Infant and Child Dev Exam 2
Recall
involves remembering something not present, the experiments with the mobile showed that recall is possible and can be impacted by changes to the design of the stimuli. MOTHERS FACE WILL BE THE BEST ENCODED STIMULUS DUE TO THE MOM BEING SO PRESENT SINCE BIRTH.
In insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment, a toddler' distress _______________ when the mother returns after separation.
is not easily reduced
Which will impact how phonemes combine into words?
language
Chomsky suggested that children are innately endowed with the ability to learn language, which he attributed to
language acquisition device.
Semantic development refers to
meaning of words and word combinations
Human languages are...
methods of social communication composed of phonemes, phonotactic regularities, morphemes, and abstract rules acquired early in life through normal experiences with a caretaker.
Temperment is only ________ stable
moderately Parenting matters a great deal in how a child learns to manage emotions. A child can learn to engage in new experiences, despite biological predisposition IF the parent offers gentle support that encourages exploration
Producing sentences
most toddlers start with a single word that eventually evolves into 2 word sentences at 2 years old. Often demands or simple questions.
The _______ view asserts that infants have greater innate cognitive ability than Piaget assumed.
nativist
Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______.
negative reactivity; neuroticism
Shopping cart experiment
baby given a shopping cart with mat tied to bottom. If infant tries to stand directly in front of cart, the cart will not move due to infant's weight on mat. Baby has to learn that their physical position is impacting the mat, and cart. Can stand to side and push, or can roll up mat and push cart.
Findings that infants do not show the same abilities in selective attention as seen at later points in development may
be adaptive and allow infants notice a lot of things about their environment.
At what age do infants' ability to use gaze as a social cue to word reference begin?
by 18 months
30 MILLION WORD GAP
by age 3, there is a 30 million word gap between children from the wealthiest and poorest families Professional Families: 45 million words Working Class family: 26 million words Welfare family:13 million words
first words are usually
nominal or labels for objects. Very concrete ideas usually emotionally salient
The single-touch and double-touch experiment was developed to better understand whether young infants
can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others. TOUCHING ONESELF GETS REGISTERED DIFFERENT FROM THE TOUCH OF ANOTHER. INDICATES A CHILD KNOWS THAT THEY CAN DISTINGUISH
parental sensitivity
caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and contingent responsiveness to children, such as when they require assistance or are in distress NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH INTRUSIVE. A FOCUS ON HELPING INFANT EXPLORE AND REGULATE EMOTIONS. FOSTERS POS DEVELOPMENT
statistical learning
certain sounds (making words) are more likely to occur together and babies are sensitive to those probabilities. This IS DOMAIN GENERAL AND APPLIES TO SPEECH AND OTHER AREAS.
mirror test of self-recognition
children ages 9-24 months of age were seated in fron tof a mirror after the experimenter placed rouge on their cheek. Infants at lease 18 months of age rubbed their own cheek when they saw the reflection rather than rub the mirror as the younger infants did IN VIDEO: FINALLY AT 18 MONTHS DOES BABY SHOW UNDERSTANDING OF SELF.
What is a way that researchers infer that an infant or child is developing social cognitive understanding?
oThe infant/child is able to identify the false beliefs of others. oThe infant/child is able to understand the intentions of others. oThe infant/child is able to perform deferred imitation. oThe infant/child starts to use mental state vocabulary.
word segmentation
discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech - begins during second half of first year
Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior
displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior. NOT BASED ON A PREDICTION OF THOUGHTS, RATHER A DESIRE TO BE HELPFUL TO ANOTHER HURT PERSON.
A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.
distress tolerance THE ABILITY TO TOLERATE/HANDLE DISTRESS
Infants can use nonverbal methods—their own and those of others—to
draw attention to something, interpret the intentions of others, learn new words, make requests, such as for food.
Emotion itself develops _______
dynamically. There is more emotion shown in infants in cultures that accept of infants showing their emotion. Emotion from parents also acts as a great indicator for if a behavior should stop or continue. Crawling changes emotional development as increases mobility is in a direct opposition to increased parental control. Creates different emotional states.
CHESS AND THOMAS
easy- SMILES OFTEN, GOODD TEMPER, EASY TO CARE FOR difficult- OPPOSITE slow to warm up- STARTS DIFF BUT BECOMES EASY WITH INCREASED SOCIAL COMFORT SINCE BABIES OFTEN COULD NOT EASILY FIT INTO THESE GROUPS THEY WERE ABANDONED.
