IMPERIALISM (U.S. Expands and Builds an Overseas Empire)

Annex

Take over

How did Matthew Perry and the Treaty of Kanagawa changes U.S./Japanese Relations? https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.history.state.gov/images/hobanner.gif

"According to the terms of the treaty, Japan would protect stranded seamen and open two ports for refueling and provisioning American ships: Shimoda and Hakodate. Japan also gave the United States the right to appoint consuls to live in these port cities, a privilege not previously granted to foreign nations. This treaty was not a commercial treaty, and it did not guarantee the right to trade with Japan. Still, in addition to providing for distressed American ships in Japanese waters, it contained a most-favored-nation clause, so that all future concessions Japan granted to other foreign powers would also be granted to the United States. As a result, Perry's treaty provided an opening that would allow future American contact and trade with Japan.Although Japan opened its ports to modern trade only reluctantly, once it did, it took advantage of the new access to modern technological developments. Japan's opening to the West enabled it to modernize its military, and to rise quickly to the position of the most formidable Asian power in the Pacific. At the same time, the process by which the United States and the Western powers forced Japan into modern commercial intercourse, along with other internal factors, weakened the position of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the point that the shogun fell from power. The Emperor gained formal control of the country in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, with long-term effects for the rule and modernization of Japan."

"Treaty of Kanagawa signed with Japan" Article Details: TREATY OF KANAGAWA SIGNED WITH JAPAN Author History.com Staff Website Name History.com Year Published 2010 Title Treaty of Kanagawa signed with Japan URL http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/treaty-of-kanagawa-signed-with-japan Access Date January 07, 2016 Publisher A+E Networks

"In Tokyo, Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, representing the U.S. government, signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade and permitting the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan. In July 1853, Commodore Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay with a squadron of four U.S. vessels. For a time, Japanese officials refused to speak with Perry, but eventually they accepted letters from U.S. President Millard Fillmore, making the United States the first Western nation to establish relations with Japan since it was declared closed to foreigners in 1683. After giving Japan time to consider the establishment of external relations, Perry returned to Tokyo in March 1854, and on March 31 signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened Japan to trade with the United States, and thus the West. In April 1860, the first Japanese diplomats to visit a foreign power reached Washington, D.C., and remained in the U.S. capital for several weeks discussing expansion of trade with the United States.("Treaty of Kanagawa signed with Japan").

Imperialism/ Expansionism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically, a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection; it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor

Yellow journalism

journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers; popularized in the late nineteenth century by Jospeh Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. A journalism style that represented a sensational reporting system involving gossip and scandal.

Why did some Americans oppose our policy of imperialism?

many people felt they didn't have enough money to fight a world wide war on communism,many believed the U.S shouldn't interfere with other countries affairs , many believed they could support dictators. They thought that Britain should have to pay, considering we are under there government. The American Revolution was a way to break away from Britain and declare them as independent

What were the motives/arguments for U.S. imperialism in the late 1800's?

beardian | High School Teacher | (Level 3) Assistant Educator Posted on December 17, 2014 at 9:45 PM American imperialism was motivated by four main factors: economic, political, geographic, and cultural. The economic factors were desires to find new markets for trade. By extending colonial power throughout the world, the US would have new trading partners and markets. In addition, the US would be closer to new markets; when the US became a colonial power in the Philippines, it opened up trade with East Asia. Politically, imperialism was able spreading nationalism/patriotism. It would be a point of pride to maintain colonies globally. It also makes sense from a military standpoint to have colonies in different regions of the world in case a military operation needs to be launched; this is the case with Guam, which was an American base during WWII that allowed US military operations to be carried out in the Pacific theater against Japan. Geographically, American has interest in competing for land alongside its European counterparts. In the late 19th century, Africa was carved into pieces by the Europeans at the Berlin Conference. Europeans gained land and resources in Africa, and the US wanted to join in on land gains across the world. This ties in with the economic factors; with more land, you are virtually guaranteed to expand your capacity for trade and gain new natural resources. Culturally, the US wanted to extend its influence and way of life throughout the world. This reason also includes a desire for humanitarianism; wanting to help out countries and peoples the US perceived to be politically, economically, or culturally impoverished. This concept was outlines in Rudyard Kipling's poem "White Man's Burden", where Kipling is making the argument that other countries are not civilized (read: living western lifestyles) and it is therefore our duty/burden to help them. Please understand that this is thinly-veiled racism to assume that other cultures that are not western are in anyway uncivilized.

