Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

GH enhances the uptake of ______ and protein _______

Amino acids and protein synthesis

IGF-I has _______ effects

Anabolic

IGF-I plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have _____ effects in adults

Anabolic

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland have intimate _____ and ______ relationships

Anatomical and functional

The hypothalamic hormones can be delivered to the anterior pituitary _______ and in _____ concentration

Directly and in high concentration

At puberty, there is an enormous secretory ______, induced in females by _________ and males by ______

Burst Estrogen Testosterone

Hormones are secreted into the surrounding hypothalamic tissue and enter the nearby _____ plexus

Capillary

IGF-I is protective for _______ cells

Cartilage

The largest secretory burst occurs within 1 hour of falling _____

Falling asleep

Hypothalamic hormones are known as _____ hormones

Hypophysiotropic

Cell bodies that are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are called _____ neurons

Magnocellular neurons

The neural portion of the pituitary is called the ______ and it represents a down-growth of the hypothalamus, located _____

Neurohypophysis Posterior

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin are ______

Neuropeptides

IGF-I has a _______factor that influences survival of neurons

Neurotrophic

Complementary regulation of GH and insulin secretion coordinates availability of ______ with anabolism and either caloric storage or mobilization

Nutrients

IGF-I stimulates _____ and _____ activity to increase bone growth

Osteoblasts and chondrocyte

IGF-has an anabolic factor for bone that activates _______

Osteocytes

A hormone that acts as an intermediate in the stimulation of tissue growth by GH

Somatomedin

Both growth hormone and IGF-I stimulate the secretion of _________ by the hypothalamus

Somatostatin

Growth hormone

Somatotrophs

During childhood, growth hormone secretion remains relatively _____

Stable

GH releasing hormone _______ GH production

Stimulates

Neural structure

Neurohypophysis

The regulation of growth hormone secretion includes ___ negative feedback loops

3 negative feedback loops

Epithelial component

Adenohypophysis

Only the cell of the _____ pituitary receive high concentrations of the hypothalamic hormones

Anterior

GH regulates blood glucose- exerts ________ activity by suppressing insulin's ability to promote glucose uptake in the peripheral tissues

Anti-insulin

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland function in a _________ fashion to orchestrate many of the endocrine systems

Coordinated

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Corticotrophs

After puberty, the rate of growth hormone secretion ______ to a stable level

Declines

REM sleep ______ the secretion of growth hormone

Decreases

Th pituitary gland is composed of an ______ component and a ______ structure

Epithelial component Neural structure

Major regulatory factors for GH secretion include

GH releasing hormone (GHRH) Somatostatin (SRIF) GH releasing peptide (ghrerin) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I)

Ghrelin is the hormone linking ______ axis

Gastrointestinal-pituitary

GH increases ______ in the liver

Gluconeogenesis

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Gonadotrophs

Luteinizing hormone

Gonadotrophs

Together GH and IGF promote _____ and influence regulation of _____

Growth Metabolism

In contrast to the other pituitary hormones, which stimulate specific target glands, ______ hormone has multiple effects throughout the body

Growth hormone

Anterior pituitary hormones include

Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Pituitary hormones and the hypothalamus also controls ______, ___ production, ______, and ________

Growth, milk production, ejections and osmoregulation

IGF-I is anabolic because it causes skeletal muscle _____

Hypertrophy

The blood from these capillaries (venous blood) drains into the ________ portal vessels and is derived directly to the anterior lobe of the pituitary

Hypophyseal

Hypothalamic releasing hormones and releasing inhibiting hormones are synthesized in _______ neurons

Hypothalamic neurons

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are linked directly by the ____________ portal blood vessels

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels

On stimulating of these hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells, RH/RIH (release/release inhibiting hormones) are released into the capillary plexus flow through the ________ portal vessels

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels

All endocrine functions of the pituitary gland are regulated by the _______ and by negative and positive-feedback loops

Hypothalamus

Ghrelin is synthesized in the ______

Hypothalamus

The posterior pituitary is a collection of nerve axons whose cell bodies are located in the _____