A child stops themselves from throwing a toy when upset and instead walks away from the situation. This behavior is an example of
effortful control. EFFORT TO NOT ACT OUT/INHIBIT DESIRED RESPONSE FOR A ACCEPTABLE ONE
Tool use in problem solving
emerges gradually 12-month-olds generally require a link between tool and object 18 month olds can engage in tool use even when an unfamiliar tool and an object they want have distance between them
The evolutionary theory that an infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival reflects a(n)
evolutionary view of attachment. PRETTY OBVIOUS
Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension
fear and inhibition. A NEW SITUATION ILLICTS FEAR, AN SAID INFANT CAN NOT SELF-REGUALTE
According to the chapter, in order to encourage _______, parents were at one point recommended to _______ rather than _______ to their deaf children.
oral language, talk, sign OBVIOUSLY, THIS WAS NOT A GREAT IDEA. INFANT SHOULD BE ADEPT AT THE FORM OF COMMUNICATION THAT IS BEST FOR THEM IN THEIR SITUATION.
How the maturation of brain and experience improve efficiency of cognition
ordinary social experiences, movement, play and exploration promote learning in a normal and healthy way. researchers such as Rovee-collier at Rutgers, ect studied age related changes in basic processes. encoding is less efficient in infancy than toddler, toddler than childhood. Retrieval times increase with age.
Risk factors involved with insecure attachement
parental insensitivity/intrusiveness. Low responsiveness infants being premature, having a highly reactive temperature family circumstances/environmental factors that put stress of parent/infant.
Family patterns of attachment
parents with a secure attachment to other adults tend to have children that follow suit. there are interventions that aim to help parents improve their parenting to reduce the likelihood of having a detached child.
Core knowledge posit experience expectant specialized learning modules
people physics-properties of objects and motion Number Other living things Language Contingency detection, causality detection
The channeling of language preference and perception to one's native tongue is an example of
perceptual narrowing. ONLY A FOCUS ON ENCODING WHAT IS TRULY USEFUL.
zone of proximal development
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction. Scaffolding with a figure who understands what to do and can teach is key to learning and overcome this current ceiling.
Emotions play a vital role in our development by
preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information.
Dynamic/development theories
focus on how change occurs in systems over time. focuses on the complexity of interactions between domains of experience and development Esther Thelen: step reflex, reaching Seemingly simple is often very complex...one simple change can trigger a cascade across domains assumes infants are motivated to explore. focuses on "soft assembly", self organization that reflects changes in memory, emotions, strength, ect to adapt to changing environments.
information processing approaches to cognitive development
focuses on emery and attention adult memory is frequently described in terms of explicit memory. Semantic and episodic Gradual, incremental change of cognitive abilities. ALL PARTS OF ADULT MEMORY ARE PRESENT IN INFANT MEMORY AND BEHAVIOR. BUT NOT YET 100% DEVELOPED AN INFANT BETTER ENCODES WHEN ATTENTION IS KEPT ON THAT OBJECT, SO SUSTAINED ATTENTION IS IMPORTANT
Quine (1960) + Chomsky
gavagai problem. Does a new word refer to a whole object, part of an object, a characteristic of objects, what the subject is doing? it is very ambiguous Chomsky clears up the problem posed by Quine by arguing humans have an innate language acquisition device with a cognitive bias that 1) objects have 1 name [MUTUAL EXCLUSIVITY BIAS] 2) the new word will most often refer to the entire object and not a part of it [WHOLE OBJECT BIAS]
Global vs descriptive criticism/praise
global criticism is the worst option. It punishes a child in the general sense (and now the child doesn't really understand what they did wrong) Global praise is a little better but it is still to vague to be of any real use. Descriptive praise/criticism offer infant an insight into what parts of their behaviors are to be highlighted. Helps them learn how to approach the world, of great use.
Five-month-old Shaheen does not look longer when he sees an object "floating" in air without support. This would refute a claim that he
has an innate understanding of gravity and support.
Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the
he tendency for largefamilies in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles. WOMEN MORE LIKLEY TO BE EXPECTED TO WORK IN THE KITCHEN/TAKE ON HOUSE-KEEPING ROLES
RETENTION
holding information in memory for long time.
Fries et al 2005
previously neglected children and secure children interactions --put child on parent and stranger lap for 30 min each. Their initial baselines of oxytocin were the same. --For secure children found that oxytocin only raised for parent. --For PN infants, there was no difference in oxytocin levels after either interaction. FOR THE MOST PART---NOT A 100% GUARANTEE AS SOME CHILDREN WHO WERE NEGLECTED DID SHOW NORMAL PATTERNS OF OXYTOCIN RESPONSE.
Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote
prosocial behavior.
