India

Rajiv Gandhi

Indira's son (nehru's grandson) and was prime minister of india 1985-1989. - His party lost power in 1989 because of accusations of corruption - 1991 - While campaigning for prime minister again near the town of Madras, he was killed by a bomb. The group who claimed responsibility opposed his policies

How did Southern India follow a different culture pattern during the Gupta Empire?

Instead of being patriarchal, some Tamil groups were matriarchal. Property, and sometimes the throne, was passed through the female line

What was trade in cash crops tied to?

International events. For example, the Crimean War in the 1850s cut off the supply of Russian jute to Scottish jute mills. This boosted the export of raw jute from Bengal, a province in India

What did cultural blending during Akbar's rule affect?

It affect art, education, politics, and language - Persian was the language of Akbar's court and of high culture - Common people spoke Hindi - Mughal armies spoke Urdu, a blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi

How did Indian astronomers prove that the earth was round?

Observing a lunar eclipse. During the eclipse, the earth's shadow fell across the face of the moon. The astronomers noted that the earth's shadow was curved, indicating that the earth itself was round

Government of India Act

Passed in 1935 by the British parliament, this provided local self-government in India and limited democratic elections, but not total independence

Where are animals seen in Harappan Culture?

Pottery, small statues, children's toys, and seals used to mark trade items

How did the construction of a railroad network in India make India more valuable to the British?

Railroads transported raw products from the interior to the ports and manufactured goods back again. - Most of the raw materials were agricultural products produced on plantations

What did Gandhi call Indians to do?

Refuse to: - Buy British goods - Attend government schools - Pay British taxes - Vote in elections Urged Indians to: - Weave own cloth instead of buying British cloth, a source of wealth for the British (boycott)

Where is Harappan language found?

Stamps and seals made of carved stone used for trading pottery and tools.

Where was opium shipped to? What was exchanged for opium?

The British shipped opium to China and exchanged it for tea, which they then sold in England

Why was Indira Gandhi assassinated?

The Golden Temple at Amrisar was the religious center for the Sikhs. - From there, Sikh nationalists ventured out to attack symbols of Indian authority. - June 1984 - Indian troops overran the Golden Temple, killing about 500 Sikhs and destroyed sacred property - In retaliation to the attack, Sikh bodyguards assigned to Indira assassinated her

How did Britain try to gain the support of the nationalists during WW2 on 1942?

They promised governmental changes after the war, not including independence

What did the British government promise because millions of Indians enlisted in the British government?

They promised reforms that would eventually lead to self-government. However, when the Indians came back to India, they were still treated as second-class citizens.

To reward the many princes who had remained loyal to Britain, what did the British promise to do?

They promised to respect all treaties the EIC had made with them. They also promised that the Indian states that were still free would remain independent (Britain would win greater and greater control of those states, however).

What did Indians do in response to the Rowlatt Acts?

They protested. Around 10,000 Hindus and Muslims came to Amritsar (a major city in the Punjab) in the spring of 1919. At a huge festival in an enclosed square, they intended to fast and pray and listen to political speeches.

What was the common ground Hindus and Muslims found, even though deep divisions existed between them?

They shared the heritage of British rule and an understanding of democratic ideals. They both worked toward the goal of independence from the British

Where did people come from in the Indus Civilization?

Those who settled in the south most likely came from sea from Africa and those who settled in the north came from the northern side through Kyber Pass.

Why did Akbar equip his armies with heavy artillery?

To break into walled cities. This extended his rule into much of the Deccan plateau

What did the Indus Civilization build levees for?

To keep water out of their cities. When they were not enough, they constructed man-made islands to raise the cities above possible floodwaters.

What advancements did Indians make during the Golden Age of India in terms of medicine?

Two important medical guides were compiled. They described more than 1,000 diseases and more than 500 medicinal plants. Hindu physicians performed surgery (including plastic surgery) and possibly gave injections

What do the Ganges and Indus Rivers carry?

Water and silt (Produces rich land for agriculture)

Why could Indians not unite against British during the Sepoy Mutiny?

Weak leadership and division of religions: Hindus and Muslims. - Hindus did not want the Muslim Mughal Empire to be restored; They preferred British rule to Muslim rule - Most of the princes and maharajahs who mad made alliances with the EIC did not take part in the rebellion - The Sikhs (Religious group that was hostile to the Mughals) remained loyal to the British

Circa 1000

Well-trained Turkish armies swept into India led by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. They devastated cities and temples in 17 campaigns. They left the region weak and vulnerable to conquerors - Delhi became capital of Delhi Sultanate, a loose empire of Turkish warlords, who treated Hindus as conquered people

What impact did the geography have on the Indus culture?

