Image identification, imaging equipment, and image processing/display HESI

What effect is observed in a digital radiographic image after window and level adjustment? 1. Amplified image contrast 2. Compressed file size of the image 3. Reduced radiation fog on the image 4. Increased spatial resolution

1. Amplified image contrast

What should a radiologic technologist do when the optical path of the computed radiography imaging system is dirty due to dust? 1. Call a professional service. 2. Clean the imaging system from outside. 3. Open the imaging system and clean the separate parts. 4. Edit the unintended visual of dirt on the radiograph through software.

1. Call a professional service.

What is the function of a photodiode? 1. Converts light into electrical energy 2. Converts the x-rays into light 3. Determines the highest energy level 4. Changes alternating current to direct current.

1. Converts light into electrical energy

A radiologic technologist is viewing images taken from a fluoroscopy study, and notes that pertinent information is missing from the images. Which piece of information, if missing, indicates that an error has been made? 1. Date of exam 2. Insurance provider 3. Patient date of birth 4. Type of exam being displayed

1. Date of exam

Which circuit element allows electrons to flow only in one direction? 1. Diode 2. Battery 3. Capacitor 4. Transformer

1. Diode

Which are features of radiographic tables? Select all that apply. 1. Electric locks on table-top motions 2. Vertical and horizontal movements 3. Four-way "floating" table-top mobility 4. Motorized, variable-height adjustment 5. Table-top materials that are high in x-ray attenuation

1. Electric locks on table-top motions 2. Vertical and horizontal movements 3. Four-way "floating" table-top mobility 4. Motorized, variable-height adjustment

What are other terms for contrast resolution? Select all that apply. 1. Grayscale 2. Contrast-detail 3. Dynamic range 4. Exposure range 5. Screen-film imaging

1. Grayscale 3. Dynamic range

Which is a specific correction algorithm used to compensate for dead pixels in digital imaging formation? 1. Interpolation 2. Magnification 3. Auto rescaling 4. Image compression

1. Interpolation

What is the function of the thin-film transistor (TFT) array? Select all that apply. 1. Isolating each pixel element 2. Capturing the image for recording 3. Determining resolution of digital images 4. Sending electrical charges to the image processor 5. Controlling the total quantity of x-ray photons produced

1. Isolating each pixel element 4. Sending electrical charges to the image processor

What is the function of a retractable tape measure? 1. It measures the source-to-image distance. 2. It controls the size and shape of the x-ray field. 3. It holds the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate. 4. It connects the digital detector and the x-ray generator.

1. It measures the source-to-image distance.

Anatomic markers are placed directly on the image receptor or tabletop and are typically made of what material? 1. Lead 2. Plastic 3. Rubber 4. Tungsten

1. Lead

Only one of the projections needs to be marked in which projections performed with two images on one image receptor (IR)? 1. Limb projections 2. Skull projections 3. Pelvis projections 4. Abdomen projections

1. Limb projections

Which is the most important marker for limb projections? Select all that apply. 1. R 2. L 3. PA 4. AP 5. RPO 6. LPO

1. R 2. L

Which materials are used in a flat panel detector? Select all that apply. 1. Selenium 2. Aluminum 3. Pyrex Glass 4. Cesium iodide 5. Amorphous silicon

1. Selenium 4. Cesium iodide 5. Amorphous silicon

Health records and radiology reports are retained by a facility for a specific amount of time according to which requirements? Select all that apply. 1. State law 2. Facility policy 3. HIPAA guidelines 4. Accrediting bodies 5. Code of Federal Regulations 6. Medicare and Medicaid policies

1. State law 4. Accrediting bodies 5. Code of Federal Regulations

What organization requires the health record to contain sufficient information to identify the patient, support the diagnoses, justify the treatment, document the course and the results, and facilitate continuity of care? 1. The Joint Commission 2. The American Medical Association 3. The American Hospital Association 4. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

1. The Joint Commission

What is the frequency range of a large silicon-controlled rectifier? 1.) 1-10 kHz 2.) 11-100 kHz 3.) Less than 1 kHz 4.) More than 100 kHz

1.) 1-10 kHz

Which pixel arrangement is associated with the highest resolution monitor? 1.) 2000 x 2500 2.) 1000 x 1000 3.) 1200 x 1800 4.) 1500 x 2000

