ID 253 Test 2

Circulation Flow

*Lecture 7 slide 16* Diagram A depicting single- loaded circulation flow, where rooms or areas flow in a single direction. Diagram B depicting double- loaded circulation flow and the efficiency thereof. Here rooms or areas flow in more than one direction using the same circulation space to access far more square footage. Diagram C depicting single- loaded circulation flow that is enhanced visually through the creation of views or emphasis, illustrating that in some cases the experience of space is improved by less efficient approach to circulation.

How to figure Stairs

*Step 1- Find Total Rise* Take floor to floor height and change to inches *Step 2- figure how many risers* Divide floor to floor height by 7" since risers are to be 7" tall maximum per the IBC (or 7 3/4" per the IRC) -since you cannot be left with a partial riser, round the number up (no matter how small the decimal) *Step 3-Find exact Height of Risers* Take the floor to floor height and divide that number in inches by the actual number of risers This gives you the exact height of the risers Remember, you cannot have an answer that gives you over 7" in IBC and 7.75 in IRC. *Step 4- Number of Treads* You will always have one less tread than riser *Step 5- Size of Treads* Tread lengthens as rise decreases Tread shortens as rise increases Therefore use the riser/tread formula -IBC Tread depths 11 inches minimum. IRC Tread depths 10 inches minimum *Step 6- Total Run of Stairs* Total run is total length of staircase not counting landings # of Treads x Size of each Tread = Total Run

Budget Items

*look at Lecture 6 slides 27-29* Minor remodel is primarily cosmetic, with new cabinet fronts/drawers, new countertops, midpriced sink and faucets. and new wall finishes. Major remodel includes new layout, new wood cabinets, new appliances, and new ventilation system. Upscale version has higher-end appliances and cabinets, etc.

Project Budget

-A project budget should be based upon funds on hand and funding sources including: - Homeowner's cash or liquid savings (cash on hand). -The value of the home and owner's equity in the home. -The monthly payment the homeowner can afford (in the case of a new or additional loan). -The owner's comfort level with added debt or use of savings. -The appraisal of the property by the loan issuer, typically a bank or credit union.

Hallway Circulation clearance required for wheelchair use

-Clear width of a wheelchair accessible route: 36" -Required space for one wheelchair and one ambulatory person: 48" this is a minimum and not ideal. -Minimum required space for two wheelchairs: 60:

Construction Phase

-Prepare design drawings for bidding and construction. -Prepare for construction with bid review, obtaining required permits and possible construction financing. -Begin construction and complete construction.

Stair Codes

-Stair width: 36 inches minimum (Section R311.7.1). -36-inch landing (in this case stair width and the code minimum) required at top and bottom (Section R311.7.6), or match the stair width if wider than 36 inches -Terminate handrail at newel post or return to wall, at a point directly above lowest and highest riser (Section R311.7.8.2). -One handrail (minimum) is required in any stair with four or more risers (Section R311.7.8). In addition, a railing (guard) is required on open side of stairs measuring more than 30 inches from the floor below. -The IRC requires that railings at balconies and open landings be 36 inches high (Section R312.1.2). -Railing at wall. Optional in this case (given the railing on the other side); cannot project more than 41⁄2 inches into the required minimum width of stair (3 feet) and must clear the wall by 11⁄2 inches (Section R311.7.8.2). -Handrail height. Minimum 34 inches, maximum 38 inches, measured vertically from a typical nose (Section R311.7.8.1). -Stair headroom. 6 feet 8 inches (minimum); measured vertically from the plane of the nosings or any landing (Section R311.7.2). -Hallways. 36 inches wide minimum (Section R311.6).

Code Regulations at Landings

-The number of steps will vary -Required 3-foot (providing 32 inches minimum clearance) residential entrance/exit door -Screen/storm door is a climatic requirement only -Landing or floor on each side of each exterior door. 3 by 3 feet minimum (Section R311.3). -Extra width (beyond minimum) is desirable; it serves as a place for the user to stand while opening an out-swinging door. -A floor or landing is at the top and bottom of each stairway, and the landing must have a minimum dimension of 36 inches running in the direction of the path of travel with a required width not less than the stairway served by the landing (Section R311.7.6). Do not swing a door into a stair at the top of a flight of stairs. The IRC requires that porches, balconies, or raised floor surfaces located more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below must have guards that are not less than 36 inches in height. In addition, open sides of stairs with a total rise of more than 30 inches are required to have guards not less than 34 inches in height (Section R312). Railing not required in this case (stoop is approximately 24 inches above grade), but good practice would call for installation of a railing—especially in this case where the stoop is code minimum width. Door threshold.

