IB Philosophy 2021 Exam (Multiple Choice Q)

The Sophists preferred __________ explanations of phenomena. ​​a) purely deductive b) divine c) naturalistic d) relativistic

c) naturalistic

An epistemic foundation is ... ​​a) something probable, which we have inferred from other beliefs. b) a charity that gives money to c) people who study knowledge. c) something certain, on which other beliefs can be based. d) a concrete slab that a school is built upon. e) a set of beliefs derived from common sense.

c) something certain, on which other beliefs can be based.

For Descartes, the soul was likely located in... a) The heart b) the Brain c) the Pineal gland d) the Liver

c) the Pineal gland

——— accepted four kinds of cause. a) Aristotle. b) David Hume c) J. S Mill. d) Nietzsche

a) Aristotle.

Plato __________ Protagoras's position. a) utterly rejected b) generally endorsed c) completely embraced d) thoroughly respected

a) utterly rejected

———— was written by Kant. a) Republic b) Critique of Pure Reason c) Novum Organum

b) Critique of Pure Reason

———— said, "whatever is Clearly and Distinctly perceived is true". a) Locke b) Descartes c) Berkeley d) None of these

b) Descartes

For Idealism ——— is primary a) perception b) mind c) body d) sense experience

b) mind

According to Descartes ----------- is an infinite substance. a) Mind b) Soul c) God d) None of these

c) God

At the start of the Meditations, Descartes puts forth the general criterion to guide his search for a foundation for knowledge that he should not assent to a statement if that statement is: a) wholly dubious. b) obviously false. c) at all dubious. d) false.

c) at all dubious.

Socrates asked his interlocutors for __________. a) explanations of the natural world b) speculative theories on the heavens c) definitions of ethical terms d) well-reasoned political positions

c) definitions of ethical terms

The Sophists were skilled at, among other things, __________. a) horticulture b) dentistry c) animal husbandry d) rhetoric

d) rhetoric

The study of the origin and development of the universe is known as——— . a) Cosmology b) Ontology c) Zoology

a) Cosmology

Who said, "[a]ccept nothing as true which we do not perceive clearly and distinctly." a) Descartes b) Spinoza c) Leibniz d) Kant

a) Descartes

In his attempt to catalog the contents of the mind, Descartes discovers a number of innate ideas, such as the idea of perfect supreme Being. What does Descartes mean by "innate ideas"? ​​a) Ideas that are present in the mind before all sense experience. b) Ideas that are demonstrable a posteriori, not a priori. c) Ideas that are necessarily true by virtue of their inescapable innateness. d) Ideas placed in our head by a deceptive genius that must be rooted out by empirical science. e) Ideas that help us regulate our sense experience but do not provide any knowledge themselves.

a) Ideas that are present in the mind before all sense experience.

———— rejected Metaphysics as meaningless. a) Logical positivists b) Rationalists c) Idealists d) Spiritualists

a) Logical positivists

The metaphysical view that there is one ultimate reality is called a) Monism b) Dualism c) Pluralism

a) Monism

the two branches of Metaphysics are...(multiple correct answers) a) Ontology b) Rationalism c) Theology d) Religion e) Cosmology f) Materialism g) Empiricism h) Spiritualism

a) Ontology e) Cosmology

Logos is __________ central idea. a) Parmenides's b) Anaximander's c) Thales's d) Heraclitus's

a) Parmenides's

According to Kant _________ the proper objects of faith... a) Phenomena b) Noumena c) Both Phenomena and Noumena d) Neither Phenomena nor Noumena

a) Phenomena

The problem of Universals was first introduced into philosophy by: a) Plato b) Aquinas c) Berkeley d) Aristotle

a) Plato

Epistemology studies...(multiple correct answers) a) Validity of knowledge b) Extent of knowledge c) Origin and Nature of knowledge

a) Validity of knowledge b) Extent of knowledge c) Origin and Nature of know

Democritus's theory includes the view that reality consists of __________ and the void. a) atoms b) electrons c) indestructible composites d) composites

a) atoms

Parmenides is famous for, among other things, his systematic __________. a) employment of deductive argument b) employment of inductive argument c) employment of fallacious argument d) interpretation of astronomical signs

a) employment of deductive argument

Cosmology was the characteristic of——— Philosophers. a) ionian b) all of these c) cartesian d) scholastic

a) ionian

Socrates's method shows a belief in a connection between virtue and __________. a) knowledge b) belief c) faith d) power

a) knowledge

Hylomorphism refers to the doctrine that... a) natural bodies are comprised of primary matter and form. b) natural bodies are inherently unknowable. c) Everything is comprised of final causes

a) natural bodies are comprised of primary matter and form.

A logical sentence is called ——— a) proposition b) clause c) syllogism d) preposition

a) proposition

In Meditation 1, Descartes initially takes the argument that we cannot rely on our senses to require only that he show that they: a) sometimes mislead. b) always mislead. c) often mislead. d) almost always mislead.

a) sometimes mislead.