Hypothalamus

Somatotropin releasing-inhibiting hormone is secreted by the ________ and acts on the somatotrophs to ________ GH secretion

Hypothalamus Inhibit

Growth hormone plays an important role in metabolism of ______, ______, and ______

Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

IGF-I is produced primarily in the ____

Liver

Finally, growth hormone secretory rates and pulatility decline to their _____ levels

Lowest

GH acts directly and indirectly through _______

IGF-I

Largest secretory burst specifically in which stages of sleep

III and IV

Growth hormones is the single most ______ hormone for normal growth to adult stature

Important

Ghrelin binds to an active receptor in the hypothalamus to ______ GH release and food intake

Increase

The rate of growth hormone secretion ______ steadily from birth into early childhood

Increased

Most growth occurs through the _____ method

Indirect

ADH and oxytocin are released from secretion into the capillary plexus of the _________ artery

Inferior hypophysial artery

IGF-I ______ secretion of GH by the anterior pituitary

Inhibit

GHRH _____ its own secretion from the hypothalamus via an ultrashort-loop feedback

Inhibits

Somatostatin _______ GH production

Inhibits

IGF-I is similar in molecular structure to _____

Insulin

At high concentration, IGF is capable of activating the _____ receptor, it can also complement for the effects of ______

Insulin receptor Insulin

GH stimulates production of ________ (IGF-I)

Insulin-like growth factor

Prolactin (PRL)

Lactotrophs

Growth hormone is secreted throughout ____

Life

IGF-I also plays a major role in muscle growth, promoting the differentiation and proliferation of a type of progenitor cell called ________ that gives rise to muscle cells

Myoblast

The resultant changes in target gland hormones and metabolic substrates exert _______ feedback control

Negative

The hypothalamus receives _____ input from many areas of the brain, this information, related to the well-being of the body, is integrated in the hypothalamus

Neural

Physiological regulation mechanisms for GF secretion include

Neural endogenous rhythm Sleep Stress Exercise Nutritional and metabolic signals

IGF-I is also produced in target tissues in _____/_____ fashion

Paracrine/autocrine fashion

Ghrelin is a _______ produced mainly by the ______

Peptide Stomach

Each of the anterior pituitary hormones is a _____ or _____

Peptide or polypeptide

Functionally, the hypothalamus controls the _______gland by both neural and hormonal mechanisms

Pituitary gland

IGF-I is _______ hormone produced mainly by the _____ in response to the GH stimulus

Polypeptide hormone Liver

Inferior hypophysial artery is the primary blood supply to the _______

Posterior pituitary

IGF-I (somatomedin C) increases growth promoting activities in many tissues and cartilage with a ________ duration of action

Prolonged duration of action (20 hours)

The effects throughout the body include (5)

Promotion of linear growth Promotion of protein deposition in tissues Promotion of fat utilization for energy Impairment of carbohydrate utilization for energy Growth hormone has profound effects on protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

Growth hormone is secreted the highest during _____ and decreases in _____ life

Puberty Adult

Growth hormone is secreted in ______ pattern (secretion occurring approx. every 2 hours)

Pulsatile

Somatostatin and GHRH are secreted in alternation, giving rise to the markedly _______ secretin of GH

Pulsatile

During _____ sleep, brain mimics activity during the waking state. The eyes remain closed but move rapidly from side to side, perhaps related to the intense dream and brain activity that occurs during this stage

REM

Hypothalamic hormones include_____ and _____ hormones, and also control secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

The cell bodies of the neurons that project to post pituitary are located either in the _____ or the _____ of the hypothalamus

Supraoptic nuclei Paraventricular nuclei

The hypothalamic hormones do not appear in the ______ circulation in high concentrations

Systemic

Pituitary hormones and the hypothalamic regulates which organs

Thyroid Adrenal Mammary glands Gonads

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyrotrophs

Hypophysiotropic hormones include (6)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

GH promotes the use of lipids by promoting the breakdown of _____ and _______ in cells

Triglycerides and oxidation in cells

GH acts as a ______ hormone acting on the ____ to produce IGF-I

Tropic hormone Liver