IA 480 Exam 2: Chapters 5-8
Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (2014) outlined
"black swans," or potential changes in the world around us that, while not probable, would likely have a substantial effect on the country's safety and security if they did occur.
Counterterrorism Under President George W. Bush
-"War on Terror"—a broad effort that some argue was ineffective -In 2002, President Bush's National Security Strategy became known as the "Bush Doctrine"
Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (2014) Identified five strategic priorities:
-Address the increasingly decentralized terrorist threat -Acknowledge the increasing interdependencies among critical systems and networks for cybersecurity -Manage the urgent and growing risk of biological threats and hazards -Secure and manage flows of people and goods into and out of the U.S. -Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our mission execution through public-private partnerships
NGOs and other volunteer orgs
-Agencies such as the American Red Cross work with first responders, the government, and agencies. -Citizen groups, such as the U.S. Citizen Corps, help educate and train community volunteers. -Groups include Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTS), Medical Reserve Corps, Neighborhood Watch, etc.
Local Level
-All terrorist attacks and other disasters are local. -Since the advent of federal homeland security, local governments have been able to apply for preparation funding. -Concerted effort has also been made to train local officers. -Standardization
Counterterrorism Under President Barack Obama
-Backing off on unilateralism and preemption (though both have been used in practice) -Moving away from terrorism as the single threat to the U.S. in the international community -Despite the move away from unilateralism, the killing of Osama bin Laden performed unilaterally -While multilateralism has been the preferred approach, the U.S. has shown it is willing to "go it alone" if necessary -Moving away from the DOD as the primary counterterrorism agency, and moving toward use of the CIA, with the DOD in a supporting role
Tactics
-Bombings -Incendiaries -Physical sabotage -Destruction of property -Usually want to escape ID/detection
DHS was organized into four primary divisions:
-Border and Transportation Security -Emergency Preparedness and Response -Science and Technology -Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection
4 goals within DHS were also identified:
-Border and transportation security -Emergency preparedness and response -Preparation of countermeasures for possible chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear attacks -Improvement of the country's ability to collect and analyze information while protecting critical infrastructures
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
-Bridges the intelligence world and law enforcement community -Responsible for most of the cooperation between state and local law enforcement agencies -Has taken a larger role in combatting terrorism since 9-11 -In charge of domestic homeland security law enforcement functions
Chapter breakdown
-Chapter 5: DHS info -Chapter 6: intel orgs -Chapter 7: Anti and Counterterrorism -Chapter 8: National Strategy for HS
DHS Budget
-Congress allocated $30.4 billion to DHS for the fiscal year 2004. -By 2009, the budget had grown to $52.7 billion. -In 2012, the budget was $59.7 billion. -Customs and Border Protection, FEMA, and the U.S. Coast Guard receive the largest amount of DHS's budget.
Most recommendations in the National Strategy were based on the findings of the 9/11 Commission:
-Cooperation -Information -Border and Transportation Security -Critical Infrastructure -Response
State governors
-Coordinate state resources, including in-state military and police -Can request federal assistance if necessary
Regional
-Coordination provided by a Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC) -A Joint Field Office (JFO) will be established as a temporary local federal facility
National Response Plan (2004)
-Created to align federal resources into a single, unified, all-discipline, and all-hazards approach to managing domestic emergency incidents -Reduces the patchwork of existing federal and local plans and replace with a national framework -Provides a range of incident management strategies -Assumes that all levels of government, from federal to local, private-sector interests, and NGOs will play a part -Local incident command structures are responsible for directing emergency management and maintaining control—only when issues exceed local capabilities will state or federal assistance be requested
Specific 9/11 Commission recommendations included
-Creation of a committee to oversee homeland security -Funding to states and local governments based on potential targets -TSA screening of all passengers, cargo, and luggage for explosives -Coordinated and shared intelligence
Preparedness, Response, and Recovery
-DHS assumes primary responsibility when a terrorist attack or natural disaster/emergency occurs, providing a coordinated and comprehensive federal response. -A series of community preparedness webinars are available free to the public, in addition to FEMA's Ready program
Cybersecurity
-DHS keeps networks and critical infrastructure secure through its National Cyber Security Division (NCSD). -The Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI) formalizes a series of efforts to safeguard the federal systems from cyberattacks. -The Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) is DHS's watch and warning center. -The Einstein Program is being expanded to all federal departments through US-CERT. -DHS attempts to thwart cyberterrorism though coordinating intelligence and information sharing.
Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI)
-DNI is responsible for coordinating activities of the nation's other 16 intelligence agencies -Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) supports the DNI's mission -Oversees the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) -National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is the primary government organization responsible for integrating and analyzing intelligence related to terrorism -DHS develops intelligence products for stakeholders and policymakers
DoD Antiterrorism definition
-Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, to include rapid containment by local military and civilian forces -Some elements may not be those people generally considered to be combating terrorism
Nine roles critical in infrastructure protection
-Department of Homeland Security -Sector-specific agencies -Other federal departments, agencies, and offices -State, local, tribal, and territorial governments -Regional partners -Boards, commissions, authorities, councils, and other entities -Private-sector owners and operators -Homeland security advisory councils -Academia and research centers
The NRF is built on five principles:
-Engaged partnerships -Tiered responses -Scalable, flexible, and adaptable operational capabilities -Unity of effort through unified command -Readiness to act
Departments and agencies relocated into DHS included:
-FEMA -Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms -U.S. Coast Guard -U.S. Border Patrol -U.S. Customs Service -Transportation Security Administration
Homeland Security Policing
-Focuses many aspects of problem-oriented policing on the specific issue of homeland security -Emphasizes that local law enforcement concentrate on homeland securityAs an ongoing concern, homeland security has impacted local police significantly.
There are 18 areas considered critical
-Food and agriculture -Banking and finance -Chemical -Commercial facilities -Communications -Critical manufacturing -Dams -Defense industrial base -Emergency services -Energy -Government facilities -Healthcare and public health -Information technology -National monuments and icons -Nuclear reactors, materials, and waste -Postal and shipping -Transportation systems -Water
DOD 2 components outside of intelligence:
-Homeland defense -Civil support
The report included 41 recommendations, split into three broad categories:
-Homeland security and emergency response -Intelligence and congressional reform -Foreign policy and nonproliferation
State Level
-Homeland security efforts directed by both national policy (ex. NIMS) and the National Response Framework (NRF), in addition to state-level concerns. -Post-9-11, most states began developing a homeland security capability. -State-level governments play a key role in homeland security, with federal responses operating through them. -Some states have rolled existing agencies into one homeland security department, while others created additional agencies that specifically handle homeland security.
National Strategy (2002)
-Intended to provide guidance to, and organize the efforts of, those homeland-security-related agencies within the federal government.
A safer homeland could be developed by capitalizing on four American strengths:
-Law -Science and technology -Information sharing and systems -International cooperation
Fusion centers
-Local and regional centers operate with multiple jurisdictions, with the purpose of combining intelligence information and crime data. -Centers theoretically assist with sharing classified information across all levels of government. -At the state level, centers can engage in homeland security threat analysis. -Recent Senate investigations have questioned the effectiveness of fusion centers.