Where people settled (water, land, etc.) instead of being nomads

What was the question that appeared when Britain thought about giving India independence? What was the result? What was the solution proposed by India's Muslims?

Who would receive the power; Hindus or Muslims? - Muslims resisted attempts to include them in an Indian government dominated by Hindus - Rioting between the 2 groups broke out - August 1946 - 4 days of clashes in Calcutta left >5,000 dead and >15,000 hurt The solution India's Muslims proposed was a partition. - Northwest and eastern regions of India (where most Muslims lived) would become Pakistan (Now Pakistan and Bangladesh)

What helped guard the Indus Civilization from invasion?

World's tallest mountains to the north and a large desert to the east.

In the second century AD, what did the city of Madurai (Southern India) become a site of?

Writing academies. More than 2,000 Tamil poems from this period still exist.

Civil Disobedience

a deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust

religious toleration

acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs

What was Harappan Culture based on?

agriculture

Sepoy Mutiny

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India - Soldiers marched to Delhi, where they were joined by Indian soldiers stationed there. They captured the city of Delhi - From Delhi, the rebellion spread to northern and central India - EIC took more than a year to regain control of the country - British government sent troops to help EIC

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Oases

fertile spots in desert areas

Asoka Maurya

grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; was Buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death

Indian National Congress

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in 1885

Patriarchal

headed by the eldest male

Matriarchal

headed by the mother rather than the father

Sikhs

nonviolent religious group whose doctrines contained elements similar to Hinduism and Sufism

Kalidasa

one of India's greatest writers. Might have been court poet for Chandra Gupta II. Famous play - Shakuntala - girl who falls in love w/ and marries a King.

Akbar

ruled India with wisdom and tolerance from 1556-1605. The grandson of Babur

Monsoons

seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons - Oct - Feb (Winter monsoon from northeast send dry air westward. Causes droughts, killing crops) - Jun - Oct (Winds shift east to southeast carrying moisture from the ocean. Flooding often occurs.)

Aurangzeb

son and successor of Shah Jahan (ruled from 1658 to 1707); pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707.

Partition

term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations

How did Akbar govern?

through a bureaucracy of officials - Anyone could rise to high office. This contributed to the quality of his government

What happened after the death of Chandra Gupta II?

- Hunas invated northern India - Over next 100 years, the Gupta Empire broke into small kingdoms. Many were run by the Hunas or other Central Asian nomads - Empire ended about 535

Todar Mal

A Hindu, working for Akbar, who created a tax similar to present-day U.S. graduated income tax, a percentage of the value of the peasants' crops. Because this tax was fair and affordable, the number of peasants who paid it increased. This payment brought in much needed money for the empire.

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

Hinduism

A complex polytheistic religion that blended Aryan beliefs with the many gods and cults of the diverse people who preceded them

What did the 8th century begin with?

A long clash between Hindus and Muslims

Salt March

A march to the sea to protest the Salt Acts in 1930 - Gandhi and his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast. - There, they began to make their own salt by collecting seawater and letting it evaporate - Peaceful protest - Police officers with steel-tipped clubs attacked the protestors, but people still marched peacefully - 60,000 people, including Gandhi arrested

Buddhism

A religion that teaches that desire causes suffering and that humans should overcome desire by following the Eightfold Path

Indria Gandhi

Daughter of Nehru that was elected prime minister by the Congress party in 1966 - Reelected in 1980 - Faced many challenges, including the growing threat from Sikh extremists who wanted an independent state

What did settling down at the Indus River Valley result in?

Development of culture and tradition

Why is the Indus Valley civilization sometimes called Harapgan civilization?

Due to the many archaeological discoveries made at the site

What did many Indians believe while they were under British rule?

In addition to controlling their land, the British were trying to convert them to Christianity. The Indian people also resented the constant racism that the British expressed towards them

Why did Akbar appoint Rajputs as officers?

In order to turn potential enemies into allies

Dramas during Golden Age of India

In southern India, traveling troupes of actors put on performances in cities across the region. Women as well as men took part in these shows, which combined drama and dance - Many classical dance forms in India today are based on techniques explained in a book written between 1st century BC and 1st century AD

Why did nationalist feelings begin to surface in India?