Alaska- MILESTONES: 1866-1898 Purchase of Alaska, 1867

"Russia sold it to U.S. for $7.2 Million. Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States in 1859, believing the United States would off-set the designs of Russia's greatest rival in the Pacific, Great Britain. The looming U.S. Civil War delayed the sale, but after the war, Secretary of State William Seward quickly took up a renewed Russian offer and on March 30, 1867, agreed to a proposal from Russian Minister in Washington, Edouard de Stoeckl, to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. For three decades after its purchase the United States paid little attention to Alaska, which was governed under military, naval, or Treasury rule or, at times, no visible rule at all. Seeking a way to impose U.S. mining laws, the United States constituted a civil government in 1884. Skeptics had dubbed the purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly," but the former Secretary of State was vindicated when a major gold deposit was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, and Alaska became the gateway to the Klondike gold fields. The strategic importance of Alaska was finally recognized in World War II. Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959."

What were the causes of the Spanish- American War?

-Demands by Cuban patriots for independence from Spanish rule made U.S. intervention in Cuba a paramount issue in the relations between the United States and Spain from the 1870s to 1898. Sympathy for the Cuban insurgents ran high in America, especially after the savage Ten Years War (1868-78) and the unsuccessful revolt of 1895. -Weyler (A Spanish military commander who made concentration camps in Cuba causing many people to die of many things such as exposure, starvation and disease actions brought the rebels many new American sympathizers. These pro rebel feelings were inflamed by the U.S. "yellow press," especially W. R. Hearst's New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, which distorted and slanted the news from Cuba. - Spain announced an armistice on April 9 and speeded up its new program to grant Cuba limited powers of self-government, but the U.S. Congress soon afterward issued resolutions that declared Cuba's right to independence, demanded the withdrawal of Spain's armed forces from the island, and authorized the President's use of force to secure that withdrawal while renouncing any U.S. design for annexing Cuba. -

Treaty of Kanagawa and perry visit from textbook

-Japan accepted the demands to help shipwrecked sailors. -opened two ports to American trade -Perry's visit launched trade between Japan and the West -Perry visit made Japan know of the power of the Western Industrial Nations -made Japan become more of an industrial nation -made U.S of of the model to become an industrial nation

What were the causes of the Spanish- American War?

1. Business people were worried about US Economics in Cuba. 2. Newspapers printed information that accussed Spainsh of doing terrible things. 3. Rebels want indepenedence that Sapin refused to give. 4. Spain agreed to abolish concentration camps and make other agreements.

Name one U.S. territory. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million, equivalent to $569 million in present-day terms), were ceded by Spain after the Spanish-American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris.

1. Treaty of Paris ends war. -Cuba Becomes independent -US receives Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain. 2. Tenth Amendment protected US from taking possession of Cuba. 3. Imperialist supporters said US had responsibility to govern Phillippines 4. Presidents re election indicated Americas continued faith in Imperialist ideas.

How does the United States end up declaring war?

1. Yellow Journalism 2. deLome Letter 3. Blowing up the USS Maine

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops. Rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead. an anti-foreign, proto-nationalist movement by the Righteous Harmony Society in China between 1899 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." battleships sent by Roosevelt in 1907 on a "good will cruise" around the world 1907-1909 - Theodore Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Hawaii- For bibliography reference, please include the following information: AUTHOR ushistory.org TITLE OF PAGE Hawaiian Annexation TITLE OF PROGRAM U.S. History Online Textbook URL OF PAGE http://www.ushistory.org/us/44b.asp DATE OF ACCESS Thursday, January 07, 2016 COPYRIGHT 2016

44b. Hawaiian Annexation Ali'iolani Hale Judiciary History Center Ali'iolani Hale, completed in 1874, was the home of the Hawaiian Legislature in the days before annexation. By the time the United States got serious about looking beyond its own borders to conquer new lands, much of the world had already been claimed. Only a few distant territories in Africa and Asia and remote islands in the Pacific remained free from imperial grasp. Hawaii was one such plum. Led by a hereditary monarch, the inhabitants of the kingdom prevailed as an independent state. American expansionists looked with greed on the strategically located islands and waited patiently to plan their move. Foothold in Hawaii Interest in HAWAII began in America as early as the 1820s, when New England missionaries tried in earnest to spread their faith. Since the 1840s, keeping European powers out of Hawaii became a principal foreign policy goal. Americans acquired a true foothold in Hawaii as a result of the SUGAR TRADE. The United States government provided generous terms to Hawaiian sugar growers, and after the Civil War, profits began to swell. A turning point in U.S.-Hawaiian relations occurred in 1890, when Congress approved the MCKINLEY TARIFF, which raised import rates on foreign sugar. Hawaiian sugar planters were now being undersold in the American market, and as a result, a depression swept the islands. The sugar growers, mostly white Americans, knew that if Hawaii were to be ANNEXED by the United States, the tariff problem would naturally disappear. At the same time, the Hawaiian throne was passed to QUEEN LILIUOKALANI, who determined that the root of Hawaii's problems was foreign interference. A great showdown was about to unfold. Annexing Hawaii In January 1893, the planters staged an uprising to overthrow the Queen. At the same time, they appealed to the United States armed forces for protection. Without Presidential approval, marines stormed the islands, and the American minister to the islands raised the stars and stripes in HONOLULU. The Queen was forced to abdicate, and the matter was left for Washington politicians to settle. By this time, Grover Cleveland had been inaugurated President. Cleveland was an outspoken anti-imperialist and thought Americans had acted shamefully in Hawaii. He withdrew the annexation treaty from the Senate and ordered an investigation into potential wrongdoings. Cleveland aimed to restore Liliuokalani to her throne, but American public sentiment strongly favored annexation. The matter was prolonged until after Cleveland left office. When war broke out with Spain in 1898, the military significance of Hawaiian naval bases as a way station to the SPANISH PHILIPPINES outweighed all other considerations. President William McKinley signed a joint resolution annexing the islands, much like the manner in which Texas joined the Union in 1845. Hawaii remained a territory until granted statehood as the fiftieth state in 1959.