Bush Doctrine
-Making the world safer and better -Preemption in the face of imminent threat -Unilateral use of force
Aviation Security
-Manages the safety of air travel through TSA and the Federal Air Marshal Service -Air marshals blend in with passengers on flights in an effort to protect passengers -TSA screens passengers and checks them against watch lists
Department of Treasury
-Not typically considered an integral part of the homeland security community -Role becomes clear in the department's tracking of financial transactions that fund terrorist operations, enabling tracking of terrorists -Department's Office of Intelligence and Analysis was established to track terrorist, insurgent, and rogue regime financing
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
-Only cabinet-level agency that has a primary responsibility of intelligence -Operating since the end of WWII, it is the country's most important intelligence-gathering tool -Produces wide variety of intelligence products -Plays a relatively small role in homeland security because of its limitations regarding American persons
DHS was assigned three critical objectives
-Prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S. -Reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism -Minimize the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters
Strategic plan missions include:
-Preventing terrorism and enhancing security in the U.S. -Securing and managing our air, land, and sea borders to safeguard trade and travel -Enforcing immigration laws as a way to remove criminal aliens who pose a threat to U.S. safety -Safeguarding and securing cyberspace -Preparing for, protecting against, responding to, recovering from, and mitigating a terrorist attack, natural disaster, or other large-scale emergency
The Department of Homeland Security has five major mission areas:
-Prevention of terrorism and enhancement of security -Security of U.S. borders -Enforcement of our nation's immigration laws -Protection of cyberspace -Preparedness and response
Military Intelligence
-Primary information-gathering tool of U.S. intelligence -Worldwide reach of Department of Defense (DOD) and advanced technology make for an indispensable tool for intelligence missions -Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is responsible for providing intelligence for U.S. military operations worldwide
Other national intelligence agencies
-Range in function and location within government structure -National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is in charge of the nation's satellites, housed within the DOD (not part of DIA) -Department of State's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) analyzes information relative to diplomatic mission. -National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) develops map-based solutions. -All these agencies participate in the intelligence cycle.
Counterterrorism under Trump
-Refocusing efforts toward "radical Islamist terrorism" -Approaching illegal United States/Mexico border crossings as a national security issue
National Response Framework (2008)
-Replaced the original National Response Plan -Based on the previous NRP and retains much of the same content -Name changed from "plan" to "framework" to more accurately reflect the intent of the document -Supported by the NRF Resource Center, which has a website with documents to provide all emergency responders with information and tools to help them carry out their roles within the framework
Department of Justice (DOJ)
-Responsible for most federal law enforcement activities and contains the Office of the Attorney General -Prosecutes all federal terrorism cases -Came under fire after 9-11 for lack of cooperation, especially the FBI
National Security Agency
-Responsible for the nation's "signals intelligence," or SIGINT -Code-breaking -Cryptanalysis -Foreign language analysis -Intercepts messages on international telecommunications networks
Even during initial incident response, the need to begin recovery operations quickly will be necessary, including:
-Restoration of interrupted utility services -Reestablishment of transportation routes -Provision of food and shelter -Supplies from local or federal resources
Natural disasters
-Stated that the country needs to focus on natural disasters in a similar way to terrorist attacks -Stated that events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, and chemical spills pose great threats and require government responses.
Elements of threat
-Surprise (relative to time and date of attack) -Means of attack -Target of the attack -Significant dates -Foreknowledge of the community response
Preparedness, Response, and Recovery assisting agencies
-TSA -U.S. Customs and Border Protection -U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services -U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement -U.S. Secret Service -FEMA -U.S. Coast Guard
Secure Identification
-The Secure Flight and US-VISIT programs provide identification services to federal, state, and local government decision-makers to help them identify people and determine risk.
NRF Significant Changes:
-The term incident of national significance was removed; instead, the framework stated that the federal government will provide support and resources during significant events, such as hosting the Olympics. -Joint Coordination Group was changed to Unified Coordination Group.
The national strategy had three primary objectives:
-To prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S. -To reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism -To minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur
8 principles of the national strategy (2002)
-To require responsibility and accountability -To mobilize our entire society -To manage risk and allocate resources judiciously -To seek opportunity out of adversity -To foster flexibility -To measure preparedness -To sustain efforts over the long term -To constrain government spending
DHS Leadership
-Tom Ridge (January 2003-January 2005) -Jame Milton Loy (February 2005) -Michael Chertoff (February 2005-January 2009) -Janet Napolitano (January 2009-September 2013) -Rand Beers (September 2013-December 2013) -Jeh Johnson (December 2013-January 2017) -John F. Kelley (January 2017-July 2017) -Elaine Duke (August 2017-December 2017) -Kirstjen Nielsen (December 2017-April 2019) -Chad Wolf, Acting (November 2019- )
Seal Team Six
-U.S. military group that killed bin Laden in 2011 in Pakistan. -flowed nearly silently into a building owned by Arshad Khan, a Pashtun businessman from Afghanistan. -Within Al Qaeda, Khan was known as Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti.