In the last stage of Descartes' methodical skepticism he _______ that there is an evil demon intent on deceiving him. a) supposes b) doubts c) argues d) believes

a) supposes

Descartes introduces the argument of the wax (Meditation 2) to show that: a) the mind is better known than the body. b) the senses do not really perceive the wax. c) external objects are known through the senses. d) he can be deceived into thinking there is wax in his hands, when there isn't any.

a) the mind is better known than the body.

The key difference between rationalism and empiricism concerns ... a) whether or not we can know anything by reason alone, without sense experience. b) the true nature of material substance. c) whether or not we can know that we exist. d) whether or not minds can exist without bodies. e) the true nature of mental substance.

a) whether or not we can know anything by reason alone, without sense experience.

According to -------- experience is the only source of knowledge a) Rationalism b) Empiricism c) Idealism d) None of these

b) Empiricism

According to the modern scientists matter is... a) Illusion b) Energy c) Light

b) Energy

———- seeks to clarify and refine the process of knowing... a) Axiology b) Epistemology c) Ethics d) Metaphysics

b) Epistemology

Inborn ideas are known as ​​a) Factitious ideas b) Innate ideas c) Adventitious ideas

b) Innate ideas

The mind-body relationship theory of Descartes is known as———. a) Psycho physical parallelism b) Interactionism c) Pre-established harmony d) None of these

b) Interactionism

Dialectical materialism is the theory of———. a) Hegel b) Marx c) Nietzsche d) Schopenhauer

b) Marx

Wittgenstein says that language is a... a) Statement b) Picture of reality c) Judgement d) Concept

b) Picture of reality

In Meditation 3, a key premise in Descartes' proof of God's existence is: a) If something can be doubted, then it should not be believed. b) The cause must have at least as much reality as the effect. c) If there is an evil demon, there must be a God. d) God is no deceiver.

b) The cause must have at least as much reality as the effect.

For Aristotle, the soul was most likely located in... a) The brain b) The heart c) The liver. d) The world of the forms.

b) The heart

Metaphysical Realism is the view that: a) There isn't any world that exists apart from our perception of it b) There is a world that exists apart from our perception of it. c) There isn't any world except one that exists merely in a supreme being's perception of it. d) There isn't a supreme being. e) There is a supreme being.

b) There is a world that exists apart from our perception of it.

The reductio ad absurdum is a type of __________. a) reason b) argument c) lecture d) experiment

b) argument

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____. a) Aesthetics b) epistemology c) logic d) metaphysics

b) epistemology

The reductio ad absurdum shows an assumption to be __________. a) true b) false c) certain d) tenuous

b) false

One commonality between Socrates and the Sophists was the latter's focus on __________ inquiries. a) astronomical b) humanistic c) meteorological d) metaphysical

b) humanistic

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____. a) aesthetics b) logic c) categorical logic d) bioethics

b) logic

A preoccupation with __________ is a clear indication, according to Socrates, that one's soul is unhealthy. a) nature b) social status c) virtue d) knowledge

b) social status

Among the beliefs that might still be certain even if I am dreaming is that: a) the earth moves. b) the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees c) I am sitting in my chair. d) the earth moves.

b) the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees

Descartes believes that ... a) we should ask questions about what there really is before we can answer questions about what we can really know. b) we should ask questions about what we can really know before we can answer questions about what there really is. c) He is the only thing that exists in the universe. d) it doesn't really matter which questions (about what we can know or about what there really is) we ask or answer first. e) we can never know anything about the ultimate nature of reality.

b) we should ask questions about what we can really know before we can answer questions about what there really is.

For Descartes, the soul interacted with the body via... a) Will b) God c) Animal spirits d) Atoms

c) Animal spirits

For Descartes the proposition 'I think' is self-verifying because... a) It is a necessary truth. b) It is a logical truth. c) Doubting it confirms it. d) Thinking is my essence.

c) Doubting it confirms it.

Descartes' crucial observation about the wax is that: a) it melts when heated. b) what I believe about it is due to what I perceive in it. c) I continue to know it, despite numerous external changes. d) its shape and texture can be altered.

c) I continue to know it, despite numerous external changes.

According to Kant knowledge appears in the form of ———. a) Statement b) Reasoning c) Judgement.

c) Judgement.

Parmenides argues that reality consists of the __________. a) Infinite b) Many c) One d) Finite

c) One

Descartes argues that we are capable of error, even if God exists, because... a) God is not all powerful. b) our understanding can extend further than our will. c) Our will can extend further than our understanding. d) God can deceive.

c) Our will can extend further than our understanding.

