of view may be omniscient (narrator knows and tells all); limited omniscient (narrator only knows one character's thoughts and feelings); or first person (the story is narrated by a character in the first person)

Line engraving

The artist presses lines directly into the plate with a hard-pointed burin. Tones can be achieved only by hatching.

Tone

The author's attitude toward a story; also the emotional coloring of a story.

Line

The basic unit of poetic composition.

F-stop (f-number)

The camera setting that sets how wide the aperture opens and, therefore, how much light reaches the film. The numbered "stops" or settings (4, 5.6, 8, 11) are actually abbreviations for geometric ratios. The higher the number, the smaller the aperture.

Form

The distinctive pattern or shape of a poem, often defined by lines and rhyme structure: SONNET: Fourteen lines; Italian: abba abba cdd cee; English: abab cdcd efef gg BALLAD: A narrative form, based on medieval folk song, and usually composed of four line stanzas LIMERICK: Five lines that rhyme aabba

Shutter

The door inside the camera that opens when you press the shutter, exposing the film to light.

Conflict

The dynamic tension or clash between elements of the story; may be physical, emotional, moral, social, or other.

Character

The imagined person in a story; revealed through characterization, may be round (complex) or flat (one-dimensional), dynamic (changing significantly through the story) or static.

Setting

The imagined place and time of the story.

Etching

The metal plate is coated with a resin and the artist scratches an image through the coating, exposing the plate. When the plate is bathed in acid, the acid cuts the exposed lines into the metal. The coating is removed, the plate is inked, and the print is pulled.

Plot

The organized sequence of action or event in a story; may develop like a dramatic plot

Narrator

The person, implied or actual, who tells the story.

Protagonist and Antagonist

The principal character involved in the plot's central conflict and the opposing character or force.

Meter

The regular pattern of sound in poetry, usually audible in stresses or number of syllables.

Alliteration

The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words, as in "fit as a fiddle".

Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds within words, as in "found out"

Shutter Speed

The setting that sets how long the shutter opens and, therefore, how long the film is exposed.

Lens

The system of ground or polished glass lenses that focus an image on the film' either contained in or attached to the camera. Lenses are identified by their focal length (50 mm to 150 mm), the distance at which they focus faraway objects.

Rangefinder Camera

The type commonly used for casual snapshot photography; has a viewing system separate from the camera's lens. Most use 35 mm film, and today's electronic versions have automatic focusing devices.

Theme

The underlying point or idea that recurs throughout a story.

SLR (Single-Lens-Reflex)

The workhorse 35 mm camera used today by most serious photographers. An arrangement of mirrors allows the viewfinder to look through the lens, easing the problem of framing and focusing the shot. When the shutter is pressed, the mirror snaps up (a "reflex") and allows light to expose the film behind.

Irony

VERBAL: A speaker means something different than what is explicitly said. SITUATIONAL: A situation resolves itself differently than what is expected DRAMATIC: The audience knows something important that a character does not

Syllabic (quantitative) Verse

Verse using a fixed number of syllables, rather than stresses, in each line; Haiku

Depth of Field

Within the lens's field of vision, how much of the space will be in focus. With shallow depth of field, only a narrow plane (usually the foreground) is in focus. With "deep focus" you can see everything from foreground to background. Controlling depth of field allows the photographer to dramatize certain elements in the image.