HUN3272- Sports Nutrition Chapter 2 Exam 1

(T/F) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) provides most of the energy to cells.

False

(T/F) Both carbohydrates and fats provide 4.2 kcal/g, whereas protein provides 9.4 kcal/g.

False

(T/F) Prediction equations used to determine Resting Metabolic Rate are precise and accurate without variability.

False

(T/F) Resting oxygen consumption is the amount of energy per unit time required by the body to maintain a nonactive but alert state.

False

(T/F) The process of converting food into useful forms of energy is called potential energy.

False

(T/F) Carbohydrates can be stored in the body for later use and thus serve as a potential energy source for athletes.

True

(T/F) Energy balance refers to the relationship between energy consumed and energy expended in a 24-hour period.

True

(T/F) Energy for skeletal muscles to produce force for exercise comes from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

True

(T/F) Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is based on age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity.

True

(T/F) Indirect calorimetry determines energy content of expenditure by measuring changes in oxygen consumption, whereas the energy content of food can be measured by changes in thermal or heat energy, also called direct calorimetry.

True

(T/F) Resting Metabolic Rate can be slightly altered because some components, including exercise, are under voluntary control.

True

(T/F) The Doubly Labeled Water technique indirectly measures energy expenditure and allows individuals to participate in their normal, free-living activities.

True

(T/F) The SI unit for energy is joule (J), kilojoule (kJ) is used to express energy in food, and 4.2 kJ is equal to 1 kilocalorie (kcal).

True

(T/F) The components of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) include physical activity, Thermic Effect of Food, and resting metabolism.

True

(T/F) The three systems that replenish adenosine triphosphate (ATP) include creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.

True

Which component makes up the largest proportion of total energy expenditure? a. Resting Metabolic Rate b. Thermic Effect of Food c. physical activity d. all components contribute equally

a. Resting Metabolic Rate

Based on the research presented, energy expenditure from CO2 measurements should NOT be considered an alternative to energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry in mechanically ventilated patients. a. True b. False

a. True

The rephosphorylation of ATP from ADP is an example of _____. a. an endergonic reaction b. an exergonic reaction c. force production d. kinetic energy

a. an endergonic reaction

What term refers to chemical reactions that release energy? a. exergonic b. bioenergetics c. endergonic d. kinetic

a. exergonic

Among the energy nutrients, fat yields the _____ amount of energy at approximately _____ kcals/gram. a. greatest; 9.4 b. greatest; 7.0 c. least; 4.2 d. least; 7.0

a. greatest; 9.4

For your male client who walks 30-60 minutes per day, which of the following would be his physical activity factor for the EER equation? a. 1.0 b. 1.11 c. 1.12 d. 1.25

b. 1.11

The EER was developed as part of the Dietary Reference Intakes for healthy adults at least ___ years of age. a. 18 b. 19 c. 20 d. 21

b. 19

How does Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) differ from basal metabolic rate (BMR)? a. BMR is measured while a person is sleeping; RMR is measured during a recovery period after exercise. b. RMR is about 10 percent greater than BMR. c. RMR can only be determined in a controlled laboratory setting; BMR is measured during normal daily activity. d. The terms are equivalent and used interchangeably.

b. RMR is about 10 percent greater than BMR.

Energy conversion in humans is _____ with much of the energy expended as _____. a. efficient; heat b. inefficient; heat c. inefficient; force production d. efficient; force production

b. inefficient; heat

What is the SI unit of measure for energy? a. watt b. joule c. Newton d. meters/sec

b. joule

In nutrition science, the energy expenditure unit of measurement is expressed in terms of _____ production. a. chemical energy b. thermal energy c. electrical energy d. mechanical energy

b. thermal energy

What is a reliable and valid method of measuring energy expenditure up to a 3-week time period? a. indirect calorimetry b. direct calorimetry c. Doubly Labeled Water technique d. Harris-Benedict equation

c. Doubly Labeled Water technique

All of the following are components of the EER EXCEPT: a. Age b. Gender c. Medical history d. Height

c. Medical history

ATP is the common energy source for muscle and ____. a. bone cells b. fat cells c. all other body cells d. liver cells

c. all other body cells

Energy is consumed in the form of ____ and transformed into different chemical forms that can be ____. a. food and vitamins; stored or used for immediate energy b. food; used only for immediate energy c. food; stored or used for immediate energy d. vitamins; used for immediate energy

c. food; stored or used for immediate energy

ATP in _____ is used to produce force and is replaced _____. a. muscle tissue; relatively slowly b. fat tissue; very rapidly c. muscle tissue; very rapidly d. fat tissue; relatively slowly

c. muscle tissue; very rapidly

Which of the following is associated with a significant reduction in Resting Metabolic Rate? a. an overactive thyroid gland b. greater fat-free mass c. starvation d. young age

c. starvation

Respiratory Quotient (RQ), although used in athletes to determine ____________, is highly variable and unpredictable in critically ill patients, limiting its validity as an indicator of energy substrate oxidation. a. carbon dioxide utilization b. oxygen expiration c. substrate utilization d. lipogenesis

c. substrate utilization

What is true about this pathway for forming ATP? Check all that apply. a.) Known as glycolysis, this pathway is ideal for endurance-type exercises, where glycogen stores are slowly and steadily depleted to provide a consistent rate of ATP production. b.) This pathway typically utilizes creatine phosphate supplies to provide short bursts of high-intensity contractile effort. c.) This pathway is typically used when oxygen delivery or oxidative phosphorylation capacity is exceeded. d.) Compared to oxidative phosphorylation, this pathway can generate ATP more rapidly but also depletes glycogen stores more rapidly.

c.) This pathway is typically used when oxygen delivery or oxidative phosphorylation capacity is exceeded. d.) Compared to oxidative phosphorylation, this pathway can generate ATP more rapidly but also depletes glycogen stores more rapidly.

One possible strategy of increasing Resting Metabolic Rate is _____. a. losing weight b. getting more sleep c. eating less fat d. building muscle mass

d. building muscle mass

The process of indirect calorimetry estimates energy expenditure by measuring the amount of ____ consumed and ____ produced. a. oxygen; heat b. carbon dioxide; oxygen c. carbon dioxide; heat d. oxygen; carbon dioxide

d. oxygen; carbon dioxide

The increase in mass or girth of the muscle due to an enlargement of its component cells is known as __________.

hypertrophy

The increase in volume of the muscle fibers due to the enlargement of its components is referred to as ___________.

hypertrophy

According to the research, energy expenditure measured by ____________ remains the gold standard to guide nutrition therapy.

indirect calorimetry

Many myofibrils are found within an individual ____________.

muscle fiber

The subsections of a myofibril that perform muscle contraction are called __________.

sarcomeres

Many bundles of skeletal muscle fibers grouped together form a ______________.

skeletal muscle