The Latin word ——— is the root of rationalism... a) Reason b) Sopphia c) Ratio d) Experimental

c) Ratio

The theory that holds reason as the source of knowledge is a) Empiricism b) Idealism c) Rationalism d) None of the above

c) Rationalism

Which of the following does Descartes NOT attempt to demonstrate in his theory of mind? a) The mind contains innate ideas. b) The mind capable of doubting must necessarily exist (the Cogito). c) The mind is immortal. d) The mind is contingently connected to the body. e) The mind is a thinking substance.

c) The mind is immortal.

Locke and Descartes are both mind/body "dualists." This means they both believe that ... a) The world contains only bodies, and so minds, in the end, are merely physical or material things. b) two heads are better than one. c) The world contains both minds and bodies, which are fundamentally different things. d) Baldner has a split personality e) The world contains only minds, and so bodies, in the end, exist only in our minds.

c) The world contains both minds and bodies, which are fundamentally different things.

Sophists were __________. a) public servants b) poets c) itinerant professors d) religious prophets

c) itinerant professors

The Skepticism of Descartes is known as ———. a) Pure Skepticism b) phenomenal Skepticism c) methodological Skepticism

c) methodological Skepticism

According to the Sophists, __________ are determined neither by the gods nor nature. a) moral codes and scientific explanations b) scientific explanations and legal codes c) moral beliefs and legal codes d) religious beliefs and moral beliefs

c) moral beliefs and legal codes

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____. a) an argument b) a debate c) the Socratic method d) the Socratic jest

c) the Socratic method

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to _____. a. b. c. a) the body b) the state c) the soul d) the justice system

c) the soul

——— was a Greek atomist. ​​a) Xenophanes b) Zeno c) Xenophon d) Democritus

d) Democritus

The author of the Meditations is a) Hobbes b) Locke c) Leibniz d) Descartes

d) Descartes

"Tabula rasa" is the term coined by: a) Newton b) Socrates c) Voltaire d) John Locke

d) John Locke

Who said ? "God is dead" a) Schopenhauer b) Popper c) Sartre d) Nietzsche

d) Nietzsche

The most original contribution of Americans thought at the end of the nineteenth century: a) Rationalism b) Empiricism c) Positivism d) Pragmatism

d) Pragmatism

Which one of the following is not the work of Immanuel Kant? a) Critique of Pure Reason b) Foundations of Metaphysics of Morals c) Critique of Practical Reason d) The Phenomenology of Spirit

d) The Phenomenology of Spirit

The primary aim of Descartes is... a) To explain the relation between body and mind b) To prove the existence of God. c) To refute the reality of the external world. d) To reach clear and certain knowledge.

d) To reach clear and certain knowledge.

According to Skepticism knowledge is ———-. a) Possible b) Certain c) None of these d) Uncertain

d) Uncertain

Democritus advances the theory known as ancient __________. a) monism b) mechanics c) relativism d) atomism

d) atomism

In Meditation 1, Descartes reasons that if a belief is false, then anything that rests on it is. a) implausible b) false c) improbable d) doubtful

d) doubtful

Heraclitus claims that although all things __________; they are really __________. a) compete; symbiotic b) move; fluctuating c) are unchanging; eternal d) flow; unchanging

d) flow; unchanging

The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____. a) quantum physics b) epistemology c) axiology d) metaphysics

d) metaphysics

Socrates claimed he did not accept __________ for teaching. a) clothing b) dinner invitations c) political appointments d) money

d) money

The evil demon cannot deceive Descartes that he exists when he thinks that he does because deception: a) would be blocked by an all-good, all-powerful God b) requires knowledge. c) is subject to doubt. d) requires thought

d) requires thought.

Which of the following of Descartes' hypotheses bears out his radical dualism with respect to the relation of mind and body? a) None of the properties of minds can be mathematically qualified, while all of the properties of physical substance can be. b) The mind and the body have no common quality or characteristic. c) The mind meets the body only at the pineal gland. d) Bodies obey deterministic physical laws, but the mind is totally free. e) All of the above. The Cartesian mind-body problem (arising from Descartes' radical dualism) is generally seen as the single most insoluble problem of his entire philosophy.

e) All of the above. The Cartesian mind-body problem (arising from Descartes' radical dualism) is generally seen as the single most insoluble problem of his entire philosophy.

At the beginning of the Second Meditation, Descartes concludes that ... a) He knows for sure he is dreaming. b) God in fact deceives him. c) He himself might be the cause of God's sensations. d) a malicious demon in fact deceives him. e) He himself might be the cause of his own sensations.

e) He himself might be the cause of his own sensations.

Which of the following does not belong amongst Descartes' enumeration of the innate ideas? a) The idea that God is a perfect being and so must exist as well as possessing all other perfections. b) The idea of substance. c) the concept of identity, by which we know that A = A or 2 + 1 = 3. d) The idea of a supremely perfect being. e) The possibility that all our ideas are the result of an all-powerful evil genius.

e) The possibility that all our ideas are the result of an all-powerful evil genius.