Indians hated a system that made them 2nd class citizens in their own country. They were barred from top posts in the Indian Civil Service. Those who managed to get middle-level jobs were paid less than Europeans. (A British engineer on the East India Railway made nearly 20 times as much money as an Indian engineer)

Mughals

"Mongols"- people who invaded India

What happened as a result of the Sepoy Mutiny?

In 1858, the British government took direct command of India.

Babur

- 1494 - Inherited a kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. His elders took it away and drove him south. Babur then built up an army and in the years that followed, swept down into India and laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire - 1526 - Led 12,000 troops to victory against an army of 100,000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi. A year later, Babur also defeated a massive rajput army.

What happened to architecture during Akbar's rule?

- Akbar devoted himself to architecture - The style developed under his reign is still known as Akbar period architecture

What happened to the arts and literature during Akbar's rule?

- Arts flourished at the Mughal court, especially in the form of book illustrations - Miniatures - Small, highly detailed, and colorful paintings - Hindu literature revived during this time

Delhi Sultanate

- Between 13th and 16th centuries, 33 different sultans ruled divided territory from Delhi - 1398 - Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi. The city was completely destroyed. It was eventually rebuilt, but it was not until 16th century until a leader unified the empire

Positives of Colonial Rule in India

- Britain laid the world's third largest railroad network in India - The railroads enabled India to develop a modern economy and brought unity to the connected regions - Modern road network - Modern telephone and telegraph lines - Dams, bridges, and irrigation - India modernized - Sanitation and public health improved - Schools and colleges were founded, and literacy increased - British troops cleared central India of bandits and put an end to local warfare among competing local rulers

Tolerance of Akbar

- Continued the Islamic tradition of religious freedom as a Muslim - Permitted people of other religions to practice their faiths - Proved tolerance by marrying Hindu princesses without forcing them to convert to Muslim - Allowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace - Abolished both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and jizya (a tax on non-Muslims). - Appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

What did Chandra Gupta II do?

- Defeated the Shakas (enemies to the west) and added their coastal territory to his empire - The new coastal territory allowed the Guptas to engage in profitable trade with the Mediterranean world - Strengthened his empire through peaceful means by negotiating diplomatic and marriage alliances

What was there evidence of in the Indus Civilization?

- Domestication of animals - Agriculture - Farming villages

How did earthquakes and floods affect Indus Valley Civilization?

- Dried up Sarswati river - Trade impossible - Prevented production of agricultural foods - Famine

Civil War in Pakistan

- East Pakistan had the larger population, but was often ignored by West Pakistan, home to the central government - 1970 - Cyclone and tidal wave struck East Pakistan and killed around 266,000 residents. International aid came to Pakistan, but the government of West Pakistan did not quickly transfer it over to East Pakistan - Protesters called for an end to all ties with West Pakistan - Civil War after East Pakistan declared itself independent - Indian forces stepped in and sided with Bangladesh, so Pakistan forces surrendered. - Pakistan lost about 1/7 of their area and about 1/2 its population to Bangladesh

What did Asoka do?

- Erected huge stone pillars inscribed w/new policies based on Buddhism - Policies guaranteed that he would treat his subjects fairly and humanely. Other policies preached nonviolence. A few policies urged religious toleration - Extensive roads built so he could visit the far corners of India - Improved conditions along roads to make travel easier for his officials and improve communication (Ex. Every 9 miles, he had wells dug and rest houses built, allowing travelers to stop and refresh themselves. This demonstrated his concern for his subjects' well-being.)

What did Aurangzeb do during his rule? What was going on during his reign?

- Expanded the Mughal holdings to their greatest size. However, the power of the empire weakened during his reign - Oppressed the people, which weakened the power of the empire. He strictly enforced Islamic laws, outlawing drinking, gambling, and other activities viewed as vices. - Appointed censors to police his subjects' morals and make sure that they prayed at the appointed times. - Tried to erase all the gains Hindus had made under Akbar. For example, he bought back the tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus from high positions in his government - Banned the construction of new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed, which outraged the Hindus - Levied oppressive taxes to pay for the wars against the increasing number of enemies - Removed taxes not authorized by Islamic law, so he doubled the tax on Hindu merchants (Led to further rebellion of Hindus) - Hindu rajputs (Akbar had converted from potential enemies to allies) rebelled. - Aurangzeb defeated them repeatedly, but never completely - In the southwest, Marathas, a Hindu warrior community, founded their own state - Aurangzeb captured their leader but could never conquer them - Sikhs transformed into a brotherhood of warriors. They began building a state in the Punjab (Area in northwest India) - Famine was occurring while he was waging war for land

Trade in Harappan Civilization

- Gold and silver from the north in Afghanistan - Semiprecious stones from Persia and the Deccan Plateau crafted into jewelry - Indus River provided a way to transport goods - Brightly colored colored cotton cloth was a desirable trade item since few people at the time knew how to grow cotton. - Overland routes moved goods from Persia to the Caspian sea - Indus River provided a link to the sea, allowing Indus Valley inhabitants to develop trade with distant peoples

How did Chandragupta Maurya run the Mauryan Empire?

