Imperialism

William G. Sumner

Yale professor that promoted the theory of laissez faire and that success and failure in business were governed by natural law and that no one had the right to intervene

Las Guasimas

drove Spanish back after US reinforcements. Also, instance were Spanish use of smokeless gun powder helped to conceal them.

Imperialist

A person who supports the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

China

Boxer Rebellion here; subject to spheres of influence; this country was desired for its foreign markets,

Columbia

This country lost Panama because the US supported Panama in the Panama Rebellion

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Russia

Japanese defeated this country in a war; sold Alaska to the US

President Wilson's Moral Diplomacy

The system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation; "Peace without victory"

American Sugar Plantations

Wanted Hawaii to become a U.S. territory to avoid sugar tariffs

Manifest Destiny

Belief that America was destined to expand to the Pacific, and possibly into Canada and Mexico

Capt. Alfred T. Mahan

Wrote book: Influence of Sea Power Upon History; supported imperialism; wanted to build a strong navy

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Monroe Doctrine

1823-1898; Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Spanish-American War

1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuban's fight for independence; the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism

General Weyler

A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans.

Puerto Rico

A commonwealth , a freely associated part of the U.S. Help was given here like in Cuba.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

The Boxer Rebellion

Also called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, this group sought to restore the glory of China. They were an important nationalist movement and were composed of a hatred of the West, and all foreigners, martial arts training, and the belief that they were not vulnerable to western weaponry. The rebellion began in 1899 they started attacking Christian missionaries. They had taken control of a few cities before the British came and suppressed the uprising in Beijing.

Japan

American Matthew Perry opened up trade here during 1860s; had war against Russia which US supported the defeat of Russia to save balance of power East Asia

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian; early 20th century; best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness.

Theodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of the Navy when the Span-Am War started; quit to form Rough Riders; became Pres. after; received the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation peace between Japan and Russia

Annexation

Bringing an area under the control of a larger country

Santo Domingo

Capital of Dominican Republic

General Wheeler

Confederate General that had the task of uniting the South for the Span-Am war; commanded the US calvary

Admiral Dewey

Crushed Spanish at Battle of Manila Bay in Philipines

Yellow Fever

Deadly tropical disease conquered during the Spanish-American War by Dr. Walter Reed and other American medical researchers

Mexico

Early target of US Imperialism that was justified by manifest destiny; Pancho Villa made raids on US, so Wilson invaded

William Howard Taft's Foreign Policy

Expected by conservatives to abandon Roosevelt's aggressive use of presidential powers.

Jingoism

Extreme and emotional nationalism, or chauvinism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war. Iran and Israel's extreme jingoism creates fear for its inhabitants.

Battle of Santiago

Fought between Spain and the United States on July 3 1898; was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish-American War; resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Navy's Caribbean Squadron.

Age of Imperialism

In the late 1800s early 1900s the US and many powerful European and Western nations created large empires by exercising economic, cultural, military, and political power over weaker nations.

Philippines

Islands near coast of southern China; controlled by Spain; location of the first main action of the Span-Am War (Spanish crushed by US)

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Anti-Imperialists

Opposed to US Imperialism: 1). Morality-believed that taking over Filipino's would violate American principle "the right of all people to independence and self-government" 2). Economics-feared competition from Filipino producers 3). Legality and Race-feared contaminating effects of contact with "inferior" Asian races.

Stanford Dole

Owner of fruit company in Hawaii; organized a revolt against the queen and headed the provisional government before Hawaii was annexed

White Man's Burden

Poem by Rudyard Kipling 1899; Idea that the culture of the native populations where European imperialism was occurring were inferior to western nations. Some interpreted Kipling's poem to mean that it was the duty of imperializing nations to bring western culture and sensibility to the savage native populations that were encountered in far off lands.

President McKinley

President during the Spanish-American War. Issued the Open Door policy in China that would lead to the Boxer Rebellion

William R. Hearst

Published the NY Journal; big promoter of Yellow Journalism; wanted US in the Span-Am war to sell more newspapers

Queen Liliuokalani

Queen of Hawaii; tried to write a new constitution for Hawaii but overthrown by the foreign planters and missionaries

Henry Cabot Lodge

Senator of Massachusetts; friend of TR; Frontier Thesis

San Juan Hill

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war; Theodore Roosevelt successfully lead the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

Josiah Strong

Social Darwinist and Protestant minister who wanted to promote American culture and religion around the world

Alaska

Sold to the US, forcing the British our of North America; held many resources

Venezuela

South American country; had land dispute with Great Britain; based on Monroe Doctrine, US supported against GB

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish General; was sent to stop Cuban rebellion; "The Butcher"; cruel, sadistic treatment of Cubans

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Kettle Hill

The most important battle of the Spanish American war, also called San Juan hill. This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the War

Midway

This island was annexed by the US in 1867 for refueling stops in the Pacific Ocean

USS Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

Walter Hines Page

U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom during World War I. He was one of the key figures involved in bringing the United States into World War I on the Allied side. He was pro-British.

Major Walter Reed

US Army physician that confirmed that yellow fever was passed by mosquitoes, and found a cure

Costa Rica

US companies had a lot of political influence due to the banana industry