Assessment phase

-consider long-range plans. -assess and document existing conditions -determine wants and needs -Review resources and limitation constraints (these include budgetary constraints of the property/existing structure -develop a project timeline

Standard Reach & Work Counter Information

1. High shelf. Adult reach: back 4 feet, 11 inches plus; this dimension refers to the need to reach the back portion of a shelf. 2. Adult reach radius. 1 foot, 11 inches to 2 feet, 3 inches plus. 3. Work counter clearance. 1 foot, 3 inches to 1 foot, 8 inches; 1 foot, 6 inches recommended minimum. 4. Depth of work counters. 1 foot, 9 inches to 2 feet; 2 feet is standard. 5. Low comfortable reach. 9 inches; it is best to store frequently used items above this height. 6. Work counter height. 3 feet is standard. 7. High counter. 8. Standard depth of wall cabinets is 1 foot to allow for access to counter surface.

Range & Cooktop Sizes

1. Standard versions can include five or more burners, as well as grills, steamers, and other options. 2. Larger versions can include six to eight burners, and/or grills, steamers, and other options; versions often have two ovens. 3. Smaller compact cooktops come in two- burner and modular configurations.

Clearances at Cabinets & Counters

1. Work zone minimum between cabinets with no additional through- traffic circulation. 2. This clearance is also useful between counter/cabinet and nearest physical obstruction. In cases where there is only a wall (no cabinets or appliances) and no through circulation, 4 feet is required for a two-cook kitchen and 3 feet, 6 inches is required for a single-cook kitchen. 3. Total clearance of 5 feet minimum is required between cabinets when the work zone is combined with (required) through circulation. 4. When possible, "clip" or round corners of countertops for safety, especially in high contact and/or island areas. Human contact with a clipped or rounded corner is less painful than contact with a sharp corner.

Standard dishwasher clearances

1. allow clear space for access to dishwasher; this space is often directly in front of sink 2. placement of dishwasher immediately adjacent to sink is helpful. This keeps drips within a close range of sink and dishwasher and allows one to rinse dishes and place them immediately into dishwasher. The absolute maximum distance from dishwasher to edge of sink is 36 inches but closer, as shown, is better. 3. Plan for open floor space at door location. Location of door should not conflict with doors of opposite appliance (when open). 4. Clear floor space of 21 inches is helpful between the edge of the dishwasher and a corner (this allows another person access to the corner).

Remodeling, Renovation, Restoration Project Phases:

1.Assessment Phase 2.Design Phase 3.Selection Phase 4.Construction Phase

Codes for Ramps

1:12 slope maximum -for every 1" rise-must have a 1' run For every 30" rise, must have landing

Standard Refrigerator Clear spaces & wheelchair-accessible clearances

A minimum of 15 inches of clear counter space should be provided on the latch side of single-door refrigerators or at an alternate location that is not more than 48 inches from the refrigerator. Side-by-side models require this clear counter space to be convenient to the fresh food section or in an alternate location as shown. Wheelchair-accessible refrigerator clearances are shown at right. Side-by-side models are recommended for wheelchair users.

Additional Wheelchair Clearances

A minimum of 30" x 48"of clear floor space should be provided at areas intended for use by wheelchair users. Note that this is not a minimum hallway space; it is the space taken up by the wheelchair and the user and can be considered a landing space for the chair and user Turning space must be provided in the form of a 60-inch diameter circle or a T-shaped turning area

Kitchen Lighting Concepts

A person working at a counter can block light cast by a single/centrally located downlight. Downlights can create dark areas under cabinets. Undercabinet lighting washes the counter and backsplash with light. Multiple pendants combined with undercabinet lights provide ambient lighting and some task lighting at counters.

Ranges

A range is an appliance that combines a cooking surface and an oven in one unit A freestanding range sits independently and is finished on both sides A slip-in range rests on the floor and is unfinished on both sides; it typically has no dash A drop-in range rests on a cabinet, base, or drawer; it typically has no dash

Personal Space

A term introduced by Robert Sommer -Refers to "an area with an invisible boundary surrounding the person's body into which intruders may not come"

Getting started with the Kitchen

A thorough review of a client's requirements, lifestyle, and budget, as well as the project's architectural parameters and related building codes, is required in order to provide a new kitchen or major kitchen remodeling design that meets the client's aesthetic and functional needs. Part of understanding a client's functional needs can be accomplished with a review of his or her lifestyle as it relates to his or her cooking and dining requirements.

Major Preparation Area

Adding a major preparation work area can create a more functional kitchen The preparation/ work area should be provided in a single contiguous counter space of minimally36 inches Ideally between the sink and refrigerator The preparation area may be part of a counter adjacent to either the refrigerator or sink and need not be angled

Counter Accessibility Note

An adjustable counter can be attached by means of wood support strips or an apron, supported by heavy-duty shelf brackets or supported by tracks mounted to walls. Floor and wall finishes continued under counter. An adjustable counter. Swinging or retractable doors allow for wheelchair access. Optional hinged/fold-up cabinet bottom allows for wheelchair access.

