IBRAHIM
It takes approximately _____ spider webs to create a single spider silk garment.
1 million
Examples of a protein
1. Insulin that helps regulate blood sugar 2. Hemoglobin that is used to transport oxygen in red blood cells 3. Hexokinase that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
What allows humans to produce transgenic animals?
1. Ribosomes in human and other animals have the same function. 2. All animals use the same genetic code. 3. Gene expression is carried out in the same manner in all animals. 4. All proteins are made of amino acids.
Thrombosis is a condition:
1. associated with inherited antithrombin deficiency 2. occurs when blood clots form abnormally inside blood vessels 3. can be fatal 4. treated by using genetically modified goats
Proteins can:
1. be made from more than one folded amino acid chain 2. fold into specific shapes based on their amino acid sequence 3. include amino acids with 20 different side chains 4. lose their function if they are denatured
Different alleles
1. have different nucleotide sequences 2. located at the same chromosomal location 3. have proteins that they encode may have different functions 4. they encode different functions of the same protein
Important factors in determining the shape of a protein
1. hydrophobic amino acid side chains 2. interactions between amino acid side chains 3. interactions between amino acid side chains and water 4. hydrophilic amino acid side chains
A protein is made up of two folded chains of amino acids. One is 328 amino acids in length and the other is 252 amino acids in length. What could disrupt the function of this protein?
1. one of the chains is not made at all 2. a single amino acid change in the longer chain 3. a loss of seven amino acids in the other chain 4. a change of two amino acids in the shorter chain
What is the function of the beta-casein regulatory sequence of DNA in a goat?
1. to provide a site where regulatory molecules can bind 2. to determine when a protein is produced 3. to determine a location where a protein is produced 4. to determine the amount of protein produced
Producing a single transgenic founder animal requires implanting approximately ________ embryos that contain the recombinant gene.
100-200
A section of messenger RNA (mRNA) is made of 33 nucleotides. With how many amino acids does this section correspond?
11
Inherited antithrombin deficiency appears in approximately ____ in every 10,000 people in the United States.
2
How many different chemical side chains are found in the amino acids in a yeast cell?
20
Humans need to have ___ amino acids to build proteins.
20
Humans need to have _____ amino acids to build proteins.
20
A protein is made up of two folded chains of amino acids. One is 328 amino acids in length and the other is 252 amino acids in length. Which of these could disrupt the function of this protein?
A change occurs in one or both of the chains.
If a section of messenger RNA has the sequence UCAGUC, what is the corresponding sequence on the complementary DNA?
AGTCAG
Which statement is true of amino acids?
All amino acids have unique chemical side chains.
Which statement is NOT t of the shape of proteins?
All humans are genetically identical and, therefore, produce identical proteins
Which statement is NOT true of the shape of proteins?
All humans are genetically identical and, therefore, produce identical proteins.
Which statement is true of proteins?
All proteins are made of amino acids
If a mutation in a long chain of codons changes a codon sequence of one codon from CUU to CUC, what effect would that have on the protein produced?
Both of the codons code for the same amino acid and no change would be observed in the protein.
If a mutation in a long chain of codons changes a codon sequence of one codon from CUU to CUC, what effect would that have on the protein produced?
Both the codons code for the same amino acid and no change would be observed in the protein
A young student is drawing a picture of the 'backbone' of a DNA molecule. What should she include in her drawing of this portion of the DNA molecule?
Both the phosphates and sugars of nucleotides
A new genetic engineering technique called ---- has been used in China to alter genome of a human embryo
CRSIPR
How do you think replacing one amino acid in a protein with another amino acid would affect the shape of that protein?
Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of the protein
How do you think replacing one amino acid in a protein with another amino acid would affect the shape of that protein?
Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of the protein.
Why are scientists interested in creating transgenic organisms that contain a gene for spider silk?
Collecting spider silk from spiders in the wild is tedious.
The information that ultimately encodes the shape and sequence of a protein comes from
DNA
The information that ultimately encodes the shape and sequence of a protein comes from ----
DNA
Transcription is the process of copying ---- into ----
DNA; mRNA
Transcription is the process of copying ____ into _____.
DNA; mRNA
Transcription is the process of copying _____ into
DNA; mRNA
Yeast are the only organisms that can be genetically engineered to produce spider silk
False
Yeast are the only organisms that can be genetically engineered to produce spider silk.