- He relied on Kautilya, his adviser who was a member of the priestly caste - Kautilya wrote a ruler's handbook called the Arthasastra, which proposed tough minded policies to hold an empire together (ex. Spying on the people and employing political assassination). - Chandragupta followed Kautilya's adivce and created a bureaucratic government. He divided the empire into 4 provinces, each headed by a royal prince. Each province was then divided into local districts, whose officials assessed taxes and enforced the law

What occurred after the death of Asoka?

- In northern and central India, regional kings challenged the imperial government - Kingdoms of central India (previously loosely held in the Mauryan Empire) soon regained their independence - Andhra Dynasty arose and dominated the region of central India for hundreds of years. Due to their central position, the Andhras profited from the trade between north and south India and also with Rome, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia - Beginning at 185 BC for 500 years, many Greeks, Persians, and Central Asians came to northern India. They introduced new languages and customs that added to the Indian culture. - In southern India, there were 3 kingdoms that had not been conquered by the Mauryans. They spoke Tamil language and are called the Tamil people. These 3 kingdoms were often at war with one another and with other states.

Effects of Indian Trade during Golden Age of India

- Increase trade led to the rise of banking in India. Commerce was profitable. Bankers were willing to lend money to merchants and charge them interest on the loans. The interest varied based on how risky business was - Some Indian merchants went to live abroad, bringing Indian culture with them. As a result, people throughout Asia picked up and adapted a variety of Indian traditions. - Indian culture affected styles in art, architecture, and dance throughout South and Southeast Asia. (Indian influence was strong especially in Thailand, Cambodia, and on the Indonesian island of Java) - Traders also brought Indian religions to new regions. Hinduism spread northeast to Nepal and southeast to Sri Lanka and Borneo. Buddhism spread because of traveling Buddhist merchants and monks

Twenty-first century challenges in India

- Increasing population that is expected to push India past China as the world's most populous nation by 2035 - Country is racked with social inequality and constantly threatened by religious strife - Tense relations with Pakistan (both nuclear powers)

What does the plumbing in Mohenjo-Daro show?

- Indus Valley Civilization valued cleanliness and sanitation - Bathrooms show the civilization valued comfort; Private baths, showers, and toilets were in most homes. The toilets had seats (comfort) and flushed with water.

Indo-Gangetic Plain

- Indus and Ganges rivers and surrounding lands - Peninsula that flows into Indian ocean from southern part

What did Nur Jahan do?

- Installed her father as prime minister in the Mughal court - Removed Khusrau (Jahangir's son, who she saw as her ticket to future power) because he rebelled against his father. She then shifted her favor to another son

Overland Trade, East and West during Golden Age of India

- Land trade increased - Groups who invaded India after Mauryan ruled ended helped to expand India's trade to new regions - Ex. Central Asian nomads told Indians about Silk Roads - India realized they could make great profits by acting as middlemen in Silk Roads. Indian traders would buy Chinese goods and sell them to traders traveling to Rome. - To aid their role as middlemen, they built trading stations along the Silk Roads. They were located at oases

Akbar's land policies

- Mixed results - Gave generous land grants to his bureaucrats. - After they died, he reclaimed the lands and distributed them as he saw fit - Positive: Policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocracies - Negative: Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parents' work, so the officials saw no point in devoting themselves to their property.

Daily Life in India During Gupta Empire

- Most Indians lived in small villages - Majority of Indians were farmers, who walked daily from their homes to outlying fields - Craftspeople and merchants clustered in specific districts in the towns. They had shops on the street level and lived in the rooms above - Most Indian families were patriarchal - Entire families worked together to raise crops - Farmers had to irrigate crops due to how common droughts were - Tax on water - Every month, people had to give a day's worth of labor to maintain wells, irrigation ditches, reservoirs, and dams - Farmers owed a large part of their earnings to the king

How did Chandragupta Maurya unify north India?