Where does the main entrance belong?

An understanding of the issues of privacy can shape the design of a building entrance or entrances -Cultural, geographic, and site related issues impact the design and location of the main entrance Some homes have guests and neighbors enter through the back door -Specifically true when the residence has an alley or driveway servicing the back of the house Others wish to have guests only enter through the front door -This is attained by the layout of spaces and screening of alternate entrances

Dining room example

Any required through circulation is straight across the short dimension of the room. At 10 feet, 6 inches wide, there is insufficient room for auxiliary furniture on either side of the table. Table shown is 5 feet long by 3 feet, 6 inches wide but could be longer (6 to 7 feet). A pendant fixture centered in the ceiling could work well in this room, as the layout dictates a centrally placed table.

Other Sink Options

Apron-front sinks tend to be shorter in length and are placed forward on the counter, with faucets placed on counter rather than within sink Options such as integrated cutting boards and drain grids are available for most of the sinks The interior width of the sink base cabinet is a key constraint for sink size; a 36-inch kitchen sink base cabinet will accept a standard 33-inch sink.

Refrigerator

Available in a variety of styles and arrangements Freestanding: Can be surrounded by cabinetry to make them look more upscale Built In: can be fitted with custom panels to mimic surrounding cabinetry Counter depth: free standing refrigerators that are slightly deeper than counters but look more like built ins Under counter

Beside the Stairs

Balusters-Open Both Sides Balusters of one side-Full Wall on other side Partial Wall-Both Sides Full Wall-Both Sides Partial Wall- one side- full wall the other side

Counters & Cabinets

Because of the specialized nature of kitchens, designers must consider ergonomics and required fixture clearances in order to design useful, comfortable kitchens Counters and cabinets must be laid out properly for proper ergonomics, workflow, and clearance requirements

Organizational Flow

Circulation and flow is dependent how the locations of doors and passageways influence the flow through a leisure space and how the furniture is arranged

Accessibility Note

Compared to kitchens and bathrooms, leisure spaces do not have much information regarding accessibility Leisure spaces have fewer built-in cabinets and other elements that can create barriers If there are built-ins, they are typically placed at walls• Careful planning of circulation routes is required for accessibility to these spaces Locations of switches, controls, and arrangement of furniture Making sure that access to the leisure space requires no steps is a major factor in making the space wheelchair accessible as well as visitable Furniture selection must be made with special attention to the ease of sitting in and getting out of chairs and sofas, which can be an issue for a range of individuals of various heights and those with mobility limitations Very specific to your clients needs!

Five Kitchen Zones (Blum)

Consumables Zone: Food items should be stored together; this includes refrigerated as well as nonperishable items. Non-Consumables Zone: Dishes, cutlery, glasses, and storage containers should be stored together, and ideally the dishwasher is close by. Cleaning Zone: The sink and dishwasher are the foundation of this zone, and cleaning utensils and supplies should be stored here. Preparation Zone: Items needed for food preparation are kept here. This zone has overlap with the non-consumable zone in that some items are required for dining and for preparation. Cooking Zone: Pots, pans, lids, and cooking utensils should be kept here. Again there may be some overlap with preparation in that some utensils are used for both preparation and cooking.

Cooktops & wall ovens

Cooktops do not include an oven Can be built into islands and countertops Wall ovens are places within wall cabinets and allows double ovens if wanted

Dimensional Information for Dining/Eating

Depth for eating area varies based on the nature of the meal being consumed; the narrow dimension shown is for snacking, while the deeper dimensions may be appropriate for dining with plate/placemats. All depth dimensions shown can vary as needed (from 12 to 19 inches for the range of bar heights shown). Width per person should be a minimum of 2 feet; 2 feet, 2 inches is recommended. 10 to 12 inches distance between stool and countertop is the comfortable range for most seated users.

Accessibility note

Designing accessible spaces requires that adequate circulation be seriously considered and provided. Circulation Accessibility Checklist 32 inches clear space at doors. Hallways and/or paths of travel must be a minimum of 36 inches wide For wheelchair users, provide clear turning space (5 feet minimum diameter) or room for T-shaped turn Stairs are problematic for wheelchair users and others with mobility limitations, requiring that ramps or elevators be provided in place of stairs. Well-designed handrails are required in areas of vertical circulation (stairs and ramps).

