HUN1201 Midterm Prep
You may have experienced a dislike for a particular food because you associate it with getting sick or another bad experience.
A child develops a strong dislike of noodle soup after she had consumed a bowl while sick with the flu. Her reaction is an example of a food-related ____.
51 g
CS - Assuming a healthy weight for Erin is 141 pounds, what is her recommended daily protein requirement?
adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and high fat
CS - Compare the composition of Maria's diet with the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). How would you characterize her intake?
convenience
CS - Consider Maria's typical evening meals and the factors that may influence her food habits. Which factor is likely to have the biggest impact on her choices?
10 - 11 g
CS - Erin loves whole grains. Suppose she makes herself a snack from one serving of grains and one cup yogurt topped with a serving of fresh strawberries. How much protein is in her snack?
anecdote
CS - Maria explains that she learned about the effects of coconut oil on the Internet, while reading an online article about a well-known movie star who claims it helped him lower his bad cholesterol. What are these types of testimonials called?
7
CS - On average, an ounce of a protein food delivers how many grams of protein?
13.3
CS - Remembering that protein provides 4 kcalories per gram, what percentage of Erin's current total energy intake comes from protein?
1720
CS - Using Table 1-2 from the text, calculate Maria's average daily kcalorie intake from carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Adding these figures together, what is her total daily caloric intake?
Although it falls within the recommended range in terms of the percentage of total energy intake, it is less than recommended in terms of the absolute amount.
CS - What can be said about Erin's protein intake?
0.8 g
CS - What is the protein RDA per kilogram of healthy body weight?
10-35
CS - What percentage of total energy intake should come from protein?
carbohydrates: 46%; protein: 12%; and fat: 42%
CS - What percentages of Maria's daily calories are provided by carbohydrates, protein, and fat?
drinking wine in the evening
CS - Which of Maria's food habits is most influenced by her emotions?
consuming coconut oil
CS - Which of Maria's habits involves the use of functional food?
a low pH
Excessive consumption of soft drinks, orange juice, and sports drinks increases risk for development of caries because they contain sugar and ____.
dairy
In the MyPlate icon, which nutrient is shown as a separate food group?
excreted as urea
In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, what is the fate of the amino group?
liver
In the time between meals, what organ releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels?
hydrolyze proteins
The function of a protease is to ____.
a way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose
The glycemic index of foods is ____.
store waste material prior to evacuation
The primary function of the rectum is to ____.
nutritional genomics
The study of how food interacts with genes is known as ____.
epinephrine
When you are under physical stress, what hormone is released quickly to stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration?
sulfur
Which element is found in certain amino acids?
egg
Which of the following food proteins has the best assortment of essential amino acids for the human body?
it is a waste product of cheese production
Which of the following is a feature of whey protein?
Most vegetarians eating a variety of foods need not balance essential amino acid intake at each meal.
Which statement characterizes the protein nutrition in vegetarians?
Elevated blood homocysteine levels are associated with smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol.
Which statement describe a relationship between protein/amino acids and heart disease?
Restricting protein intake may slow the progression of kidney disease.
Which statement describes an association between protein intake and kidney function?
it rarely occurs in otherwise healthy peoples
Which statement is true of hypoglycemia?
Total weight loss is about the same as in people on a low-fat diet
Which statement is true of low-carbohydrate diets?
they provide kcalories
Which statement is true of sugar alcohols?
essential
Which term is used to classify amino acids in the diet?
select
Which term is used to describe a cut of meat having a low fat content?
registered dietitian
Who would be the most appropriate person to consult for nutrition information?
fibers
What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin?
protein
What best describes the structure of pepsin?
An essential amino acid present in insufficient quantity for body protein synthesis to take place
What is a "limiting" amino acid in a protein?
Increased production and excretion of urea
What is a consequence of excess protein intake?
