Immunity- Immune Defense Mechanisms

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active immunization

Ag preparations given to person requires person to form an immune system takes time to develop long lasting used as a preventative

t-helper cells

CD-4

attachment of phagocytic cells

PAMPS on microbe bind to various receptors on phagocyte surface

inflammation

a complex response involving cells and chemicals released by cells

inflammation

a response of tissue to injury

antibody (Ab)

a serum protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

antigen (Ag)

a substance which can stimulate the immune system of an animal which reacts specifically with lymphocytes or their products

natural immunity

acquired through the normal life experiences not included through medical means

cytotoxic t cells

activation of t cells requires help from other cells (antigen presenting cells)

passive immunization

administration of antibody molecules does not require person to form an immune system works immediately but short lasting used primarily as a treatment

B-lymphocytes

antibody (IgD)

opsonization activation aggultination neutralization of viruses precipitation of cell free molecules

antibody on surfaces of immune system effector causes:

IgM

antibody produced during primary response

IgG

antibody produced later in infection

immune system effectors

attaches to surface of pathogen due to anitbodies specificity for antigen pathogen surface becomes coated with antibody

chemotaxis

attraction of phagocytic cells to area

antibody mediated response

b lymphocytes

t-helper cells

bind to antigen and class 2 MHC on APC's

toxoid vaccines

chemically denatured pathogen toxin non-toxic and stimulates immune response

interferons

chemicals produced and secreted by white blood cells and certain tissue cells in response to a viral infection

subunit vaccinations

contain only antigenic portion of microbe; only one used

effector of cell mediated response

cytotoxic T cells (CD-8 cells or CTLs)

activated lymphocytes

divide-mitosis produced antibody specific to the antigen (Ab producing cell= plasma cell)

antigen presenting cells

engulf entire pathogen-> digests pathogen-> processes antigen-> presents antigen on its surface

immune response curve

explains how the immune system reacts to Ag over time helpful for understanding how active immunization functions

advantages of subunit vaccinations

few adverse reactions good to excellent immune response

dendritic cells

found in skin and several other organs; connective tissues

TH2

helps B-lymphocytes

TH1

helps cytotoxic (CD-8) cells

MHC

helps get antigen stuck on surface of host cell

disrupt cell membrane disrupt metabolism initiate apoptosis

how lymphotoxins act on infected cell/pathogen

vasodilation and increase vascular permeability chemotaxis pain

important actions of inflammatory mediators

neutrophils

in the blood stream but move out into the tissues; shortest living

macrophages

in various organs and lymphoid tissue throughout the body; longest living

five cardinal signs of inflammation

injury rubor, calor tumor dolor pain

stimulate phagocytic cells, T and B cells slow viral replication in infected host cells inhibit cancer cells

interferons act to...

antigens

large complex organic molecules usually proteins or molecules containing proteins foreign substances molecules found on surface of pathogen

IgG

long term immunity, memory antibodies

T-independent

lymphocytes recognize Ag by itself

recognize

lymphocytes_____________ pathogens by binding to antigens

phagolysozome

lysozome travels to phagozome and dumps chemicals in it

complement system

made up of about 25 proteins that work together to assist the action of antibodies in destroying bacteria

acquired (adaptive or specific) immunity

mainly developed/acquired after birth works against many types of microbes specific mechanisms are not active immediately

key cell of inflammation

mast cell

primary response

memory cells are produced no antibody production

secondary response

memory response

chemical barriers

mucus lysozyme stomach acid

skin

multiple layers of cells outer layer; dead cells with protein and lipid layer

phagocytic

neutrophils macrophages dendritic cells

disadvantages of subunit vaccinations

newer vaccines are expensive

how cytotoxic cells work

once bound to infected cell or large pathogen, lymphocyte produces chemicals called lymphotoxins

direct killing of microbes stimulate inflammation opsonization

once the complement system is activated it will..?

live/ attenuated immunizations

pathogen made avirulent by modifying growth conditions in the lab antigen intact and pathogen capable of replicating

killed/inactivated immunnization

pathogen subjected to chemical or radiation treatment antigens intact but pathogen destroyed

latent period

period of immune response curve that lasts 10-15 days

examples of subunit vaccinations

pneumoccocus, HIV, Hepatitis B

examples of live/ attenuated immunizations

polio, measles, mumps, rubella

disadvantages of live/ attenuated immunizations

possible mild symptoms might revert back to virulent form transmissible

passive immunizations

post exposure preventative treatment for disease

innate (inborn or non-specific) immunity

present at birth effective against many types of microbes no specificity works immediately or very quickly

examples of killed/inactivated immunizations

pretussis, typhoid, cholera

antibody mediated response

primary defense against extracellular pathogens effector= antibody molecule

cell mediated response

primary defense against intracellular pathogens

advantages of live/ attenuated immunizations

produce strong immune responses less adverse reactions

IgM

produced at first response to antigen; can serve as a B-cell receptor

lymphokines

produced from t-helper cells which stimulate other lymphocytes

artificial immunity

produced purposefully through medical procedures

immune avoidance mechanisms

rapid reproduction

once cytotoxic t cells are activated

recognize t cells with intracellular pathogens. infected host cell has Ag on surface associated with class I MHC molecule

mast cell

release inflammatory mediators

function of phagocytic cells

removal of foreign particles also interacts with the acquired immune system

T-dependent

require help of t-lymphocytes

disadvantages of killed/inactivated immunizations

requires larger dose or more frequent application adverse reactions- soreness, swelling- to other materials in vaccine

advantages of killed/inactivated immunizations

safe- can't produce symptoms of disease

why don't you get the disease again?

secondary response

which response is the best?

secondary response, no latent period

IgA

secretory antibody; on mucous membranes

antibody classes

size and shape varies produced and found in certain locations in the body all have the same basic function- to bind to specific antigen

physical barrier

skin

antibody mediated response

specific B lymphocytes-> recognize specific antigens-> produce specific antibody

cell mediated response

specific t-lymphocytes-> recognize specific antigens -> lymphocytes become activated

antigens

stimulater of the immune system

T-lymphocytes

t cell receptor (Ag)

cell mediate response

t lymphocytes

examples of toxoid vaccines

tetanus, diphtheria

active immunity

the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe

passive immunity

the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person

lymphocytes

the primary cells of the adaptive immune system present in the blood stream and lymphoid tissue which react to the presence of specific antigens

opsonization

to make bacteria more susceptible to the action of phagocytes

function of inflammation

to promote healing of damaged tissue

phagozome

vesicle that contains microorganisms that contains degradative enzymes

memory cell

what cell is introduced during immune response curve?

primary response

what happens after first exposure to antigen

secondary response

what happens when exposed to antigen later in life

macrophages neutrophils dendritic cells

where are phagocytes found?


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