1.) 2000 x 2500

What is the acceptable lossless compression for a digital radiographic image? 1.) 3:1 2.) 5:1 3.) 10:1 4.) 15:1

1.) 3:1 The acceptable lossless compression for a digital radiographic image is up to 3:1. Such a compression is useful for transmission and archiving of the radiographic image. Other compression rates may result in a loss of detail

In addition to patient identification, what process is often helpful in informing the clinician about anatomy and exam information? 1. Flatfielding 2. Annotation 3. Window and level 4. Region of interest

2. Annotation

What are the primary components of the x-ray tube? 1. Diode and triode 2. Anode and cathode 3. Anode bearings and rotor 4. The high-voltage cables and tube support mechanism

2. Anode and cathode

What is the function of window width? 1. Decreasing fog 2. Controlling contrast 3. Decreasing penumbra 4. Controlling image brightness

2. Controlling contrast

What is a standard method of data storage that was developed by ACR and NEMA? 1. PACS 2. DICOM 3. RAM 4. RAID

2. DICOM

Which term is used to describe the random scattering of light on a digital display device? 1. Display noise 2. Diffuse reflection 3. Specular reflection 4. Geometric Distortion

2. Diffuse reflection

Which contains information regarding patient identity, diagnoses support, treatment justification, and any additional information regarding continuation of care or treatment? 1. Side marker 2. Health record 3. PSP cassette barcode 4. Patient information label

2. Health record

What is a histogram? 1. It is a plot between the number of blank rows and the number of blank columns. 2. It is a plot between frequencies of occurrence versus the digital value of each pixel. 3. It is a plot between the digital values of each pixel versus the number of blank pixels. 4. It is a plot between the digital values of each pixel versus the number of blank columns.

2. It is a plot between frequencies of occurrence versus the digital value of each pixel.

Which statement regarding a rotating anode is true? 1. It is used in podiatric imaging systems. 2. It is used in a general purpose x-ray tube. 3. It is used in dental x-ray imaging systems. 4. It is used when low tube current is required.

2. It is used in a general purpose x-ray tube.

Which association provides the guidelines to transfer a radiographic image to various DICOM-compatible display devices without altering its gray scale? 1. Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) 2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 4. Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)

2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

The process of "annotating" a radiographic image is performed at which point? 1. Pre-processing 2. Post-processing 3. Prior to generating the image 4. During the radiographic exposure

2. Post-processing

Which component of the x-ray tube reduces the intensity of leakage radiation? 1. Metal enclosure 2. Protective housing 3. X-ray tube filament 4. Electromagnetic induction motor

2. Protective housing

The workstation should not be used to add what piece of information to the image? 1. Attending physician 2. Right and left markers 3. Name of radiographer 4. Position of the patient

2. Right and left markers

For anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) projections that include the right and left sides of the body (head spine, chest, abdomen, and pelvis), which marker(s) are typically used? 1. Left marker only 2. Right marker only 3. Both right and left markers 4. Right, left, anterior, and posterior markers

2. Right marker only since when bitch?

What mechanism allows the radiographic technologist to make minor adjustments to the position of a ceiling-supported x-ray tube? 1. C-arm 2. Single-control lock system 3. Floor-to-ceiling support system 4. Cone extension to the x-ray tube

2. Single-control lock system (Allows tube to float)

Which position is suitable for the best viewing of a radiographic image without reduction in the contrast? 1. Far from the device 2. Straight towards the device 3. Towards the left side of the device 4. Towards the right side of the device

2. Straight towards the device

What is the function of the autotransformer? 1. Displaying the radiation waveform 2. Supplying a precise voltage to the filament circuit 3. Terminating the exposure after a prescribed time 4. Determining the number of electrons emitted by the filament

2. Supplying a precise voltage to the filament circuit

What are the characteristics of a fluoroscopic examination table? 1. The table should be nontransparent to x-rays as much as possible. 2. The table may be flat or curved, but it must be uniform in thickness. 3. The table should be made of carbon fiber to absorb all x-ray radiation. 4. The table should have multiple openings beneath it to absorb radiation.

