HW # 2: Section 4.3 and Chapter 6 Reading Assignment
Which of the following can be found in both bone and hyaline cartilage? A. collagen fibers B. Blood vessels C. Osteons
A. Collagen Fibers
Which of the following is NOT composed of hyaline cartilage? A. intervertebral discs B. respiratory cartilages C. epiphyseal plates D. costal cartilages
A. Intervertebral disc
A bone that developes within a tendon is considered a _____ bone. A. sesamoid B. long C. appendicular D. zygomatic E. sutural
A. Sesamoid
Intermembranous ossification occurs when ________. A. The frontal bone of the skull forms. B. Osteoclasts in a growth plate remove calcified cartilage so that osteoblasts can replace it with bone. C. Cartilage in the femur of a developing embryo is gradually replaced by bone. D. All of the above are examples of intermembranous ossification.
A. The frontal bone of the skull forms.
The epiphysis has ______. A. a thinner layer of compact bone on its outer surface than the diaphysis B. a large hollow cavity in its center where spongy bone is absent C. a core filled with articular cartilage surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone a D. periosteum covering only the articular cartilage on the joint surface E. ALL OF THE ABOVE
A. a thinner layer of compact bone on its outer surface than the diaphysis
The terms vascular and avascular refer to whether or not a tissue contains ______. A .blood vessels B. cells actively undergoing cell divisions C. nerves D. living cells E. ground substance
A. blood vessels
Which types of fractures are inherently more likely in children than in adults? Refer to table 6.2. A. epiphyseal and greenstick B. compression and comminuted C. greenstick and compression D. open and closed
A. epiphyseal and greenstick
Which of the following are components of compact bone, but NOT components of an osteon?" A. interstitial and circumferential lamellae B. central canal and concentric lamellae C. "osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi"
A. interstitial and circumferential lamellae
When a long bone is loaded under a bending force, the core of the diaphysis is under_____ stress compared to the outer surface of the diaphysis. " A. less B. more C. the same amount
A. less
Osteons in the diaphysis of the long bones ______. Refer to figure 6.7. A. run parallel to the shaft B. run perpendicular to the shaft C. are randomly oriented and run in all directions
A. run parallel to the shaft
A major difference between compact and spongy bone is that A. there are no osteons in spongy bone B. spongy bone contains no hydroxyapatite C. the trabeculae of compact bone are larger and more organized D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
A. there are no osteons in spongy bone
Osteons are to compact bone as ____________ are to spongy bone. A. trabeculae B. interstitial lamellae C. parallel lamellae D. canaliculi
A. trabeculae
Bone matrix is secreted by _____ and erroded by _____. A. "osteogenic cells, osteocytes" B. "osteoblasts, osteoclasts" C. "osteoblasts, osteocytes" D. osteogenic cells; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
B. "osteoblasts, osteoclasts"
Which of the following is not an opening or hole through a bone? Refer to table 6.1. A. foramen B. condyle C. meatus D. canal
B. Condyle
Facets are _____. Refer to table 6.1. A. holes where blood vessels and nerves pass through bones B. smooth surfaces on bones where articulations occur C. irregular bones D. bone depressions
B. Smooth surfaces on bones where articulations occur
The term lacuna refers to a ____. A. a mature cartilage cell B. a hole in the extracellular matrix where cells live C. an important structural element that allows cartilage to resist tension
B. a hole in the extracellular matrix where cells lives
____ stimulates disolved phosphate and calcium ions to crystalize into hydroxyapatite, while ____ causes hydroxyapatite crystals to disolve into solution. " A. osteoid; alkaline phosphotase B. alkaline phosphotase; acid and lysosomal enzymes C. an osteoclast; an osteoblast D. acid and lysosomal enzymes; enzymes secreted by osteoblasts
B. alkaline phosphotase; acid and lysosomal enzymes
By interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ____________ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix." A. perforating canals B. canaliculi C. central canals D. lamellae
B. canaliculi
What occurs in the region of the epiphyseal plate that is closest to the epiphysis? A. osteoblasts secrete osteoid B. cartilage cells undergo mitosis C. the matrix around the cartilage cells calcifies D. chondrocytes secrete osteoid
B. cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Yellow bone marrow __________. A. is the primary location of white blood cell synthesis B. contains adipose tissue C. serves as a calcium reserve D. serves as a cartilage reserve
B. contains adipose tissue
Consumption of a meal high in calcium would ______ secretion of parathyroid hormone. A. increase B. decrease C. have no effect on
B. decrease
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ____. A. adipose tissue B. elastic cartilage C. hyaline cartilage D. fibrocartilage
B. elastic cartilage
Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________. A. cells and fibers B. fibers and ground substance C. ground substance and cells D. all organic compounds
B. fibers and ground substance
Parathyroid hormone is ______ important than the mechanical forces acting on bones in maintaining homeostatic blood calcium levels. A. less B. more
B. more
Which of the following occur in osteoporosis? A. osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity B. osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity C. "bones bend easily, but fractures rarely occur" D. calcified plaques form in blood vessels and organs such as the liver and kidneys
B. osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity
Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton? A. "Ischium, ilium, and pubis" B. ribs C. bones of the shoulder arm bones D. all of the above
B. ribs
In adolescence, the ""growth spurt"" that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in __________." A. growth hormone B. sex hormones C. parathyroid hormone D. calcitonin
B. sex hormones
Arrange the following from lowest to highest in terms of their contribution to the mass of bone tissue: (1) collagen fibers; (2) osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; and (3) calcium phosphate." A. "1, 2, 3" B. "3, 1, 2" C. "2, 1, 3" D. "2, 3, 1"
C. "2, 1, 3"
The structural unit of compact bone is the __________. A. central canal B. osteocyte C. osteon D. Lacuna
C. Osteon
Which of the following is NOT increased by parathyroid hormone? A. concentration of calcium in the blood plasma B. activity of osteoclasts C. bone mineral density
C. bone mineral density
A patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces. This would be considered a _________ fracture." A. compression B. compound C. comminuted D. spiral
C. comminuted
The occipital bone and other flat bones in the skull are composed of _____. A. solid pieces of compact bone B. spongy bone on the inside with compact bone on the surface C. compact bone on the surface with spongy bone on the inside D. compact bone on the surface and a hollow cavity on the inside E. a marrow cavity surrounded by spongy bone
C. compact bone on the surface with spongy bone on the inside
Susan is 3 months pregnant. Which of the following have NOT already formed in her developing fetus? Refer to figures 6.8 and 6.9. A. primary ossification centers in the endochondral bones D.ossification centers within the fibrous connective tissue the cranium C. epiphyseal plates in the long bones D. cartilage models of nearly all bones except for the cranium E. bone collars around the diaphyses of the longÊbones
C. epiphyseal plates in the long bones
In the long bones of a 7-year-old, hyaline cartilage can be found __________." A. in the pores of the spongy bone surrounding the trabeculae B. in the medullary cavity C. in the epiphyseal plates D. covering the outer surface of the diaphysis
C. in the epiphyseal plates
The calcium salts and protein fibers in bones are located _____. A. inside the bone cells B. primarily within the lacuna C. in the extracellular matrix surrounding the bone cells
C. in the extracellular matrix surrounding the bone cells
Collagen fibers do NOT provide bone with__________. A. "increased flexibility, which helps to prevent shattering" B. the ability to withstand twisting forces without breaking C. increased hardness and the ability to withstand compression (squeezing forces)
C. increased hardness and the ability to withstand compression (squeezing forces)
Where can osteogenic cells be found? A. lacuna B. articular surfaces C. inner layer of periosteum D. canaliculi
C. inner layer of periosteum
Arterioles in the periosteum are connected to arterioles in the central canals of the osteons by arterioles running through the ________. A. canaliculi B. articular cartilage C. perforating canals D. trabeculae
C. perforating canals
Rickets can be caused by a deficiency in vitamin__________. D A C E All of the above
D
Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue. A. Connective tissue does not contain cells. B. Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C. Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D. "blast" cells (chondroblasts, osteoblasts, etc) secrete ground substance and frequently undergo mitosis
D. "blast" cells (chondroblasts, osteoblasts, etc) secrete ground substance and frequently undergo mitosis
Bones serve as an important reservoir of __________. A. "cholesterol, calcium, chondroiten sulfate, and growth factors" B. "vitamin D, phosphates, carbohydrates, and protein" C. "calcium, protein, growth factors, and vitamin A" D. "calcium, fat, phosphate, and growth factors"
D. "calcium, fat, phosphate, and growth factors"
The fracture in the image below would be described as ______ A. "incomplete, open, displaced" B. "complete, simple, depressed" C. "greenstick, compound, compression" D. "complete, displaced, compound"
D. "complete, displaced, compound"
Almost 80% of cartilage is made. up of ___. A. Chondrocytes B. Collagen or elastin fibers C. Chondroitin sulfate D. Water
D. Water
Bone remodeling normally involves which of the following? A. changes in bone architecture in response to stresses sensed by osteocytes B. activity at both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone C. continual deposition and removal of bone tissue D. all of the above
D. all of the above
"Through the process of endochondral ossification, a fetal __ model transform into bone" A. mesenchyme B. elastic cartilage C. fibrocartilage D. hyaline cartilage
D. hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is NOT part of the endochondral ossification of the humerus? A. osteoblasts in the periosteum surrounding the cartilage shaft secrete the organic components of bone matrix B. chondrocytes lose their access to nutrients and die C. a bone collar forms around the diaphysis D. ossification centers containing calcified plaques appear within the mesenchymal tissue E. blood vessels from the periosteum branch into areas where cartilage has been erroded
D. ossification centers containing calcified plaques appear within the mesenchymal tissue
When Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal, ______ is secreted. " A. growth hormone B. collagen C. calcitonin D. parathyroid hormone
D. parathyroid hormone
The tubular shaft of a long bone is called the _____ and its walls are made of ______ bone. A. "epiphysis, both spongy and compact" B. "epiphysis, compact" C. "marrow cavity, spongy" D. "diaphysis, spongy" E."diaphysis, compact"
E. "diaphysis, compact"
As a fracture heals all of the following occur EXCEPT ______. A. a callous made of fibrocartilage forms B. a blood clot forms C. osteogenic cells from the endochondrium and perichondrium migrate to the fracture site D. collagen fibers produced by chondroblasts connect the broken bone ends E. osteocytes reconnect the broken bone ends with compact bone
E. osteocytes reconnect the broken bone ends with compact bone
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A. support B. storage of minerals C. production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D. production of a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar and insulin secretion E. synthesis of fat soluble vitamins
E. synthesis of fat soluble vitamins
Which statement best describes connective tissue? A. typically arranged in a single layer of cells B. always has a rich supply of blood vessels C. its only function is to connect bones and muscles D. it is composed entirely of nonliving elements E. usually contains a large amount of matrix
E. usually contains a large amount of matrix
All of the hyaluronic acid in connective tissue is located within the cells. True or False
False
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels. True or False
False
Which of the following statements about hydroxyapatite is FALSE? A. It is composed mainly of calcium phosphate B. It gives bone its hardness C. It is a crystal D. It gives bone its resiliance and its ability to withstand stretching and twisting forces E. It makes up close to 2/3 of the weight of bone.
It gives bone its resiliance and its ability to withstand stretching and twisting forces
Blasts secrete ground substance and frequently undergo mitosis True or False
True
Both osteoblasts and osteogenic cells can undergo mitosis, also known as cell division." True or False
True
Hyaluronic acid makes the fluid in connective tissue more thick and sticky. True or False
True
If blood calcium level becomes too high nerves and muscle become less responsive. True or False
True
The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limb bones. True or False
True
The ratio of red bone marrow to yellow bone is greater in infants than in adults. True or False
True
what is reticular fiber?
branched fibers that can be found underneath a layer of epithelial cells
What is dense regular connective tissue?
bundles of collagen fibers running in parallel that attach muscle to bone
what can elastin fiber do?
can stretch like a rubber band
What is adipose tissue?
cells that contain large droplets of triglycerides
Where can elastic connective tissue proper be found?
found in the walls of large arteries
What is cartilage?
rigid connective tissue containing chondroitin sulfate and chondroblasts
What can collagen fiber do?
tough fibers that help hold connective tissue together