Work Triangle Dimensions

Each leg should be more than 4 feet Each leg no longer than 9 feet Measurement of triangle legs combined no more than 26 feet NKBA: work triangle leg should not intersect an island or peninsula by more than 12" Measurements are from the center of the sink, stove, refrigerator

Design Phase

Explore design solutions

Accessibility Note

For most wheelchair users, the kitchen has the most issues Designing a kitchen that accommodates the different cooking and clean up tasks needs careful consideration ANSI and Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards provide standards for creating wheelchair accessible residential kitchens Do not suit specific needs of multiple users Might affect resale Utilize a range of counter heights, adjustable kitchen components, and wheelchair clearance spaces

Furniture arrangement

Furniture can be arranged into separate groups or clusters within the larger space Actual furniture sizes and ergonomics must be considered Furniture sizes have grown with the growth of American home sizes

Electrical

General rules for locating electrical switches and convenience outlets (does not include kitchens, bathrooms, and utility spaces) Switches for overhead lights are best located close to the room entry door on the latch side when possible Where possible, a second switch (3-way) for convenience IRC requires at least one wall switch-controlled lighting outlet shall be installed in every habitable room and bathroom exceptions being spaces other than bathrooms and kitchens, they can have a switch controlled electrical outlet IRC also requires additional locations for wall-switch-controlled lighting outlet in hallways, stairways, and attached/detached garages (that have electrical power A wall-switch-controlled light outlet is required to be installed on the exterior of egress doors with grade level access Most rooms require receptacles be installed so that no point measured along the floor line is more than 6' from a receptacle IRC also requires additional locations for wall- switch-controlled lighting outlet in hallways, stairways, and attached/detached garages (that have electrical power A wall-switch-controlled light outlet is required to be installed on the exterior of egress doors with grade level access

Clearances for hoods and windows at range/cooktop

Hood distance above range/cooktop: 24 inches minimum to 36 inches in most cases. Increasing the height within this range is helpful for capturing steam/odors. Verify height requirements with manufacturer's guidelines. Hood should extend at least as far as the middle of the first burner (dashed line), often 17 to 21 inches. Manufacturer-suggested clearances for protected surfaces such as microwave/hood combinations may be less than 24 inches as shown in the first drawing; access to oven/rear burners must be considered. Cooking surfaces should not be located below an operable window unless these minimum dimensions are met. Hood should be 3 to 6 inches wider than cooktop.

Ergonomics & required clearances

Planning leisure spaces requires providing adequate space for each individual to sit and conduct the desired activity

Related code constraints

IRC includes living rooms as habitable spaces (code requirements for all habitable spaces - a space in a building for living, sleeping, eating, or cooking) Habitable rooms should be provided with natural ventilation "through windows, doors, louvers, or other approved openings to the outdoor air" Certain quantity/size of windows - no less than 8% of the floor area Rooms are "no less than 70 sf of gross floor area Ceilings no lower than 7'-0" Ceiling beams can be as low as 6'-4"

Ascending and Descending Stairs

In ascending a stair, heels are not necessarily placed on the entire tread surface Descending requires room on the tread surface for the heel to rest fully, requiring that the tread size not be too small and that the stair nose will not easily catch a user's heel Too small a tread will put the toe too far out beyond the nosing and compromise the footing.

Lighting

Key aspect in planning lighting for leisure spaces is to properly identify activities within the space Space for conversation and occasional reading Use ambient lighting to support conversation Task lighting for reading Flexibility in the use of space can be provided with dimmers and adjustable recessed luminaires that can accommodate in furniture changes Layering lighting within leisure spaces is extremely important Ambient lighting, task lighting, and focal lighting all provided together • Ceiling height is also a major factor in light fixture selection Standard 8' ceilings are low for pendant fixtures because of clearance limitations What might be an exception to this statement? A combination of sconces and torcheres can be an option to create even ambient lighting Rooms with higher ceilings allow for more options 9' or higher allow for pendants Ambient - general illumination Task - aids in performing specific tasks like reading or preparing food Accent - illuminates features, objects, and specific areas Decorative - ornamental in nature and provides interest Luminaire is a term used to describe a complete lighting unit. Luminaires may be portable, pendant mounted (also known as suspended),surface mounted on walls or ceilings (decorative luminaires mounted on walls are often called sconces), or track mounted (the track can be mounted on the ceiling or suspended and can include track heads or pendants). Lamps are divided into broad categories: incandescent, fluorescent, light-emitting diode (LED), and high-intensity discharge (not shown).