National Strategy (2007)
-Updated version of the 2002 National Strategy, with many similar provisions -Described as a national, as opposed to a federal, strategy -Combined homeland security with natural disaster preparedness in the wake of lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina -Updated procedures for guiding, organizing, and unifying the country's efforts for a safe homeland -Natural Disasters
Domestic counterterrorism
-While international counterterrorism is the responsibility of the federal government, domestic counterterrorism affects every level of government and government agencies. -FBI is the lead agency, though others, such as the NSA, play a role. -Domestic counterterrorism has a heavier law-enforcement focus. -Efforts of both local- and state-level enforcement have been considered the "first line" of domestic counterterrorism operations. -Unlike international terrorism, which is seemingly focused on Islamist terrorism, domestic terrorism features groups with widely differing ideologies.
Federal
-Will assist when needed -Secretary of Homeland Security is responsible for coordinating federal operations through the Homeland Security Operations Center -Secretary of Defense can authorize Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) as directed by the President -Will assist when needed -Secretary of Homeland Security is responsible for coordinating federal operations through the Homeland Security Operations Center -Secretary of Defense can authorize Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) as directed by the President -Other agencies can play roles, including the Department of State, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Small Business Administration, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. -The FBI's Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) is the control center for federal intelligence and law enforcement activities.
Office of homeland security responsibilities
-Work with federal, state, and local agencies to prepare for a possible terrorist event -Mitigate the consequences of threats and attacks -Coordinate efforts between federal agencies -Protect critical infrastructure from terror attacks -Provide incident management, continuity of government, and public education on terrorism
Border Security
-immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) assists state and local authorities with immigration enforcement. -Customs and Border Protection (CBP) prevents illegal activity at the nation's borders while ensuring effective policies for trade and travel.
Antiterrorism can be broken down into two broad areas
-preventive measures -responsive measures
The 9/11 Commission
-task was to examine the circumstances surrounding the attacks, provide an assessment of the government's response, and make recommendations. -2004 report: --Intelligence agencies were not prepared for such a large-scale attack --There were serious gaps between the different intelligence groups regarding information sharing
DHS Organization and Mission
-the third largest cabinet-level department within the federal government. -The Secretary is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. -The mission of DHS is to protect the U.S. and American territories from terrorist attacks, man-made accidents, and natural disasters.
Counterterrorism
All offensive activities dedicated to tracking and eradicating terrorists both domestically and internationally
Preventing Terrorism and Enhancing Security
Aviation security Secure identification
Two of the primary requirements of homeland security
Counter and antiterrorism
Strategic Plan (2012)
Covers fiscal years 2012-2016 for the Department of Homeland Security, identifying missions, goals, and objectives for the department
Antiterrorism
Defensive aspects of protection from terrorism, ranging from academic study to "target hardening"
President George W. Bush used his executive power to establish the ____ after the attacks of 9-11.
Office of Homeland Security
National Response Plan (2004) Actors:
State governors -Regional -Federal
Congress created
The Department of Homeland Security
Standardization
Through Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5, President George W. Bush standardized the response mechanism of states through NIMS, making its adoption a requirement for all federal, state, and local response efforts.
Former Pennsylvania governor ______ was chosen to run the new organization.
Tom Ridge
President Bush made both ______ the centerpiece of homeland security during his administration.
antiterrorism and counterterrorism
A primary federal antiterrorism responsibility is
critical infrastructure protection.
President George W. Bush and Congress established a bipartisan committee known as
the 9/11 Commission
Counterterrorism is one of the most
visible aspects of homeland security efforts.
The intent of the Homeland Security Act
was to organize government operations and communications devoted to national security into one organization. -The law consolidated all or portions of 22 existing federal agencies and departments into the DHS