- Moved northwest, seizing all the land from Magadha to the Indus - Circa 305 BC - Began to battle Seleucus I (One of Alexander the Great's generals who had inherited part of Alexander's empire. He wanted to reestablish Macedonian control over the Indus Valley). Chandragupta defeated him. - Raised a vast army to win his wars of conquest (600,000 soldiers on foot, 30,000 on horseback, and 9,000 elephants) - High taxes to clothe, feed, and pay for troops (Ex. Farmers had to pay up to 1/2 the value of their crops to the king)

What restrictions did Britain set on India?

- Restrictions set up to prevent the Indian economy from functioning on its own - British policies called for India to produce raw materials for British manufacturing and to buy British goods - India competition with British goods was prohibited (ex. India's handloom textile industry was almost put out of business by imported British textiles. Cheap cloth from England flooded the Indian market and undercut local producers)

What problems did Bangladesh face after gaining independence?

- Ruined economy due to war with Pakistan - Fractured communications system due to war - Rebuilding the country was difficult - First prime minister, Sheik Mujibur Rahman seemed more interested in strengthening his own power than rebuilding his nation - Prime minister took over all authority and made Bangladesh a one-party state - August 1975 - Military leaders assassinated him - Rapidly growing population (modern problem) - Natural disasters

Sea Trade, East and West during Golden Age of India

- Sea trade increased - Indian traders used coastal routes around the rim of the Arabian Sea and up the Persian Gulf to bring goods from India to Rome - Traders from southern India would sail to Southeast Asia to collect spices. They brought the spices back to India and sold them to merchants from Rome - India imported African ivory and gold and exported cotton cloth - Rice and wheat went to Arabia in exchange for dates and horses - Third century AD, trade with Rome declined. In response, trade with China and the islands of southeast Asia increased. Chinese imported Indian cotton cloth, monkeys, parrots, and elephants and sent India silk

Indian Trade

- Spices, diamonds, sapphires, gold, pearls, and beautiful woods (ebony, teak, and fragrant sandalwood) have been valuable items of exchange - More than 4,000 years ago, trade between India and regions as distant as Africa and Sumeria began - Trade expanded even after the Mauryan Empire ended circa 185 BC

List some crops plantations grew

- Tea - Indigo - Coffee - Cotton - Jute - Opium

Negatives of Colonial Rule in India

- The British held much of the political and economic power - The British restricted Indian-owned businesses (ex. cotton textiles)- - Emphasis on cash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800 and loss of self-sufficiency for many villagers - Although British adopted a hands-off policy regarding Indian religious and social customs, the increased presence of missionaries and the racist attitude of most British officials threatened traditional Indian life

Environmental Challenges in Indus River Valley

- Yearly floods (Floods spread deposits of rich soil over a wide area. However, the floods were unpredictable) - River sometimes changed course - Cycle of wet and dry seasons from monsoons were unpredictable. If too little rain, plants withered and people went hungry. If there was too much rain, floods swept away villages)

What mathematical advancements were made during the Golden Age of India?

- Zero and the decimal system were invented in India. - Around AD 500, Aryabhata calculated the value of pi to 4 decimal places. He also calculated the length of the solar year very close to modern calculations made with an atomic clock.

Indian Subcontinent

- mass of land including India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh - Some of the highest mountains in the world (Some people live at the bases of the mountains) - Indo-Gangetic Plain - Plateau at east (Due to mountains) - Mountains provide natural barrier from invades - Weather is an issue for climbing the mountains (Weather systems)

Indus Valley Culture Ends

- signs of decline begin around 1750 BC - Satellite images reveal evidence of shifts in tectonic plates. The movement probably caused earthquakes and floods and changed the course of the Indus Valley - Some cities along the rivers were not destroyed. The shifts may have dried up the Sarswati river, making trade impossible. These events may have prevented production of large quantities of food. The soil might've also been exhausted due to overuse. - 1500 BC - Aryans enter area and become dominant

What happened during the summer of 1947?

10 million people were on the move in the Indian subcontinent. - Violence among the different religious groups erupted - Muslims killed Sikhs moving to India and Hindus and Sikhs killed Muslims who were heading to Pakistan - 1 million died

When did Asoka die?

232 BC. His policies failed to hold the empire together afterwards

When did Asoka become king?

269 BC

How many symbols are there in Harappan language?

400 symbols. The symbols are similar to Egypt's hieroglyphs, depicting objects as well as being phonic. Some of the symbols are single words and some are multiple words combined

What led to the independence of India?