False
Yeast are the only organisms that can be genetically engineered to produce spider silk?
False
According to this chapter, which characteristics of goats make them better candidates for producing antithrombin than cows or mice?
Goats have a shorter gestation periods than cows, and cows are more expensive to maintain.
A woman lacks one of the amino acids used to build insulin, a protein that helps control blood sugar levels. What is the expected outcome of this deficiency?
Her insulin will no longer function normally.
When proteins fold into their distinct three-dimensional shape inside a cell, the ---- amino acid side chains face out towards the watery environment
Hydrophilic
Why is it important to inject a recombinant gene into an embryo instead of an adult when working with a multicellular organism?
Injecting the gene into an embryo ensures that all body cells receive a copy of the gene.
What is the function of antithrombin?
It helps prevent blood clots
Which statement is true of RNA polymerase?
It is an enzyme used in transcription
Which statement is true of RNA polymerase?
It is an enzyme used in transcription.
Which statement is true about the three-dimensional shape of a protein?
It is determined by the order of the amino acids and is critical for the function of the protein.
Chargaff discovered that the A-T bond has the same width as the G-C bond. What implication does this have for the structure of the DNA molecule?
It means that the molecule will vary in width as you move down its length, depending on the number of A-T and G-C nucleotides.
RNA polymerase
It's a protein, an enzyme, used to synthesize messenger RNA from DNA, and used for transcription.
Why is it beneficial to use a gene that is expressed in milk-producing mammary glands as a way to produce therapeutic drugs?
Milk is easier to access than blood.
How many different basic core structures are found in the amino acids in a yeast cell?
One
What allows different cell types the ability to produce different proteins and, therefore, have different identities?
Only certain cells are able to turn on the regulatory sequence and express certain genes.
Which statement does NOT describe proteins?
Proteins are translated into an mRNA sequence.
Why are many drugs either proteins or drugs that interact with proteins?
Proteins play vital roles within cells, which allow cells to function.
Human proteins can be produced by cells in the milk-producing mammary glands of transgenic mammals if the regulatory sequence of a milk gene is used to produce the recombinant gene. What is the benefit of inducing human protein production within the mammary glands of a transgenic mammal?
Proteins produced in milk are easy to harvest.43
How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)
RNA Vs DNA
RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
The enzyme that carries out transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA.
RNA polymerase
In a recombinant gene, the "on-off switch" is the _____ sequence.
Regulatory
Which substitution would you expect to have the LEAST impact on the shape of a protein?
Substituting a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid
Rosalind Franklin used x-ray diffraction to record how x-rays scatter when bounced off the surface of DNA molecules. Which of the following conclusions about the structure of DNA did her images support?
The DNA helix was likely made of two strands., hydrophilic and extends upon exposure to water, likely helical and uniform in width.
Which of these could be possible if a single nucleotide in the coding sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed?
The function of the protein could change
Which of these could be possible if a single nucleotide in the coding sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed?
The function of the protein could change.
Which of these is NOT required to produce transgenic animals?
The genes used to form recombinant DNA must be from closely related species.
Phospholipids, molecules found within a cell membrane, have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. These regions act in the same manner that hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids act. When phospholipids are found as a sphere in a glass of water, which of the following would you expect?
The hydrophilic heads will point toward the water, and the hydrophobic tails will point away from the water.
A group of investigators is studying a crime scene where a woman has been murdered. They see the murderer has left behind several bodily fluids: semen, saliva, blood, and tears. From which of these fluids could the investigators isolate the murderer's DNA?
The investigators could collect the murderer's DNA from all of these fluids
Which statement is NOT true of the shape of proteins?
The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein determines its function. Correct: All humans are genetically identical and, therefore, produce identical proteins. All humans are genetically identical and, therefore, produce identical proteins. A spider spidroin gene expressed in a yeast cell is identical in shape to spidroin produced in a spider. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by a person's genes. Proteins fold into three-dimensional shapes determined by the sequence of amino acids in the chain.
Why do you think bacteria cannot be used to produce complex human proteins, such as antithrombin?
The protein bacteria produce are not as complex as human proteins
Which of these could be possible if a single nucleotide in the regulatory sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed?
