Immune System
How does a fever begin?
The brain first turns thermostat up , our body responds by reducing heat loss and generating more heat
What process in our skin help prevent heat from being lost through your skin AND it makes you feel cold?
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in your skin
What is "herd" immunity?
When most people are vaccinated they protect the unvaccinated among us.
What are the types of vaccines?
Whole agent vaccines consisting of inactivated or killed bacteria or viruses. Split virus vaccines consisting of inactivated virus particles disrupted by detergent treatment. Subunit or surface antigen vaccines consisting essentially of purified proteins that would be found on the surface of a bacterium or virus. Live attenuated (cold-adapted) virus vaccines consisting of weakened (non-pathogenic) whole virus.
What does a healthy cell that a cancerous cell does not have? In other words, how do natural killer cells know which cells to kill?
Your healthy cells express "self" proteins on their surface called "MHC" proteins.
A virus targeted on only a patch of cell can ___________
cause aching throughout entire body and tells body to slow down/rest
Leucocytes or white blood cells can go anywhere in the body except:
central nervous system, spinal cord, brain
function of The first line of defense is to ________
keeps pathogens OUT!
How do T-cells and B-cells learn to recognize different pathogens?
learns to recognize ANTIGENS that are SPECIFIC to different pathogens
What element in the immune system dispose cell debris?
macrophages
Both _________ cells and _________ cells are antigen presenting cells.
macrophages and dendritic
Which live longer, macrophages or neutrophils?
macrophages, they dominate infected sites later in an infection than neutrophil
Where do compliment proteins reside?
circulating throughout the bloodstream
What is a sign that T-cells in ones throat are winning and are obliterating the pathogens?
coughing
Your best line of defense against one of your own cells that is sick and infected with a virus is:
cytotoxic cells
Which cell causes T-cells to divide and destroy the virus?
dendritic cells
What are the innate immunity defenses?
externally, skin, mucous membranes, secretions; internally, phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, natural killer cells.
An antibody that can bind to and neutralize polio virus will also work to neutralize and bind to measles virus. True or false?
false
To produce antibodies against a microorganism, the human body must become sick. true or false?
false
White blood cells cannot leave the blood vessels once they are in the circulatory system. true or false?
false
B-cells usually DON'T require "help" from a T-helper cell to become fully activated. True or false?
false, B-cells DO need help from T-helper cells
Which cell type is required to stimulate both humoral AND cellular immunity?
helper T-cell
A very young baby who has not had any vaccinations is not very likely to get the measles when others around her are vaccinated. This type of protection against disease is called:
herd immunity
In the third line of defense, the humoral immune response produces _________ by ____________. The cellular immune response produces _____________ cells.
humoral : produces antibodies by plasma cells cellular : produces Cytotoxic killer cells
What are the acquired immunity defenses?
humoral response (antibodies), cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes)
The second line of defense is _______________. Its function is
innate immune system. its function is not specific, provides the body with a non-specific defense against all objects or organisms perceived as being foreign.
You are born with an _________________ immune system but develop the __________________ or __________________ immune system as you are exposed to pathogens and other non-self organisms.
innate; adaptive; acquired
How do interleukins cause fever?
interleukins bring our body temperature up, tricks body to be cold --> gets a fever --> influenza B
Which ones dominate the white blood cells?
neutrophils, they are the most plentiful
Which substances cause a fever?
pyrogens
What are four signs of inflammation?
redness (the result of increased blood flow due to the dilation of small blood vessels around the wound) swelling (due to fluid moving from the blood to the injured tissue) heat (the result of increased blood flow due to the dilation of small blood vessels around the wound) pain (usually caused by tissue damage)
What are the three categories that the innate immune system is composed of?
CELLS that destroy pathogens and other cells that are infected with pathogens PROTEINS that destroy BACTERIA and inhibit viruses from infecting new cells processes such as fever and inflammation that help us heal and impede active infections
Which protein warns neighboring cells that a virus is in the area? How's that protein produced?
INTERFERON is a protein that is produced by cells infected with virus.
Are natural killer cells "eaters" or one of the phagocytic cells?
No, they destroy cells that are infected with virus, or are cancerous. they are the most aggressive ones.
What are two white blood cells that the adaptive immunity system use?
T-cells and B-cells
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are activated by
T-helper cells
After a parasite gets past the first line of defense, it is met by ______________
the complement proteins, phagocytes, and natural killer cells of the innate immune system.
Which of the following leads to the 5 classic signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function)?
the movement of fluid from the capillaries into the tissue where the injury occured
A person who has had the chicken pox in the past, but has not been vaccinated agains the measles is exposed to the measles virus for the first time. What is likely to happen?
the person will become ill with the measles
Antigen presenting cells are important to the adaptive immune system because:
they "present" or display fragments of pathogens to T-cells which is key to activating the adaptive immune response
How are compliment proteins activated?
they are activated when you are infected by a microbe. When activated, the proteins promote the destruction of the microbes as well as stimulate inflammation
What do interleukins do to one's nerves?
they make nerves hypersensitive and every movement can cause pain
Your body's immune system is comprised of _______________ lines of defense.
three
Cell debris that isn't devoured by macrophages are carried out by ____________
tiny beating hair called cilia
When a person is running a fever, they usually complain of being:
too cold, as the body struggles to warm itself up to an elevated temperature
A child has antibodies against the measles virus. The next time he is exposed to the measles virus he will not become sick. true or false?
true
Are antibodies specific, meaning they have to create a new antigen for each virus?
yes, very specific. one antibody is not protect you from every other viruses
The sneeze in the elevator expelled droplets containing virus at:
40 mph
Natural killer cells make up _______% of total lymphocytes in our innate immune system.
5-15%
What are three ways that compliment proteins destroy microbes?
1) coating the microbes' surface in a process called opsonization, which makes it easier for proteins to bind with the microbes and eat them up 2) punching holes on the microbes to allow water rush through the bacterial cell, eventually these infectious cells will swell and be destroyed 3) through inflammation : with redness, swelling, and pain at the sites of wounds, our body targets that area to destroy any pathogens
Describe the five stages of acute inflammation.
1) the wound 2) vasoconstriction : blood vessels near the skin's surface close up 3) vasodilation : bring more blood to the hurt area as blood vessels widen, causing redness in the injured area 4) tissue swelling : also called edema, changes of blood flow and other liquids along with the migration of fluids recruit immune cells and natural tissues to help heal the wound 5) healing : released substances stimulate blood clotting to stop further bleeding and other molecules pry open tissues so that it can sew itself back together
What are the major steps of the adaptive immunity response?
1. Antigen Presentation and Activation of Helper T-Cells. 2. The Humoral Branch - Production of Antibodies 3. The Cellular Branch - Killer T-Cells
Your immune system takes almost ___________(how long) to respond to a pathogen the first time you are exposed.
2 weeks
What are three phagocytic cells?
Neutrophils, Macrophages and Dendritic cells, they destroy foreign debris and pathogens through a process called phagocytosis
What happens after a B-cell finds an antigen that matches its receptors?
B-cell waits until it is activated by a helper T-cell
The humoral response produces:
B-cells and antibodies
How are B-cells different from T-cells?
B-cells don't go out in the battlefield and fight against the pathogens. Instead they produce millions of minut proteins called antibodies.
Which of the following is NOT part of the first line of defense in the immune system?
B-cells secreting antibodies
What do interleukins stimulate and where are they released from?
Interleukins are produced by the macrophages, interleukins release chemical smoke signal that surge through her bloodstream to fight off virus and strengthen immune system
What are some chemical barriers examples and their functions?
Lysozyme, an enzyme produced in tears, perspiration, and saliva can break down cell walls and thus acts as an antibiotic (kills bacteria) Gastric juice in the stomach destroys bacteria and most toxins because the gastric juice is highly acidic (pH 2-3) Saliva dilutes the number of microorganisms and washes the teeth and mouth Acidity on skin inhibit bacterial growth Sebum (unsaturated fatty acids) provides a protective film on the skin and inhibits growth Hyaluronic acid is a gelatinous substance that slows the spread of noxious agents
How are natural killer cells different from killer t-cells?
NK cells recognize infected or cancerous cells because of their abnormal or lack of "self" proteins. Killer T-cells recognize specific non-self ANTIGENS on the infected or cancerous cell instead.
What are two cells that B-cell is divided into?
PLASMA cells which secrete antibodies into the blood MEMORY cells which continue to patrol your body long after you've defeated the infection
Describe the three lines of defense?
Physical and Chemical Barriers (Innate Immunity) - The FIRST line of defense keeps pathogens OUT of your body! Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity) - The SECOND line of defense is ready for rapid attack if the pathogen somehow gets inside. Specific Resistance (Acquired Immunity) - The THIRD line of defense takes longer to develop but is highly specific and effective at destroying the invader.
What are some physical barrier examples and functions of them?
The mucous membranes produce mucus that trap microbes. Hair within the nose filters air containing microbes, dust, pollutants Cilia lines the upper respiratory tract traps and propels inhaled debris to throat Urine flushes microbes out of the urethra Defecation (pooping) and vomiting -expel microorganisms.
What can antibodies do?
They can bind to a bacterium or virus, targeting it for specific destruction by a phagocyte, neutralize virus particles so they are no longer infectious and prevent more of your cells from becoming infected, and produce anti-toxins.
How are B-cells activated?
activated IF they meet up with an antigen that has the right "fit".
Which immune system do killer/cytotoxic T cells belong in?
adaptive immune system
Are B cells an adaptive immunity?
adaptive, slow response
Cytotoxic cells destroy cells that are ____________________
already infected with pathogens.
How does the adaptive immune system learn about each new pathogen?
by making CELLS and ANTIBODIES that recognize the antigens that belong to that pathogen.
What do antibodies do?
antibodies target newborn viruses and prevent further cell infections
Are natural killer T cells an innate immunity, adaptive immunity or both?
both!
which barriers form the first line of defense?
physical and chemical barriers