Why did the U.S. want to build a canal through Panama?

A canal would shorten the time and distance that ships would travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, eliminating the long sea voyage around South America.

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities. A territorial area where a weaker country can only trade with one stronger country; In China, Great Britain and other European countries maintained spheres of influence leading to Boxer Rebellion. A geographical area where one country, state, empire, etc. is very dominant and controlling. Controlling group often brings their own customs, political ideas, and so on.

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. Old as Washington, a belief that America should not seek to become engaged in foreign affairs.

Foreign Policy

A policy that involves choice taking, like domestic policy, but additionally involves choices about relations with the rest of the world. The president is the chief initiator of foreign policy in the United States. "guidelines for how a country handles political and economic interactions with other countries"

Nationalism

A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

Philippines

After decades of nationalist resistance against the Spanish (and violent repression of activists) this Pacific Island nation proudly declared independence in 1898. But the Spanish had handed control over to the USA, who had no plans to recognize their independence.Filipinos were angry about US takinh over.

Cuba

Became an independent country after Spanish/American war.

Alaska textbook

Cost 7.2 million Steward thought it was important step

spheres of influence in China

Creation of spheres of influence by foreign powers for trade/resources areas of control over trade in China can be a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority. Areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges. European states began to set up spheres of influence in China, and Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Japan all established them.

what problems did U.S. face in building the Panama Canal?

Disease The region was damp, tropical jungle, hot and swarming with mosquitoes that carried yellow fever and malaria. An army doctor, Colonel William Gorgas, went to Panama to fight and eventually eliminate yellow fever and reduce cases of malaria. Punishing tropical sun. By noontime, temperatures would reach 100 degrees and sometimes 130 degrees. Air was hot and humid. The work site was a slippery, treacherous sea of mud. Constant harsh racket from trains, drills and steam shovels were earsplitting. The air was blackened by the coal smoke that powered from the locomotives and steam shovels. Accidents were a constant worry. Dynamite exploded unexpectedly when struck by lightning or steam shovel scoop. Many workers died or lost arms and legs in accidents.

Puerto Rico

During the Spanish-American War, U.S. forces launch their invasion of Puerto Rico, the 108-mile-long, 40-mile-wide island that was one of Spain's two principal possessions in the Caribbean. With little resistance and only seven deaths, U.S. troops under General Nelson A. Miles were able to secure the island by mid-August. After the signing of an armistice with Spain, American troops raised the U.S. flag over the island, formalizing U.S. authority over its one million inhabitants. In December, the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the Spanish-American War and officially approving the cession of Puerto Rico to the United States.

Dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy of President William Howard Taft, which favored increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad; in some parts of the world, such as in Latin America, the increased American influence was resented.

"Big Stick" Policy / Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. famous quote by Teddy Roosevelt ("Speak softly and carry a big stick;..."); he wanted the world to know that if diplomacy failed, the U.S. would not hesitate to use military force to protect its interests. (TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

How did relations between the U.S. and the following change after the Spanish-American War?

The Spanish-American War lasted only a few months and was over when Spain signed a peace treaty giving the United States control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam. Cuba, however, became an independent country rather than a U.S. territory.

Open Door Policy

The idea that all countries should have the right to open trade with China-this was directed toward other imperialist countries. U.S. wanted to prevent countries from setting up separate spheres of influence within China, thereby blocking potential U.S. trade opportunities. a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers.

China

United States goal tried to get their because they had the most resources, connection, land, military(defense) and most of all technology, most modern

Secretary of State William Steward

Wanted the U.S to dominate trade in Pacific. Persuaded congress in 1867 to annex Midway Island, which is located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Also made the BOLD decision to buy the "vast territory of Alaska" from Russia

The De Lôme letter

a note written by Señor Don Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, to Don José Canelejas, the Foreign Minister of Spain, reveals de Lôme's opinion about the Spanish involvement in Cuba and US President McKinley's diplomacy.