After WW2, thoughts about the policy of colonialism changed - Countries that held colonies began to question the practice - After the world struggle against dictatorship, many leaders argued that no country should control another nation - Questions about the high cost and commitment of holding colonies (Britain was in debt from the war. British leaders, as a result, began to rethink the expense of maintaining and governing distant colonies.) - More and more people wanted independence in India

What did Gandhi's teachings blend ideas from?

All of the major world religions, including Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.

Jahangir and Nur Jahan

Although Jahangir, son of Akbar, was the official ruler of India, his wife Nur Jahan controlled most of the state affairs, ruling with an iron hand

Sepoy

An Indian soldier serving under British command.

What was life in the city and the country like during Chandragupta's rule?

An ambassador sent by Seleucus wrote that his palace had gold-covered pillars, many fountains, and imposing thrones. He also wrote that the capital city featured beautiful parks and bustling markets.

How did the East India Company become the leading power in India?

Around the 1600s, the EIC set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. At first, the rulers of the Mughal Empire kept European traders under control. By 1707, the Mughal Empire was collapsing. Many small states began breaking away from Mughal control. In 1757, Robert Clive led the EIC troops in a victory over Indian forces allied with the French at the Battle of Plassey. From that time until 1858, the EIC became the leading power in India

Give an example of how new trends in Buddhism inspire Indian art

Artists carved huge statues of Buddha for people to worship Wealthy Buddhist merchants who were eager to do good deeds paid for the construction of stupas. Merchants also commissioned the carving of cave temples out of solid rock.

Why did Asoka convert to Buddhism?

At first, he followed his grandfather's footsteps, waging war to expand his empire. However, a bloody war against the state of Kalinga resulted in 100,000 soldiers dying, and even more civilians. Even though he had won the war, he felt sorrow over the slaughter at Kalinga. As a result, he studied Buddhism and decided to rule by Buddha's teaching "peace to all beings."

What are the three most important Hindu gods?

Brahma (creator of the world), Vishnu (preserver of the world), Shiva (destroyer of the world)

What did cities in the Indus Civilization use to build?

Bricks. The bricks were oven-baked cut in standard sizes

Why did Indian resistance to Britain intensify in 1939?

Britain committed India's armed forces to WW2 without consulting the colony's elected representatives

Salt Acts

British laws that said that Indians could only buy salt from the government and they had to pay taxes on the salt.

Raj

British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

How did Buddhism revive?

Buddha stressed that each person could reach a state of peace called nirvana. It could be achieved by rejecting the sensory world and embracing spiritual discipline. After he died, his followers developed many different interpretations of his teachings. Even though Buddha forbid people to worship him, some began to teach that he was a god. Some Buddhists began to believe that many people could become Buddhas. Bodhisattvas could choose to give up nirvana and work to save humanity through good works and self-sacrifice. The new ideas changed Buddhism from a religion that emphasized individual discipline to a mass religion that offered salvation to all and allowed popular worship

Silk Roads

Caravan routes and sea lanes between China and the Middle East used to bring silk from China to western Asia and then on to Rome

Samurda Gupta

Chandra Gupta's son. Became king in AD 335. He expanded the Gupta Empire through 40 years of conquest

What was one of the most remarkable achievements of the Indus Valley people? What else did they accomplish?

City planning. They used a grid system. Cities featured a fortified area called a citadel, which contained the major buildings of the city in the middle. In addition, they also created plumbing and sewage systems.

Harappan Planning

City was built on mud brick platforms to protect from flooding, surrounded by thick brick walls, inside was a citadel to serve as a temple and protect the royal family. Streets were laid out in a grid system. Houses had walls and bathrooms. The bathrooms had wastewater flow out to the street and then to sewage pits outside the city walls.

In 1920, what did the Congress Party endorse as the means to achieve independence?

Civil disobedience and nonviolence

What were the pipes in Mohenjo-Daro made out of?

Clay

Battle for Kashmir

Fighting between India and Pakistan over control of land north of India resulting in thousands of deaths - Kashmir's ruler was Hindu, but had a majority Muslim population - Fighting continued until United Nations arranged a cease-fire in 1949, which left 1/3 of Kashmir under Pakistani control and the rest under Indian control - Region is still fought over for today

Jawaharal Nehru

First prime minister of India - Served for India's first 17 years of independence - Emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization - Called for the reorganization of the states by language - Pushed for industrialization and sponsored social reforms - Tried to elevate the status of the lower castes - Tried to help women gain the rights promised by the constitution - Died in 1964

Chandra Gupta

Founder of the Gupta Empire, India's second empire. The empire oversaw a great flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture

Bodhisattvas

Future Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism, beings who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it

Why was Gandhi assassinated?