Fixture & Appliances

Kitchen design is based on the functional relationship of design elements and appliances The relationship between the placement of primary fixtures and appliances is key Understanding the work triangle and its importance Highly functional kitchens include providing clear areas adjacent to fixtures and appliances for dishes, foods, etc. as needed

Conversation clusters

Large groups tend to break into smaller groups of four to six people - conversation clusters The outer dashed circle depicts the outer limits of furniture arrangement that will support successful interaction - 12 to 13 feet in diameter Limits for "face-to-face" interaction are indicated by the inner dashed circle roughly 6 to 10 feet 1. room for standing interaction or for seating to be pulled up on occasion 2. could be a seating location or a focal point

social and leisure spaces

Living room, great room, family room - terms to describe where people gather to interact Reading Video games Movies Formal living room is not longer desired by most Formal dining is also not used much anymore Do need to provide separate spaces, one for adults and one for children Family room or den

The foyer

Location must allow it to function as a transition from the outside to the inside -Has direct adjacencies to the most public parts of the home -living room, coat closets, stairs, office, guest bathroom, etc. • Air Locks -A small entry vestibule located between the exterior door and foyer to serve as a buffer between air temperatures -Typically used in areas with extreme climates (especially in cold climates)

Selection Phase

Make decisions about design direction. -Refine design direction/solution; this includes all elements of the design, such as materials and design details. Typically, the design is delineated in drawings and specifications as it is refined.

Mechanical

Most leisure spaces are not regulated by plumbing or unusual electrical requirements Mechanical is an umbrella term for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning (HVAC) and plumbing IRC requires heating to a minimum of 68 degrees when winter temperatures are below 60 degrees - most leisure spaces within the US are required to have some source of heat Portable heaters do not count Most common heating solution is a furnace that burns a fossil fuel (natural gas, liquid propane, oil) Less common fuels are wood, charcoal, or coal Some furnaces derive heat from electric resistance coils or a heat pump In most systems, a fan moves the air by ducts Can also be equipped to clean (filters) and humidify Other sources Boiler - heated water with pump to push hot water • Consumers are seeking alternative sources for heating and cooling Geothermal heat pumps - use relatively constant temperature of soil, ground water, or surface water as a heat source Higher cost, offset by energy savings and tax incentive programs Solar energy - used for years While designers are not responsible for the design of HVAC systems, we need to understand the types of systems and how they impact the interior space Return air grills Supply registers/diffusers

Movement

Movement within a structure such as a residence can be horizontal (hallways/corridors), entirely vertical (elevators, firehouse pole), mostly vertical (ladders and circular stairs), or a combination (most stairs). Any of these can become strong design elements, facilitating the drama of movement.

Mudrooms

Mudrooms are used as an excellent transition space between the garage or exterior and the interior -Used as storage for outerwear, sports equipment, school bags, etc. -Good for use in areas with extreme climate conditions

Codes for Stair Landings & Treads/Risers

Must have a landing every 12' vertically Length must equal width Riser and Tread Measurements IBC -Riser heights shall be 7 inches maximum and 4 inches minimum. -Tread depths shall be 11 inches minimum. IRC *** The maximum riser height shall be73⁄4 inches The minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches

The Kitchen Sink

Primary work area in the kitchen Typically includes a dishwasher, garbage disposal and garbage bins According to NKBA standard double bowl kitchen sink is 33" and standard single bowl sink is 24" wide Multiple sizes and configurations available

Wheelchair-accessible Storage, Reach, & Work dimensions

Provide minimum clear space 1 foot, 7 inches deep by 2 feet, 6 inches wide for knee space. Counter height for seated (including wheelchair) users varies from 2 feet, 4 inches to 2 feet, 10 inches and in rare cases is as high as 3 feet; this range allows for variations in user/armrest height and for a 1-1/2-inch counter thickness. (The ADAAG calls for kitchen counters at 2 feet, 4 inches except in cases where the counter is adjustable.) For front approach, provide toe clearance 9 inches high by 6 inches deep (maximum). Clear knee space at this location may be used as part of maneuvering clearance/turning space. Lowering a continuous counter area with an open clear space underneath (see shaded, angle dashed area) for a forward approach creates a work and prep area. Lowered counters like this must be balanced with higher counter areas to accommodate dishwashers and other kitchen elements. The 5-foot (1524-mm) open area shown is helpful, but, at minimum, the open area should accommodate the wheelchair forward approach zone as indicated. Note: Appendix C gives dimensional information for wheelchairs, including seated height information

Range Types

Range Types Some homeowners prefer the more precise heat control of gas burners, while others prefer electric coil There are also glass and ceramic cooktop options The designer must keep in mind that ranges require adequate ventilation

Ranges Accessibility Note

Ranges are not considered ideal for use by individuals in wheelchairs because the cooking surface is too high for many seated users and because ranges require a parallel approach rather than allowing open knee space below the cooking surface; open space below the cooking surface is ideal. Oven height and placement for use by people using wheelchairs requires careful thought. Optimum wall-mounted oven height for universal use allows for ease of use by those in wheelchairs. Side- hinged and double swinging oven doors can be helpful for seated users; these require a pullout shelf underneath the oven for placement of hot objects (and to protect from hot spills) or a permanent ledge.