2. The table may be flat or curved, but it must be uniform in thickness.

How much voltage ripple is produced by three-phase, twelve-pulse power? 1.) 0.9% 2.) 4.0% 3.) 14.0% 4.) 100.0

2.) 4.0% Voltage ripple helps characterize voltage waveforms. Three-phase, twelve-pulse power produces 4% voltage ripple. High-frequency power produces 0.9% voltage ripple. Three-phase, six-pulse power produces 14 % voltage ripple. Half-wave and full-wave power produce 100% voltage ripple.

For what period of time should radiology records, report copies and printouts, films, scans, and other image records of adult patients be retained? 1.) 3 years 2.) 5 years 3.) 7 years 4.) 10 years

2.) 5 years

While manufacturing the x-ray tube, the manufacturer adds a material to the tungsten filament to enhance the efficiency of thermionic emission. What is the material added? 1. Copper 2. Thorium 3. Rhenium 4. Molybdenum

2.Thorium

What is the function of indirect capture digital radiography (DR)? 1. Changing image brightness 2. Permitting primary radiation to pass 3. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light 4. Converting incident x-ray energy into an electrical signal

3. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light

All radiographs must be permanently identified and should contain a minimum of how many identification markings? 1. Two 2. Three 3. Four 4. Five

3. Four can include the patient's name, facility, date of exam, and identification number.

Which component maintains a vacuum inside the x-ray tube? 1. Filament 2. Focusing cup 3. Glass enclosure 4. Electromagnetic induction motor

3. Glass enclosure

Which type of generator has a percentage ripple of less than 1? 1. Full wave 2. Half wave 3. High frequency 4. 3 phase, 6 pulse

3. High frequency A high frequency generator has the least percentage ripple, less than 1. A full wave generator has a percentage ripple of 100. A half wave generator has a percentage ripple of 100. A 3 phase, 6 pulse generator has a percentage ripple of 4.

How does digital radiography create a radiographic image? 1. It converts silver ions into atomic silver. 2. It maintains uniform brightness and contrast. 3. It converts x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal. 4. It captures the image on a photostimulable phosphor.

3. It converts x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal.

Which component measures the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system? 1. Guard timer 2. Autotransformer 3. Line compensator 4. Carbon fiber couches

3. Line compensator The line compensator measures the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system. It also adjusts the voltage to precisely 220 volts. The guard timer terminates exposure after a prescribed time. The autotransformer supplies voltage to the filament circuit and to the high-voltage circuit of the x-ray imaging system

What is the formula for the turns ratio of a transformer used in an x-ray imaging system? 1. Is/Ip 2. Vp/Vs 3. Ns/Np 4. Np/Ns

3. Ns/Np

What is flat fielding used for? 1. Recognition of collimated borders 2. Changes contrast and brightness on the monitor 3. Preprocessing function equalizing each pixel response 4. Compensation for a dead pixel by assigning an estimated value to the area

3. Preprocessing function equalizing each pixel response

Which material is used for the enclosure of the x-ray tube? 1. Rhenium 2. Aluminum 3. Pyrex glass 4. Cesium iodide

3. Pyrex glass

Although the radiographer associates the patient's identification and other data with each radiograph via the computer workstation, which image markers should still be physically placed on the image receptor (IR)? 1. Upright markers 2. Prone/supine markers 3. Right and left side markers 4. Anterior/posterior markers

3. Right and left side markers

Which accrediting agency sets the guidelines for medical record documentation? 1. The Joint Commission 2. The American Medical Association 3. The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program 4. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

3. The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program

Which is most accurate regarding proper workflow of a radiologic technologist regarding patient identification? 1. The radiologic technologist only adds patient information on the side marker of an image series. 2. The radiologic technologist should add the patient's name and insurance provider into the image receptor first. 3. The radiologist technologist should get into the habit of rechecking patient information on the side marker before adding it to the image receptor. 4. The radiologic technologist does not need to physically place patient information on the image receptor if the facility fully utilizes digital systems.

3. The radiologist technologist should get into the habit of rechecking patient information on the side marker before adding it to the image receptor.