Gandhi wanted fair treatment of Muslim refugees. The person who assassinated him believed Gandhi was too protective of Muslims and shot him.

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism

Theocracy

Government based on religious views

Chandra Gupta II

Grandson of Chandra Gupta. He ruled from AD 375 to 415. He further expanded the Gupta empire and strengthened its economy. His reign was a period of prosperity. Gupta Empire reached its height under his rule.

What were the largest cities in the Indus Civilization?

Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Kalibangan

How did Aurangzeb secure the throne?

He first executed his older brother, who was his most serious rival, in a civil war. He then arrested his father and put him in prison (Shah Jahan would then die there several years later).

Chandragupta Maurya

He founded India's first empire, the Mauryan Empire. He gathered an army and killed the king of Nanda and claimed the throne in circa 321 BC.

How did Chandra Gupta come to power?

He married a daughter of an influential royal family. His empire included Magadha and the area north of it, with his power base in the Ganges River

By 250 BC, what were India's 2 main faiths?

Hinduism and Buddhism

How did Hinduism revive?

Hinduism gradually changed due to exposure to other cultures and in response to the popularity of Buddhism. Although Hinduism continued to embrace hundreds of gods, a trend towards monotheism was growing. Many people began to believe that there was only one divine force in the universe. The various gods represented parts of that force. Many Indians began to devote themselves to Vishnu and Shiva. As Hinduism evolved into a more personal religion, its popular appeal grew

Why did Hinduism and Buddhism become increasingly removed from the people?

Hinduism had developed a complex set of sacrifices that could only be performed by the priests, causing those who were not priests to have less and less direct connection with the religion. Buddhist idea of self-denial proved difficult for many to follow.

What happened when Shah Jahan became ill in 1657?

His 4 sons scrambled for the throne. The 3rd son, Aurangzeb moved first and most decisively.

How did the Sepoy Mutiny begin?

In 1857, gossip spread among the sepoys that the cartridges of their guns were greased with beef and pork fat. To use the cartridges, soldiers had to bite off the ends. Hindus considered the cow sacred, and Muslims did not eat pork. - The sepoys refused to accept the cartridges. The soldiers who disobeyed were jailed. - Following day, on May 10, 1857, the sepoys rebelled.

What happened after the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

It left Pakistan without strong leadership. - Pakistan went through a series of military coups, with the first in 1958 - Ali Bhutto took control of the country following the civil war - Military coup in 1977 led by General Zia removed Bhutto, who was later executed for crime allegedly committed while in office - After Zia's death, Bhutto's daughter, Benazir Bhutto, was twice elected prime minister. Later removed from office in 1996 - Nawaz Sharif became prime minister after 1997 elections - 1999 - Army leaders led by General Pervez Musharraf ousted Sharif in another coup and imposed military rule over Pakistan. He became a key American ally after 9/11 attacks

What does the uniformity in city planning and construction in the Indus civilization suggest?

It suggests that the Indus peoples had developed a strong central government

Why was India called the "jewel in the crown"?

It was considered the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies. - The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the world's workshop, and India was a major supplier of raw materials for that workshop. - 300 million people in India - Large potential market for British-made goods

Shah Jahan

Jahingir's son and successor. He could not tolerate competition and secured his throne by assassinating all his possible rivals. - He had a passion for 2 things: Beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal - 1631 - Mumtaz Mahal died at age 39 while giving birth to her 14th child. Shah ordered that a tomb be built for her. It would be known as the Taj Mahal

When was Gandhi assassinated?

January 30th, 1948

When did the British House of Commons pass an act that granted two nations, India and Pakistan, independence in a month? What would have to happen during that month?

July 16, 1947 During that month: - More than 500 independent native princes had to decide which nation they would join. - Administration of courts, military, railways, and police (the whole civil service) had to be divided - Millions of Indian citizens (Hindus, Muslims, and the Sikhs) had to decide where to go

Rowlatt Acts

Laws passed in 1919 to curb dissent which allowed the government to jail protesters without trail for as long as two years. (In response to radical nationalists carrying out acts of violence to show hatred of British rule)

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

When did East Pakistan declare independence?

March 26, 1971

What was the root of Akbar's strength?