The protein controlled could be produced at a faster rate
A 310 amino acid protein has a UGA codon replacing the normal codon at position 250. What effect will this have on the protein?
The protein will be ~60 amino acids shorter than usual
A 310 amino acid protein has a UGA codon replacing the normal codon at position 250. What effect will this have on the protein?
The protein will be ~60 amino acids shorter than usual.
Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene. Different alleles have small differences in their nucleotide sequences, which lead to slightly different shapes in the proteins they encode. Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding alleles?
The proteins that they encode always have identical functions.
A mutation that substitutes one nucleotide for another occurs in the regulatory sequence of the spider silk gene in a transgenic yeast. What would you expect as an outcome?
The timing of spider silk protein production may change.
Two different proteins have different functions. What MUST be true about these two proteins?
They have different amino acid sequences and different three-dimensional shapes.
In prokaryotic cells, gene expression is inherently different than gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Why?
Transcription cannot occur in a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell
Human antithrombin extracted from transgenic goat milk is as effective in preventing blood clotting as antithrombin extracted from human blood.
True
Offspring that result from breeding transgenic goats should contain the recombinant gene
True
Anticodons that would bind to a codon with the sequence AUG
UAC
The anticodon would bind to a Condon with the sequence AUG?
UAC
Which anticodon would bind to a codon with the sequence AUG?
UAC
Which of the following scientists is incorrectly paired with their contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick; x-ray diffraction images of DNA helix
Fact about antithrombin:
When their genes are expressed, the produce antithrombin proteins
Denaturation affects the bonds between amino acids in a protein. Would you expect denaturation to affect the function of a protein?
Yes, altering the bonds between amino acids changes the shape of a protein and alter its function
Denaturation affects the bonds between amino acids in a protein. Would you expect denaturation to affect the function of a protein?
Yes, altering the bonds between amino acids changes the shape of a protein and alters its function.
What is a gene?
a DNA sequence that has the instructions to make one or more proteins
Which of these is NOT an example of a protein?
a chromosome.
Which of these is NOT an example of a protein?
a hormone an antibody an enzyme Correct: a chromosome a chromosome a spider silk thread
Individuals with inherited antithrombin deficiency that would be most likely to require immediate treatment with antithrombin:
a woman giving birth; a young boy undergoing surgery
DNA replication, whether occurring in a cell or in a test tube, depends on all of the following EXCEPT:
a.The fact that the two strands of a DNA molecule are complementary b.The action of the DNA polymerase enzyme c.The fact that the two strands of a DNA molecule can be separated from one another *d.The action of the DNA extractase enzyme e.DNA replication requires all of the above
A researcher wants to create a DNA profile for a suspected criminal. Which of the following would NOT be a step in this process?
a.Using gel electrophoresis to visualize DNA from the suspected criminal b.Using PCR to amplify STR regions in the DNA of the suspected criminal c.Taking a saliva or blood sample from the suspected criminal and isolating DNA *d.All of the answer options are steps in creating a DNA profile
All proteins are made up of ________.
amino acids
The building blocks of proteins are called __________.
amino acids
The order of ________ in a protein determines a protein's three-dimensional shape. The protein's three-dimensional shape determines its _______.
amino acids
The sequence of the _____ in a protein chain will determine the overall shape of the protein and, therefore, the protein's function.
amino acids.
Human cells contain 20 _____ that are used to build macromolecules called
amino acids; proteins.
One end of a tRNA molecule has an anticodon that binds to mRNA. The other end of the tRNA molecule binds to
an amino acid.
The part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon
anticodon
The segment of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that binds with messenger RNA (mRNA) is called a(n)
anticodon
The segment of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that binds with messenger RNA (mRNA) is called a(n):
anticodon
The segment of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that binds with messenger RNA (mRNA) is called a(n)
anticodon.
Of the 64 codons that code for 20 amino acids, three codons are unique because they?
are "stop" codons
Of the 64 codons that code for 20 amino acids, three codons are unique because they
are "stop" codons.
Rosalind Franklin did not receive the credit she deserves for her contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA because
at the time, prevailing attitudes were negative toward women in science, her paper was perceived merely as supporting evidence for Watson and Crick's model, and she died before the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins.