The synthesis and degradation of body proteins
What is meant by protein turnover?
the amino acids in the body tissues and fluids that are avaliable for new protein synthesis
What is the amino acid pool?
a fiber that escapes digestion in the small intestine
What is the best definition of resistant starch?
the side group
What is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?
lowering blood glucose levels
What is the primary function of insulin?
bacterial enzymes
What is the primary means for degradation of soluble fibers in the large intestines?
glycogen
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?
denaturation
What is the process by which heat or acidity disrupts the normal shape of a protein chain?
condensation
What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
fructose
What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?
digestion by gastrointestinal proteases
What is the usual fate of orally ingested enzyme supplements?
condensation
What type of reaction is required to bind two molecules of glycine together and release a molecule of water?
plant foods
ample amounts of carbohydrates are almost always found in ____.
hydrolysis
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is called ____.
absorption
The uptake of nutrients by the cells in the small intestine for transport is called _______.
one glucose and one galactose unit
What is the composition of lactose?
carbohydrate
What nutrient has accounted for virtually all of the increase in kcal intake of people in the United States since the 1970s?
glucose
Which substance is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
structure/function claim
According to the FDA, a food label that reads "improves memory" is an example of a ____.
nutrient claim
A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a ____.
4
A food that provides 100 mg of magnesium and 25 kcal in a serving has a magnesium density (mg per kcal) of ____.
Habit -- we tend to eat the same foods over and over again like cereal for breakfast every morning
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day is most likely making a food choice based on ____.
negative correlation
An increase in exercise accompanied by a decrease in body weight is an example of a ____.
Historical information, anthropometric data, physical examinations, and laboratory tests
As a registered dietitian at Jones Hospital, you are instructed to write a policy statement on nutrition assessment procedures for all new patients. Which parameters would be most useful for the nutrition assessment of individuals?
peer review
Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field in a process known as ____.
estimated average requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the ____.
stomach
In what organ is pepsin active?
protein
In which food group are legumes found?
soy
Meat replacements consumed by vegans are often made of ____.
four
Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?
2000
On a food label, the "% Daily Value" table compares key nutrients per serving for a person consuming how many kcalories daily?
moderation
Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as ____.
gastroesophageal reflux disease
People who have frequent, regular bouts of heartburn and indigestion have a medical condition known as ____.
adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety
What are the principles of diet planning?
plan and evaluate diets for healthy people
The Dietary Reference Intakes may be used to ____.
cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides
The chief function of pepsin is to ____.
adequacy
The diet-planning principle that provides all the nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health is called ____.
endosperm
The part of the grain that remains after being refined is the ____.
digestion
The process by which food is broken down into absorbable components is called ____.
raise the pH of chime
The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to ____.
They assist people in determining whether a food contains a little or a lot of a nutrient.
What is a feature of the Daily Values found on food labels?
saturated fat must be listed
What is a feature of the Nutrition Facts panel on a food label?
the recommendations are generous
What is a feature of the protein RDA?
HCL functions to denature proteins (cause them to unravel) - it causes the tissues to fall apart and thus the food becomes solubilized
What is a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Setting and evaluating nutrient goals/adequacy for individuals
What is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake?
an herb derived sweetnener
What is stevia?
Carbohydrates: 45 to 65% Fat: 20 to 35% Protein: 10-35%
What is the AMDR for protein?
10 grams of carbohydrates times 4 calories per gram = 40 kcals 10 grams of protein times 4 calories per gram = 40 kcals 10 grams of fat times 9 calories per gram = 90 kcas 40 + 40 + 90 = 170 kiloalories
What is the caloric value of a food that contains 10 grams of protein, 10 grams of carbohydrates and 10 grams of fat?
170 kcals
What is the caloric value of a food that contains 10 grams of protein, 10 grams of carbohydrates and 10 grams of fat?
glucose and glucose
What is the composition of maltose?
vili
What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?
90-99
What is the percent digestibility of most animal proteins?
70-90
What is the percent digestibility of most plant proteins?
swallowing air
What is the primary cause for belching?