Military power. A King must always be aggressive so that his neighbors will not try to conquer him

Ram Mohun Roy

Modern-thinking, well-educated Indian, began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices and ideas - Saw arranged child marriages and the rigid caste separation as parts of Indian life that needed to be changed - He believed that if these practices were not changed, India would continue to be controlled by outsiders - Founded a social reform movement that worked for change in India

What did Indians begin demanding in the early 1800s?

More modernization and a greater role in governing themselves

Harappan Culture

The Harappan cities show uniformity in religion and culture. The housing suggests that social divisions in the society were not great. Artifacts such as clay and wooden children's toys suggest a relatively prosperous society that could afford to produce nonessential goods. Few weapons of warfare have been found, suggesting that conflict was limited. Animal images were on many types of artifacts, suggesting that animals were an important part of the culture.

Harappan Language

The Harappan culture developed a written language. This language has not been deciphered because there were no inscriptions that are bilingual.

How did Greeks help Indians keep time?

The Indians adapted their Western methods of keeping time. They began to use a calendar based on the cycles of the sun rather than the moon. They also adopted a 7 day week and divided each day into hours

By the first century AD, Buddhists had divided over the new doctrines. What were the sects that formed over this?

The Mahayana sect who accepted the new doctrines and the Theravada sect, or the Hinayana sect, who held to the Buddha's stricter, original teachings

What did the expansion of trade during the Golden Age of India spur? Why?

The advance of science. Trade advanced science because sailors used the stars to help them figure their position at sea (This increased their knowledge of astronomy). In fact.

What was the result of Aurangzeb's reign?

The decline and decay of the Mughal Empire. By the end of his reign, he had drained the empire of its resources. - Power of the central state weakened and the power of local lords grew - His sons fought a war of succession. The ruler of the Mughal empire became a wealthy figurehead and ruled a patchwork of independent states instead of a united empire

Amritsar Massacre

The demonstration at Amritsar was viewed as a nationalist outburst by the British. - The British were concerned about the alliance of the Hindus and Muslims. - Most gathering at Amritsar were not aware that the British government had banned public meeters. - However, the commander at Amritsar believed that they were defying the ban. He ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without a warning. - Shooting in the enclosed courtyard continued for 10 minutes. - Official reports showed nearly 400 Indians died and about 1,200 wounded. Others estimate the numbers were higher - Millions of Indians changed from loyal British subjects into nationalists because of this event and demanded independence

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.

What did the growing nationalism lead to?

The founding of 2 nationalist groups, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The leader of the Muslim League. He insisted that all Muslims resign from the Congress Party.

What did environmental challenges in Indus River Valley lead to?

The organization of religion. They had to look up in the sky for weather and religion.

Why were the nationalists further inflamed in 1905?

The partition of Bengal. The province was too large for administrative purposes, so the British divided it into a Hindu section and a Muslim section. Keeping the 2 religious groups apart made it difficult for them to unit in calling for independence.

While Shah Jahan was building gardens, monuments, and forts, what was happening in his country?

The people were suffering. - There was famine - Farmers needed tools, roads, and ways of irrigating their crops and dealing with India's harsh environment - People were taxed heavily to support the building of monuments, their rulers' extravagant living, and war

Golden Age of India

The period between the 3rd century and 6th century CE is known as the Golden Age of India because of the large achievements Indians made in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, science, religion and philosophy during the Gupta Empire.

What did the rejection of Khusrau affect?

The political future of the empire, as well as being the basis of a long religious conflict. - Jahangir (His father) tried to promote Islam in the Mughal state, but was tolerant of other religions -Khusrau turned to the Sikhs when he rebelled. - Guru Arjun, the leader of the Sikhs, sheltered Khusrau and defended him. In response, the Mughal rulers had him arrested and tortured to death. The Sikhs became the target of the Mughals' particular hatred

What happened as a result of the boycott on British cloth?

The sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply

Humayun

The son of Babur and his successor as ruler of the Mughal Empire. He lost most of the territory Babur had gained. His grandson took over after his death.

What type of government was the Harappan Civilization?

Theocracy. The religion they practiced have links to modern Hindu culture.

What did members of the Muslim League feel about the Congress Party?

They felt that the Congress Party looked out primarily for Hindu interests, not Muslim. The Muslim League did not want independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress Party

What did the Indian National Congress and Muslim League concentrate on?

They first concentrated on specific concerns for Indians. By the early 1900s, they were calling for self-government