Remodel vs. Renovation vs. Restoration

Renovate means to make new again, or to make repairs to a building that bring it back to a good condition. -Renovate may also refer to making a space new without changing its use, for example by replacing windows or updating finishes in an older kitchen. -Restore refers to returning something to an earlier condition by repairing, cleaning, or refinishing. - For example, bringing an old building back to its original condition is considered historic restoration rather than renovation.

Required clearances for circulation around dining areas

Required clearance from table edge to wall or obstacle to allow access to chair and clearance for chair movement Required clearance for through circulation and seating This shows the minimum required for seating space (18 inches) and the minimum required for chair movement and body placement (18 inches), which allows for seated individuals to pull away from the table to relax or stand at their chair Note: Using the minimum spacing does not allow for through traffic in the area behind seated user. See item 4. 24 inches is required for forward movement/through traffic circulation in addition to the minimum clearance required for seating (18 inches minimum). Minimum room width for activities shown. Minimum clearance for standing activity, such as a buffet line. Minimum casual or breakfast room dimensions— round table.

Stair Vocabulary

Riser - the vertical portion between the treads Tread -the horizontal portion of a stair on which one steps when ascending or descending Nosing - a 1-1/8" max. projection of the tread over the riser at their intersection Handrail - a member that parallels the angle of the stairs and allows a person to grasp it by the hand to aid in going up or down. Landing - the floor at the beginning or end of a flight (run) of stairs Platform - an intermediated landing between floors Baluster - the member that holds up the handrail and any other rails attached to the handrail; the structural component of this system. Newel - the large terminating post at the bottom of a stair or a landing Rise - the total of all the risers or the total vertical distance traveled; the distance between floors; measured perpendicularly to, not diagonally with, the floor. Run-the total of all the treads of the total horizontal distance traveled when ascending or descending a flight of stairs.

Refrigerator Accessibility Note

Side by side models are often recommended for wheel chair accessibility because of the narrow door swings and relatively easy access to a large portion of the units Drawer refrigerators are also beneficial

Recommended Work Triangle Locations

Sink should be in between refrigerator and cook top Traffic through the spaces should avoid running through the center of he triangle Taller cabinets and wall ovens should be places outside of the work triangle Built-in wall ovens and microwaves are not considered part of the work triangle

Lighting at Stairs

Stair lighting requires a switch (S3, a three-way switch) at both the head and the foot of every stair. Hallway lighting should also be switched at each end of any hall. Light distribution is important. Wall sconces are shown providing up- and down light (in this case, mounted at 6 feet, 8 inches AFF). If the HVAC system requires a ceiling fan, a high ceiling in a stairwell can be an unobtrusive location.

spacing example

Space requirement for adults utilizing upholstered seating

Light switches & wall outlets

Switch placement is to the latch side of the door and centered at 4Ft above the floor. wall outlet placement is one outlet for each 12 lineal feet or wall in general living space- -wheelchair users, switches are best located centered 3 feet 6 inches to 3 feet and 8 inches above the floor and never higher than 4 feet for wheelchair users wall outlets should be places 1 foot 3 inches to 1 foot 5 inches above the floor and never lower than 1 foot 3 inches above the floor

The Main Entrance

Symbolic transition between public and private domains -Key buffer between the most public portions and most private portions of the home

Headroom

The Code minimum for clear headroom heights is 6 feet 8 inches Handrails are called for at 34 to 38 inches

Sample Kitchen Electrical & Lighting Plan

The IRC requires a receptacle outlet at each counter wall space 12 inches or wider and that no point along the wall line be more than 24 inches measured horizontally from a receptacle outlet. The IRC states, "All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20- ampere receptacles that serve countertop surfaces shall have ground fault interrupter protection." Switched outlet for garbage disposal inside base cabinet in this example; not required if disposal is wired directly. Separate 15-amp circuit for refrigerator/freezer is a good practice (not required by IRC or many other codes). Downdraft exhaust fan with switch. Duplex convenience outlet set horizontally to fit in between the two counter heights. The IRC requires a minimum of one receptacle outlet at each island counter "with a long dimension of 24 inches and a short dimension of 12 inches or greater." The code also requires a duplex receptacle at peninsula counters. Referred to by some as puck lights. Dishwasher, fan, and oven are wired directly. A switched, split-wired duplex outlet placed on wall above cabinets for a variety of possible uses (such as lighting or decorative elements).