It helps prevent infectious bacteria from attacking the system
What is the primary role of the normal, thriving intestinal bacterial population?
proteins attract water
What is the relationship between body proteins and water?
positive
What is the usual state of nitrogen balance for healthy infants, children, and pregnant women?
vitamin B12 intake is lower
What is typically a characteristic of a vegetarian diet?
iron
What mineral is added to refined flours in the enrichment process?
epiglottis
What part of the GI tract prevents a person from choking while swallowing?
lower esophageal sphincter
What structure prevents reflux of stomach contents?
mucus
What substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices?
vitamins A and C
What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit group?
secondary
What type of deficiency is caused by inadequate absorption of a nutrient?
essential nutrient
What type of nutrient is needed by the body and must be supplied by foods?
keto acid
When amino acids are deaminated, the immediate products are ammonia and often a ____.
huge protein molecule
Which of the following describes the structure of an antibody?
vomiting
Which of the following results from reverse peristalsis?
whole wheat
Which product label always denotes a whole-grain product?
Stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency: Declining nutrient stores Abnormal functions inside the body Physical (overt) signs and symptoms
Which sequence of stages is most typical in the development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?
The "Total Carbohydrate" amount includes starch, sugars, and fiber
Which statement best describes carbohydrates information on food labels?
Most foods contain mixtures of the six classes of nutrients, although only one or two macro-nutrients/energy yielding nutrients may predominate, foods don't provide just one nutrient as a rule.
Which statement best describes the composition of most foods?
Minerals cannot be destroyed but can be lost during food refining processes or during cooking (minerals can leach out into cooking liquid but not destroyed-stable in cooked foods) or dissolve in body fluids.
Which statement is true of minerals in their role as nutrients?
gastrin
Which substance functions to control the release of hydrochloric acid to prevent excessive acidity?
3
A diagnosis of constipation is made when a person's number of bowel movements per week first drops to under ____.
calcium and iron
According to nutrition labeling laws, what two minerals must be listed on the package label as a percent Daily Value?
glucose
High-fructose corn syrup is manufactured by adding an enzyme to cornstarch that creates fructose from ____.
fiber
In general, modifying a diet that by substituting complex carbohydrates for pure sugars results in a diet that is higher in ____.
control the passage of food through the GI tract
One function of sphincter muscles is to ____.
gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract)
The flexible muscular tube that extends from the mouth throough the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum to the anus is called _______
Small rounded mass of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.
What is a bolus?
water
What is a byproduct of the condensation of two molecules of glucose?
20-35
What is the AMDR for fat?
0.2 - 2.6 or 2
What is the approximate energy content (kcal/g) of most sugar alcohols?
emulsifies fat
What is the function of bile?
liver
What is the most metabolically active organ?
lactose
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?
iron
What mineral is added to refined flours in the enrichment process?
epiglottis
What structure functions to prevent entrance of food into the trachea?
yogurt
When consumed on a regular basis, which food promotes healthful changes in the microflora of the GI tract?
dipeptide
When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a ____.
weight and height, limb circumference and subcutaneous fat (skinfold).
Which measure is anthropometric?
blackstrap molasses
Which sweetener contains a significant amount of iron?
45-65
According to most dietary guidelines, what percentage of the day's total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates?
a few hours
If you were to exercise continuously, about how long would glycogen stores last?
dextrins
Short chains of glucose units that result from starch breakdown are called ____.
when both researcher and subjects do not know who receives the placebo and who receives the real treatment. This can reduce the biasness of the researcher.
How does a double-blind experiment work?
store bile
One function of the gallbladder is to ____.
liver
The hepatic portal vein empties into the ____.
breakfast cereals
The most highly fortified foods on the market are ____.
values
The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely related to his ____.
whole grain
Which bread has the highest fiber content?
They have all of the added nutrients listed on the label.
Which characteristic best describes enriched grain products?
fats
Which class of nutrient provides the most energy per gram?
vitamins
Which class of nutrients requires the least amount of digestion?
milk products and plant foods only
Which food items are consumed in the diet of a lactovegetarian?
"Acute diseases have a sudden onset (develop quickly), have specific sharp pain, noticeable symptoms and have a short duration (don't last long)"
Which is not characteristic of a typical acute disease?
nutrition assesment
Which method is used to detect nutrient deficiencies?
vitamin C
Which nutrient is an organic compound?
folate
Which nutrient is used to enrich grains?