Knowing that hydrophilic amino acids tend to face outward on a protein that is folded into its three- dimensional state inside a cell allows you to deduce that the term "hydrophilic" means:
attracted to water
In a recombinant gene, the _____ sequence controls the amino acid sequence of the protein produced.
coding
The part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein; determine the identity, shape, and function of proteins
coding sequence
The triplet code on messenger RNA (mRNA) is referred to as a(n
codon
The triplet code on messenger RNA (mRNA) is referred to as a(n) ____.
codon
The triplet code on messenger RNA (mRNA) is referred to as a(n)
codon.
The genetic code table shows the relationship between _____ and
codons; amino acids
The genetic code table shows the relationship between _____ and _____.
codons; amino acids
The genetic code table shows the relationship between ___________ and ___________.
codons; amino acids
An animal that is transgenic:
contains genes from a different species
Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene(s) that have small differences in their nucleotide sequences. Two alleles produce
different amino acid sequences
Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene(s) that have small differences in their nucleotide sequences. Two alleles produce?
different amino acid sequences
Two different proteins have different amino acid sequences. These proteins will have
different shapes and different functions.
Example of protein:
enzyme, hormone, antibody, transporter
Scientists have used genetic engineering technology to create transgenic plants that contain genes for natural pesticides
false
There is a greater risk of transmitting infections such as hepatitis when genetically modified animals are used to produce protein instead of using proteins from human donors.
false
Transgenic goats were the first organisms used to make drugs for human diseases.
false
Imagine that an alien scientist has isolated a chromosome from a human cell. What will the alien NOT find in this chromosome?
fats
The ____ of a protein is determined by its overall three-dimensional shape.
function
The _____ of a protein is determined by its overall three-dimensional shape.
function.
A DNA sequence that has the instructions to make one or more proteins
gene
A treatment that aims to cure human disease by replacing defective genes with functional ones.
gene therapy
Replacing a defective human gene that causes disease, such as cystic fibrosis, with a healthy gene is referred to as:
gene therapy
Chromosomes have many ____ which contain the instructions for a cell to produce at least one ______.
genes; protein
Chromosomes have many _____, which contain the instructions for a cell to produce at least one _____.
genes; proteins
The set of rules relating particular mRNA codons to particular amino acids.
genetic code
The process of assembling new genes with novel combinations of regulatory and coding sequences.
genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms contain:
genetic sequences that have altered by humans
What is a "GMO"?
genetically modified organism
To produce antithrombin in goat milk requires a regulatory sequence from a ____ gene and a coding sequence from a ____ gene.
goat; human
Two amino acids differ in their interactions with water. These two amino acids
have different side chains.
Amino acids:
have unique chemical side chains
Amino acid side chains ?
help determine the structure of the protein and its function
Amino acid side chains:
help determine the structure of the protein and its function
Amino acid side chains
help determine the structure of the protein and its function.
Which of these is an environmental concern associated with genetically modified organisms?
herbicide-resistance genes spreading into natural populations
Prior to the "pharming" of goats to produce antithrombin, scientists extracted antithrombin from:
human blood donations
When proteins fold into their distinct three-dimensional shape inside a cell, the _____ amino acid side chains clump on the inside away from the watery environment.
hydrophobic
Human proteins can be produced by cells in the milk-producing mammary glands of transgenic mammals if the regulatory sequence of a milk gene is used to produce the recombinant gene. Why is it important to use the regulatory sequence of a milk gene when constructing a recombinant gene used to produce a human protein secreted in milk? The regulatory sequence controls the
location of gene expression.
The RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription.
mRNA
Translation is the process of using ____ to make _____.
mRNA; proteins
Translation is the process of using _____ to make
mRNA; proteins
Translation is the process of using _____ to make____
mRNA; proteins
Prior to using transgenic goats to produce antithrombin, Harry Meade experimented with producing human proteins in:
mice
Scientists have used genetic engineering technology to create transgenic plants that contain genes for
natural pesticides.
Exchanging a hydrophilic amino acid with a hydrophobic amino acid in the sequence of a protein can alter the shape of that
protein
A single amino acid change in the sequence of a protein can alter the function of that
protein.
Damage to a cell's ribosomes would affect its ability to make
proteins
A genetically engineered hybrid gene created by splicing together the regulatory sequence from a tomato and the coding sequence from a fish would be called a ____ gene.
recombinant
A genetically engineered gene.
recombinant gene
To produce a human gene in goat milk you would fuse:
regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat milk to the coding region of the human gene
To produce a human gene in goat milk, you would fuse
regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat milk to the coding region of the human gene
The part of a gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein production.
regulatory sequence
A complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis in all cells.
ribosome
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
A purified protein is working well in a laboratory test. The researcher adds a new chemical to the mixture in the test tube and notices that the protein stops working. Upon further investigation, the researcher is able to determine that the protein still has its normal sequence of amino acids. The protein must have had a change in its ______.
shape
A purified protein is working well in a laboratory test. The researcher adds a new chemical to the mixture in the test tube and notices that the protein stops working. Upon further investigation, the researcher is able to determine that the protein still has its normal sequence of amino acids. The protein must have had a change in its
shape.
Amino acids are unique in their _____, but have the same _____. _ level: 1
side chains; core
Amino acids are unique in their _____, but have the same _____. _ level: 1
side chains; core.
A type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
tRNA
The molecules that bind and transport amino acids through the cytoplasm for translation are
tRNA
The molecules that bind and transport amino acids through the cytoplasm for translation are _____.
tRNA
The molecules that bind and transport amino acids through the cytoplasm for translation are:
tRNA
Which part of a gene is actually copied into mRNA?
the coding sequence
You create a hybrid transgene containing DNA from a human and a mouse. Which factor would most strongly affect when, where, and how much protein is expressed from that gene?
the gene's regulatory region
You create a hybrid transgene containing DNA from a human and a mouse. Which of the following factors would most strongly affect when, where, and how much protein is expressed from that gene?
the gene's regulatory region
You create a hybrid transgene containing DNA from a human and a mouse. Which factor would most strongly affect when, where, and how much protein is expressed from that gene?
the gene's regulatory region.
The conformation of a protein refers to:
the protein's unique three-dimensional shape
The conformation of a protein refers to
the protein's unique three-dimensional shape.
Alleles are alternative forms of _____ gene(s) that have ____ nucleotide sequences.
the same; small differences in their
Which factor is NOT important in determining the shape of a protein?
the speed of translation.
Altering the regulatory sequence used in producing a transgenic goat could alter:
the tissue expressing the coding sequence
Of the 64 codons that code for 20 amino acids there are three codons that are unique because:
they are "stop" codons
Determined by the order of amino acids and critical for the function for proteins
three-dimensional shape of a protein
Altering the regulatory sequence used in producing a transgenic yeast could alter the
timing of gene expression.
What is the function of the antithrombin coding sequence of DNA?
to determine the identity of the protein produced
What is the function of the regulatory sequence of DNA?
to determine the location where a protein is produced
DNA is _______into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) then leaves the nucleus to be ____________ into proteins in the cytoplasm.
transcribed; transformed
DNA is _____into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) then leaves the nucleus to be _____ into proteins in the cytoplasm.
transcribed; translated
The first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the instructions encoded within genes in DNA.
transcription
The second stage of gene expression, during which mRNA sequences are used to assemble the corresponding amino acids to make a protein.
translation
A single amino acid change in the sequence of a protein can alter the function of that protein.
true
Individuals with antithrombin deficiency may have either one defective copy or two defective copies of the antithrombin gene.
true
Offspring that result from breeding transgenic goats should contain the recombinant gene.
true
Scientists have used genetic engineering technology to clone entire animals.
true
Scientists have used genetic engineering technology to create transgenic plants that contain genes for natural pesticides.
true
A scientist is interested in making a rice plant that produces a vaccine protein in the rice. This would mean that vaccinations could be accomplished by eating rice, which does not require refrigeration. The best approach would be to fuse the ____________ with the ____________.
vaccine protein coding sequence; regulatory sequence of a rice gene
Which of the following pieces of critical information did Watson and Crick use to build and propose their model of the structure of DNA?
x-ray diffraction images that show DNA as a double helix, an incorrect model that depicts DNA as a triple helix with the phosphate groups on the inside, A always equals T and G always equals C, and x-ray diffraction images that suggest DNA is hydrophilic and elongates upon exposure to water.
To produce spider silk in yeast requires a regulatory sequence from a _____ gene and a coding sequence from a _____ gene.
yeast; spider
To produce spider silk in yeast requires a regulatory sequence from a ---- gene and a coding sequence from a ---- gene
yeast= spider