For oblique projections that include the right and left sides of the body (spine, chest, and abdomen), which area is typically marked? 1. Left side only 2. Right side only 3. The side down/nearest the image receptor (IR) 4. The side up/furthest from the image receptor (IR)

3. The side down/nearest the image receptor (IR)

Which is true regarding the radiology facility's responsibility for retaining adult patients' imaging and radiology records? 1. They must be retained until handed off to another health-care provider. 2. They must be retained for at least 2 years after the last imaging procedure. 3. They must be retained for 5 years from the date that the patient is last seen by the facility. 4. They must be retained in physical storage for 3 years, and then moved to digital storage permanently.

3. They must be retained for 5 years from the date that the patient is last seen by the facility.

The radiologic technologist can change how many shades of gray are visible by using what postprocessing technique? 1. Flatfielding 2. Annotation 3. Window and level 4. Region of interest

3. Window and level

Which process helps to increase the gray scale visibility of a radiographic image? 1. Image flip 2. Annotation 3. Window and level adjustment 4. Region of interest (ROI) identification

3. Window and level adjustment

A radiographic room is supplied with a three phase, six pulse generator. What could be the percentage of voltage ripple in the power supply? 1.) 1% 2.) 4% 3.) 14% 4.) 100%

3.) 14%

Which component controls the size and shape of the x-ray exposure field? 1. Anode 2. Goniometer 3. X-ray tube housing 4. Collimator assembly

4. Collimator assembly

Which part of the radiographic system does a radiographer use to adjust the electrical energy that enters the x-ray tube? 1. Cassette 2. Collimator 3. Image receptor 4. Control console

4. Control console

To ensure adaptability among different imaging systems, the American College of Radiology (ACR), in cooperation with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), has produced what standard imaging and interface format? 1. RIS 2. EMR 3. PACS 4. DICOM

4. DICOM

Which of these is the activator for barium fluorochloride phosphor? 1. Lead 2. Silver 3. Thulium 4. Europium

4. Europium

The regulations set forth by which piece of legislation mandate both security of information and privacy of patient information? 1. Mammography Quality Standards Act 2. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 3. Emergency Treatment and Active Labor Act 4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

A radiologic technologist finds it difficult to identify a patient's disease after seeing the radiographic film, which shows the bones as white in color. Which process helps the radiologic technologist change the color of the bones to black in the radiographic image? 1. Image flip 2. Pixel shift 3. Annotation 4. Image inversion

4. Image inversion

Aperture ratio is a measure of what characteristic of liquid crystal displays (LCDs)? 1. Image contrast 2. Image resolution 3. Image uniformity 4. Image luminance

4. Image luminance

Which component of the radiographic system absorbs x-rays and converts them into light? 1. Grid 2. Image receptor 3. Direct capture detector 4. Indirect capture detector

4. Indirect capture detector

What is the ideal characteristic of a radiographic table? 1. It should reflect the x-ray beam. 2. It should absorb all the x-ray beams. 3. It should absorb low energy x-ray beams. 4. It should allow the x-ray beam to pass through.

4. It should allow the x-ray beam to pass through.

What are the functions of the anode? Select all that apply. 1. Reducing off-focus radiation 2. Protecting the x-ray tube from damage 3. Reducing the intensity of leakage radiation 4. Receiving electrons emitted by the cathode 5. Providing mechanical support for the target

4. Receiving electrons emitted by the cathode 5. Providing mechanical support for the target

What happens if the oil in an x-ray tube expands too much? 1. The anode gets cracked. 2.Vaporization of the filament. 3.The x-ray tube gets damaged. 4. The microswitch is activated until tube cools.

4. The microswitch is activated until tube cools.

Pivoting the x-ray tube assembly at the point at which it is attached to its transverse support is called what? 1. Coning 2. Collimation 3. Vertical travel 4. Tube angulation

4. Tube angulation

What component supports and permits the x-ray tube to be moved in different directions? 1. Collimator assembly 2. Upright image receptor 3. Bucky mechanism and cassette tray 4. Tube stand or overhead tube crane assembly

4. Tube stand or overhead tube crane assembly

When the correct right or left marker is used for anteroposterior (AP) limb projections, where should the marker be placed? 1. Anterior to the anatomy 2. Posterior to the anatomy 3. On the upper outer corner of the image 4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam

4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam