Immune System modules

In order for an organ or tissue transplant to be successful, __________.

-the HLA molecules of the donor and recipient should match as closely as possible -the recipient's immune cells must not attack the donated tissue -the recipient's immune responses must be suppressed

Disorders of the immune system that are caused by a decrease in immune function include __________.

AIDS

__________ is (are) produced by the liver and have a wide range of antibacterial and inflammatory effects. The concentration of these proteins is elevated shortly after infection develops.

Acute phase proteins

__________ are proteins or polysaccharide molecules found in viruses, bacteria, and so on, that can provoke an immune response.

Antigens

Which of the following are lymphocytes?

B cells, T cells and NK (natural killer) cells

Which of the following pathogens are small prokaryotic cells that produce exotoxins and can be killed or inhibited by antibiotics?

Bacteria

__________ stimulate(s) pain receptors during an inflammatory response.

Bradykinin

Which of the following molecules inserts itself into foreign cell membranes, creating nonspecific pores similar to perforin?

Complement proteins, which form a membrane attack complex

Which of the following statements about MHC molecules is true?

During their development in the thymus, only T cells bearing receptors that would bind MHC molecules-foreign antigen complexes are permitted to survive.

__________ are associated with parasites and contribute to allergic reactions.

Eosinophils

__________ destroy antibody-laden parasites.

Eosinophils

Which of the following molecules is released by mast cells and basophils and functions as an anticoagulant that permits leukocytes to enter the damaged tissue unimpeded?

Heparin

Molecules released during inflammation include __________.

Heparin, histamine, and cytokines

Which of the following antibody classes is the most common produced during the primary immune response? This class is also associated with antibodies that react to blood group antigens.

IgM

Which of the following is a secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissue of the body?

Lymph nodes

Which of the following cells is not an antigen presenting cell?

Mast cells

Which of the following statements about exercise and the immune system is true?

Moderate exercise results in a more effective immune system than a sedentary lifestyle.

__________ is an autoimmune disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack and damage the __________ of neurons.

Multiple sclerosis; myelin sheath

Helper T cells directly or indirectly activate __________.

NK cells, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following statements about the internal immune response is FALSE?

Participating immune cells act alone and are usually sufficient to combat an infection.

Which of the following are utilized by both humoral and nonspecific immunity to attack antigens?

Phagocytosis and the complement system

Antibody production requires the participation of which of the following cell types?

Plasma B cells, memory B cells, and helper T cells

Which of the following is (are) constituted of lymphoid tissues?

Spleen and bone marrow

Sites where foreign particles and microorganisms can be trapped, and where they can be destroyed by lymphocytes and macrophages, include __________.

Spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and appendix

Which of the following produce(s) passive immunity?

The injection of antibodies, the passage of IgG antibodies across the placenta, and treatment of rabies with the injection of antibodies against the rabies virus

Which of the following is not an example of active immunity?

Transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus or gamma globulin is injected What are examples: The body makes its own antibodies when a pathogen invades the tissues The body makes its own antibodies when dead or disabled pathogens are injected Antibodies are produced in response to exposure to pollen or food allergens

Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

Viruses can't be killed by antibiotics.

Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics, require a living host,

Put the events underlying inflammation in the correct order: a) Recruited leukocytes phagocytize the invaders. b) Local macrophages engulf foreign matter. c) Nearby capillaries dilate and become more permeable. d) Foreign matter is contained. e) Additional leukocytes migrate into the region.

b, c, d, e, a

Antibodies dispose of antigens by __________.

binding to them (neutralization, clumping together (agglutination), enhancing phagocytosis by opsonization, and activation of complement

Put the steps of phagocytosis in the appropriate order: a) exocytosis of bacterial debris b) degradation c) attachment d) internalization

c,d,b,a

Molecules that attract immune cells are called __________.

chemotaxins

The only cell type involved in cell-mediated immunity that physically interacts with invading pathogens is the __________.

cytotoxic T cells

All of the following molecules can act as opsonins EXCEPT _______.

granzymes

All of the following molecules can act as opsonins except __________.

granzymes (fragmentins) Ones that do act: acute phase proteins, complement, and antibodies

Interleukin-2 is released by __________, which in turn activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

helper T cells

Active Immunity

induces the production of memory cells, involves the injection of a crippled pathogen or its components, and can be induced artificially or naturally

The body's nonspecific defenses include __________.

inflammation, physical barriers, and interferon

A person with type AB blood

is a universal recipient and has antigens for type A and type B blood

Cytotoxic T cells __________.

kill target cells directly by inducing them to lyse, attack cells only after receiving a signal from a helper T cell and induce apoptosis in target cells

Autoimmune diseases include __________.

lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid tissue of the body?

lymph nodes, thymus/boen marrow is primary

Which of the following is a subtype of leukocyte?

lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils

A sign of bacterial infection is an increased number of _________ in the bloodstream.

neutrophils

Natural killer cells attack invaders by releasing __________, which create pores in the invading cell's membrane, leading to cell lysis.

perforins

Which of the following molecules act(s) on the hypothalamus to elevate body temperatures?

pyrogens

Molecules called interleukins enhance the body's response to infection directly by __________.

raising body temperature, inducing B and T cell proliferation and increasing neutrophil release from bone marrow

Granulocytes are _______.

white blood cells whose cytoplasm contain prominent granules

The phenomenon of clonal selection can be illustrated by which of the following concepts?

-A flu virus that invades the body provokes an immune response only against that particular viral flu strain. -When an antigen binds to a receptor on a lymphocyte, that lymphocyte in turn divides into an army of effector cells and memory cells, all identical to the first lymphocyte. -A flu virus that invades the body provokes an immune response only against that particular viral flu strain and when an antigen binds to a receptor on a lymphocyte, that lymphocyte in turn divides into an army of effector cells and memory cells, all identical to the first lymphocyte. -Each antigen, by binding to a specific receptor, in effect "selects" a tiny fraction of cells from the vast array of lymphocytes available to produce a response to that antigen.

The actions of complement include __________.

lysis of bacteria, opsonization and binding to antibodies

During an allergic reaction __________.

mast cells are degranulated and histamine is released

The phenomenon of acquired immunity is due to the presence of ___________ cells.

memory

Which of the following are phagocytes?

monocytes and eosinophils

Immune responses are characterized by __________.

specificity, memory, diversity

Which of the following is an example of passive acquired immunity?

the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus or the injection of gamma globulin

Major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules __________.

underlie the phenomenon of transplant and graft rejection, are each an individuals' marker of "self" and assist T lymphocytes in their functions

The most prevalent infectious disease(s) in the United States is/are __________.

viral and bacterial infections

Granulocytes are __________.

white blood cells whose cytoplasm contains prominent granules

A person with type B blood __________.

will possess antibodies to type A blood, although he or she has never been exposed to type A lood, can receive type O blood in a transfusion and can donate blood to someone with type AB blood