HY 103 UAH Midterm Study Guide
Princeps (translation)
"first citizen"
Thermopylae (480 BC)
300 Spartans against the Persians led by Xerxes
Sargon
Akkadian king who created the first territorial kingdom in Mesopotamia
Pericles
Athenian leader during the golden age of Athens (5th century BC)
Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)
Babylonian king famous for his code and for creating a large empire centered around Babylon
Marathon (490 BC)
Battle between Athenians and Persians led by Darius
Plataea (479 BC)
Battle between a Greek coalition led by Sparta and the Persians
Thebes, Abydos, and Memphis
Egyptian cities
Hatshepsut (1472-1457)
Egyptian famous queen who ruled as pharaoh and was portrayed with male attributes in visual media
Khehren
Egyptian pharaoh, built one of the largest pyramids at Giza
Khufu
Egyptian pharaoh, famous for his huge pyramid 480 ft high, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world
Assyrian Empire
First large empire of the East (c. 900-600 BC) conquered Mesopotamia and Egypt
polis
Greek city
Herodotus
Greek historian, "father of history" (5th century BC)
manioc
Mesoamerican plant
"Fertile Crescent"
Mesopotamia and the Mediterranian coast where agriculture was practiced for the first time on a large scale
La Venta
Olmec main center after 900 BC
satrapies
Perisan adminstrative units ruled by satraps (e.g. Egypt)
Persepolis
Perisan ceremonial capital founded by Darius the Great and finished by Xerxes
Darius the Great (521-486 BC)
Persian king during the height of the Persian Empire; reached the Indus and for the first time the earliest civilizations were united (India, Mesopotamia, and Egypt)
Cambyses
Persian king who conquered Egypt
Xerxes
Persian king, successor of Darius
plebians
Roman lower class
Pax Romana
Roman peace
patricians
Roman upper class
ziggurat
Sumerian temple
Ahura Mazda
Zoroastrian supreme god, creator of the universe
sorghum
a type of african grain
homo erectus
advanced versions of hominid with larger brain
San Lorenzo
an Olmec center
Susa
ancient Persian capital
Banpo
ancient fortified village in China close to modern Xian studied by archaeologists last century; it was an early agricultural community displaying great technological innovation
Gobekli-Tepe
ceremonial site c. 11k years old, built in southeastern Turkey, called the "world's oldest temple"; evidence of early agriculture in the region
Pompeii
city in Italy buried bt the Vesuvius in 79 AD
Norte Chico
civilization in the Andes, in today's Peru, characterized by monumental architecture, non-grain-based farming, and the absence of a writing system and little contact with the outside world
"Dreamtime"
collection of storise and ceremonies in Australia telling the early beginning of occupation during prehistory
Patriarchate
communities ruled by men
Matriarchate
communities ruled by women
Battle of Issus (333 BC)
decisive battle between Alexander the Great and the Persian king Darius III
Battle of Zama (202 BC)
decisive victory of the Romans in the Punic War
Solon
early 6th century reformer and lawmaker in Athens; created the first democratic institutions followed by the reforms of Cleisthenes
Olmecs
early civilization of Mesoamerica, in parts of today's Mexico dating to c. 1200 - 450 BC; developed impressive ceremonial centers
Shang
early dynasty in China
Neanderthal
early hominid from Eurasia
"Java Man"
early hominid from Java
"Peking man"
early hominid from east Asia
Jericho
early settlement in Jordan
Eridu
early urban center in Mesopotamia, c. 4k population around 4000 BC; a famous temple dominated the city, possibly the Tower of Babel in the Old Testament
Uruk
early urban center in Mesopotamia, c. 50k population around 2900 BC
Epic of Gilgamesh
epic story of a Mesopotamian King looking for immortality
Hannibal
famous Carthaginian commander; fought against Rome
"Otzi the Iceman"
famous fossil of a prehistoric man found in the European Alps in the 1990s, fully dressed and with all his tools including a bronze axe
"Lucy"
famous fossil, more than 3 million years old, belinging to the Australopithecus Africanus class of early hominids
Venus of Willendorf
famous prehistoric female figurine
Septimus Severus
first emperor of the Severan dynasty
Achaemenids
first line of Persian kings
Cyrus the Great (559-529 BC)
founder of the Persian Empire, conquered the kingdom of Lydia in western Turkey
Innana (Sumerian) / Ishtar (Akkadian)
goddess of love and fertility in Mesopotamian religion
acropolis
hilltop firtigied area in most Greek cities
Old Kingdom (c. 2600-2200BC); Middle Kingdom (c. 2000-1600): and New Kingdom (c. 1500-1050)
historic periodization of Ancient Egypt
Dark Age (c 1100-800 BC); Archaic Period (c 800-480 BC); Classical Period (c 480-323 BC)
historic periodization of ancient Greece
Constitutio Antoniniana (212 AD)
law given by emperor Caracalla granting Roman citizenship to all males in the Empire
Punic Wars (264-146 BC)
long series of wars between Rome and Carthage for supremacy in the Western Mediterranean
Ashur
main Assyrian God
"hunter-gatherer society"
main social organization and subsistence strategy for more than 95% of human history
homo sapiens
modern humans
Xia
mythical Chinese dynasty predating the Shang
Tang
mythical founder of the Dhang dynasty
helots
native Peloponnesians, enslaved by Spartans
Neolithic
new stone age
Paleolithic
old stone age
Ashurbanipal (668-628 BC)
one of the most successful Assyrian kings when the empire reached its largest extent and cultural flourishing
Ramses II (1279-1213)
one of the most successful pharaohs and military leaders of the New Kingdom
agora
open space, used as a market and for conducting business and meetings
Hittites
people from Anatolia (in Turkey) who mastered chariot warfare and sacked Babylon in 1595 BC
Medes
people of Iran, developed an empire before Perisa, taking advantage of the collapse of Assyria
"Clovis culture"
prehistoric culture of North America
Catalhuyuk
prehistoric settlement in Turkey, 7000 BC
Peleponese
regoin in southern Greece, dominated by Sparta
Zoroastrianism
religion of ancient Persia dominated by a dualistic universe (i.e. the perpetual fight between good and evil)
Henotheism
religious system between monotheism and polytheism, being characterized by one dominant god (e.g. Assyrian religion)
Ahriman
rival of Ahura Mazda
Huang He
river in China
Yangtzi
river in China
Euphrates
river in Mesopotamia
Tigris
river in Mesopotamia
"oracle bode inscriptions"
shoulder bones of cattle and bottom shells of turtles on which messages were written for divination
Hellenistic world (c 323-31 BC)
the cultural legacy of Alexander; a world dominated by greek culture but also by political fragmentation
Attica
the region controlled by Athens
Saqqara
the site of the first Egyptian pyramidal tombs
Augustus
title given by the Senate to Augustus, the first Roman emperor
Princeps
title taken by Augustus, the first Roman emperor
"Rosetta Stone"
tri-lingual inscription used by 19th century scholars to finally decipher Egyptian hieroglyphic writing
homo floresiensis
unique species of hominids from the island of Flores in Asia, only 3 feet tall
Akkad
urban center in northern Mesopotamia, became the dominant center around 2350 BC
Harappa
urban center in the Indus Valley, had c. 35k inhabitants
Mohenjo-Daro
urban center in the Indus Valley, several times the size of Harappa
imperator
victorious in battle
bipedalism
walking upright on two feet
Hyksos
warrior people of the Near East who conquered Lower Egypt in the 18th century BC