Kitchen Outlet & Control Placement

The IRC requires that at kitchen counters: "no point along the wall line is more than 24 inches measured horizontally from a receptacle outlet." The areas behind the range and sink are the exception to that rule; for those areas, placing outlets to the side of the appliance and roughly 48 inches apart is a good rule of thumb. Local codes may vary. The best height for wheelchair users (or those with limited mobility) is 24 to 48 inches above the floor. However, counters may obstruct the reach of wheelchair users. Note: Wall-mounted outlets and switches should be 15 to 48 inches above the floor (to the center of the actual controls, not the bottom of the plates).

Universal Access Stock Cabinets

The Passport Series from KraftMaid Cabinetry is an example of universal access stock cabinetry that allows wheelchair access. A raised dishwasher base cabinet with adjacent plate rack and lowered wall cabinets creates convenient storage near dishwasher/sink. Sink, open underneath for forward approach. Lowered countertop heights. Open area under cooktop allows for forward approach. A tambour door is shown in the base cabinet next to the cooktop. Oven cabinet puts oven within convenient seated reach range. High, deep toe kicks.

What is Circulation?

The areas provided for horizontal and vertical movement within and along spaces It is essential to provide adequate space for movement and requires careful consideration of ergonomics, scale, and organizational flow Also provides a psychological transition from one type of space or territory to the next (public vs. private)

Hallway Circulation Clearance

The average adult requires a clear space 22 inches wide minimum for movement The hallway width code requirement is 36 inches for a hallway or stair As indicated in the illustration, at 36 inches the hallway does not grant passage to two adults moving forward; typically one will have to move sideways

Christopher Alexander said

The experience of entering a building influences the way you feel inside the building. If the transition is too abrupt there is no feeling of arrival, and the inside of the building fails to be an inner sanctum.

Budget Items

The following are some rule-of-thumb construction percentages for addition-type remodeling projects: -Foundation and concrete slabs: 8-12% -Framing (floor systems, walls, windows, roof): 45-55% -Finishes: 10-15% -Mechanical and Electrical: 15-22% -Cabinets and equipment: 8-12% -Site work, landscaping, and financing costs are not included.

Zoning and HOA Regulations

The following is a list of the type of zoning regulations that might impact a project: Maximum or minimum area density: - This may require a minimum lot size or control the type of occupancy (for example, not allow rental residences). This may also control the minimum or maximum allowable floor area. Required setbacks: -Minimum setback dimensions may be required for front, back, and sides of a residence and can greatly constrain the size and shape of additions. Front setbacks can vary widely, with 20 to 40 feet (6096 to 12,192 mm) the most common. Side setbacks are often 6 feet (1829 mm). Rear setbacks can be a percentage of lot depth or a percentage of green space. Easements: -Other parties may have a right of access (such as a utility easement), which would control the shape and location of an addition. Parking requirements: This may require parking spaces that could limit a garage conversion project. Lot coverage: -May control the maximum percentage of lot area that can be covered by the house, which could limit the size of an addition and may be more restrictive than setbacks. Maximum height: -May control the height of an additional story addition. In some cases, portions of a structure (such as pitched roofs) can extend beyond the allowable height. Design restrictions -Some communities have design review boards, and projects are subject to review. When project is part of a homeowner's association, there may be covenants or design restrictions. Variances: A variance request claiming hardship or special exceptions can be made to local officials. *setbacks & easemnets are in Chapter 8 figure 8-3*

The front door

The primary entrance conveys a meaning related to the overall exterior/interior design and to the building's inhabitants Physical qualities of the door are worthy of careful consideration -Will contribute to the overall design of the structure -Should not appear as an afterthought -Should be easily identifiable as the primary entrance

Conventional Kitchen Work Triangle & Layouts

The work triangle linking the sink center, refrigerator center, and cooking center, resulting in the following shapes: corridor or galley, L- shaped, U-shaped, and G- shaped The highly functional nature of the kitchen makes its layout paramount to making it efficient.

Sustainability in Residential Design

There are not currently many mandatory green codes regulating private residences -Still, we should not overlook the use of sustainable residential design in terms of environmental impact and indoor air quality -The EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental risks to public health -Certain studies have found that pollutants from products like paint and wood preservatives have 10 times higher levels inside of homes Energy consumption and depleting the grid

Required seated dimensions and clearances in dining areas

This shows the minimum required for seating space and the minimum required for chair movement and body placement (36 inches ), which allows for seated individuals to pull away from the table to relax or stand at their Note: Using the minimum spacing does not allow for through traffic in the area behind seated user. Providing room for through traffic requires a minimum of 18 inches for the chair and 24 inches for circulation minimum, with more than the minimum space required for ease of movement. Eye level varies greatly; 27 inches is at the low range and 34 inches is at the high range; hanging luminaires should be placed above this height or be adjustable (30 inches above table height is a good average standard). Seat height varies; height of seat back also varies. A minimum space of 71⁄2 inches must be provided between seat top and table bottom; 10 to 12 inches is a more comfortable range for most seated users. Standard table height varies from 28 to 30 inches

Door and passageway placement has an impact upon furniture arrangements and conversation clusters

Through traffic originating from two adjacent walls allows for a range of options in seating arrangements. A desk for working on a computer/writing/reading in a corner that is not suited for much more. A game table corner for study/games/ projects Seating cluster for six; as shown, there is no focal point; to allow for a focal point, seating could be rearranged. Although traffic to French or sliding doors leading to a patio or deck may be sporadic, it is necessary to locate furniture in a manner that will leave an access route open. A1. Access to house entry, dining/kitchen and, secondarily, to utility spaces. A2. Access to bedrooms. The larger of two seating clusters could be turned 180 degrees and allow for a focal point (B1); cluster B2 is quite tight and limited in terms of arrangement possibilities. Many examples found in your book - utilize these as inspiration for your projects

Code Requirements for handrails

Type a handrail requirements are relatively straightforward: minimum perimeter is 4 inches , maximum is 61⁄4 inches Type b has much more varied possible profiles; two of many possible profiles are shown with dashed lines. This figure delineates only a very limited interpretation of the code requirements described in the IRC.

Under the Stairs

Wall to bottom of stair structure Storage to bottom of stair structure Open to below

Accessibility Note

Wheelchair-accessible sinks require open space under the sink, as well as some form of protection from hot pipes, usually in the form of an angled protective panel or insulation-wrapped pipes. In addition, accessible sinks are mounted lower than the standard countertop height. Some users prefer shallow sinks for better access as well. Faucet options available for universal accessibility include faucets with single-control levers, faucets with easy-to-control flow rate and/or temperature, pedal- operated options; hands free faucets; and side-mounted options. Standard dishwashers require bending for loading and unloading. A higher-than- standard mounting location is required for wheelchair use or for individuals with mobility limitations. In some instances, using a compact dishwasher in a wheelchair-accessible kitchen allows for more open knee space for access to work counters. Drawer-style dishwashers can be useful for some individuals with limited mobility. Additional issues to consider in terms of universal design include location of the detergent containers and simplicity and ease of reading/using controls.

Client Needs

When planning a kitchen understanding the needs of the client for this space is extremely important

Screen size and viewing distance

When planning seating in relationship to screen viewing, the following rules of thumb can be helpful: screen size-40 inches-sofa 5-8ft away screen size-46 inches- sofa 6-10ft away screen size-52 inches-sofa 7-11ft away

Foyer & Entry Areas

When planning the primary entrance to a home, you need to balance the interior with the exterior An entryway or foyer can be used as an indentation or projection from the façade Size will vary but should be at least as wide as it is deep, or wider if possible for movement Entrances should be sheltered from the elements Foyer/entry must allow it to function as a transition from the outside to the inside having direct adjacencies to the most public parts of the home

Clare Cooper

divides house into two components; intimate interior and public exterior

Accessibility

environments that do not present physical barriers for people with physical limitations Typically in the design of single-family homes, there are not many accessibility regulations -Yet many homeowners seek residences that are accessible due to "aging in place" or because a current family member have the current needs for accessible design

Edward T. Hall

expressed a different concept of personal distance, proxemics -study of the nature, degree, and effect of the spatial separation individuals naturally maintain and of how this separation relates to environmental and cultural factors Includes 4 distinct-intimate, personal, social, public

IRC requires...

habitable rooms to have a ceiling height of "not less than 7 feet (2134 mm)." It also states that not more than 50 percent of the required floor area of spaces may have sloped ceilings less than 7 feet (2134 mm) in height and requires that no portion of the required floor area be less than 5 feet (1524 mm) in height.

Oscar Newman

included the divisions of public, semi-public, and private territories

Intimate- public distance

intimate-0-18in personal-1-1/2 to 4 feet social- 4-12 feet public 12 feet and beyond

What is remodeling?

refers to projects that change the structure, shape, or appearance remodeling may be used to describe a change to the character of a building, or a change to a portion of a house or building it can include combining rooms and removing walls creating an addition to the existing structure is also considered remodeling

Outlet and switching location

• In this room, switching is included at the multiple room entry points for convenience and safety.

The Shape of Stairs

•Straight Run Stair -No change in direction •L- shaped stair -90 degree change in direction •U-shaped Stair -180 degree change in direction Curved Stair -15 to 90 degree changed in direction in curve Spiral Stairs -Can only be used as egress stairs in residences