SECURE BASE
refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment
The parent's job, until the infant can do it by themselves is to _______ emotion.
regulate. Parents must keep children away from overwhelming stimuli and provide support for when a child is crying/angry. Eventually a child learns self-soothing behaviors such as thumb sucking, but that takes a while. (3 months). Then becomes less of parents job, as infant takes over.
KONRAD LORENZ
researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting.
Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely
resistant attachement
How to study categorization
sequential training procedure. (12-30 months) multiple examples from 2 categories shown simultaneously. Now show an odd one out, infant should look here. DOES NOT FIT ESTABLISHED CATEGORICAL TREND. Show an infant like 8 objects at once, 4 per category. Older infants will touch objects of the same group before moving on to objects of different group. Mentally grouping them by alike.
familiarization to the point of habituation
shown a stimuli countless times, until it does not elicit a response anymore. HABITUATED
A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as
social referencing. READS FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AS A REFERENCE FOR THE NEXT BEST STEP.
An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face for several minutes is known as the
still-face experiment.
Rene spitz
studied the behavior of young children and infants who had been in hospitals or institutions since birth and did not have parental contact, she found that these kids had problems sleeping and were more prone to illness which were in line with Harlow's earlier work THERE IS A DIRECT NEED FOR COMPASSION. IMPACTS INFANT HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Piaget A-not-B task
infants watch as a desirable object is hidden in one of two possible locations, a brief delay is imposed, and then infants are allowed to reach. The A-not-B error occurs when infants reach to the incorrect location (A) on reversal trials (B). Possible explained by: --co-ordinating memory with movement with unfamiliar situations --Learned response (that toy is under spot A) becomes "prepotent" and infants must maintain location in working memory AND inhibit the learned response --Social interpretation: Grown-up wants me to reach to location A.
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return INDIFF WHEN CAREGIVER LEAVES, INDIFF TO SEE CAREGIVER RETURN (OR ACTIVELY AVOID)
intersensory redundancy
infants' sensory systems are attuned to information presented simultaneously to different sensory modes
4 ideas of attachment
1) It serves as a biological system - adaptive 2) Develops in stages 3) There is a internal working model which can be changed with changing relationships 4) there are 4 different attachment types as discovered in the strange situation experiment
Crying
initially distress signal, but becomes communicative
ROTHBART
1. activity level - MOVEMENT? 2. EFFORTFUL CONTROL- SOAK UP INFORMATION IN ENVIRONMENT AROUND THEM? 3. attention span/persistence- HOLD ATTENTION TO A TASK 4. fearful distress - FEAR RESPONSE 5. irritable distress - ANGER RESPONSE 6. positive affect- DO THEY SMILE? LAUGH?
Sense of self (Ulric Neisser)
5 senses of self: 1) ecological self - physical self. present at birth. deals with responding to environment. 2)Interpersonal self - self of interaction. present very early 3)Extended self - self in time past. forms with the development of language and memory. 4)Private self - self in thoughts. not known to others unless shared. 5)Conceptual self - self in social roles. How we fit into specific groups and broader society.
When do first words emerge
9-10 months. These words are often not going to be recognized by those outside of family.
autbiographical memory
ABILITY TO RECALL MANY PERSONALLY MEANINGFUL ONE-TIME EVENTS FROM BOTH RECENT AND DISTANT PAST AFTER 3 INFANTS INCREASINGLY USE LANGUAGE-BASED CUES TO RETRIEVE THESE EVENTS
INFANT DEVELOPMENT TO FEAR OF STRANGERS
AFTER ABOUT 4 MONTHS, NO LONGER FRIENDLY TO THE STRANGERS THAT PASS BY VERY DEPENDENT ON THE INFANTS EXPERIENCE AND IF IT HAS LEARNED TO BE AFRAID
Innate Understandings
Assume to be DOMAIN specific -> limited to a particular area. Piaget considering DOMAIN GENERAL. Understanding of major domains early on.
Formation of concepts begins...
At birth! Categorization makes it possible for us to stereotype about the world and not address every single event as new. We have some baseline knowledge for objects that fit into specific categories. the earliest categories are perceptual, clusters of features. Based on limited manipulation/understanding of objects but high salience of infant visual observation.
communicative accommodation vs situation-centered
CA: The way in which a culture produces infant-directed speech. It can range from highly child centered to highly situation centered. SC: Infant is often not spoken to directly or directly engaged with. Instead, the infant must learn through the use of gaze and social cues.
Which is the most accurate summary of the case of Genie and what it taught scientists about critical period theory?
It provided evidence that might support the theory, but several confounding factors rendered the evidence inconclusive. CANNOT BE 100% CERTAIN DUE TO LACK OF CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT.
Mothers labeling of emotions and infant ability to communicate emotions
Its key that emotions are expressed. The better a mother or infant can communicate these ideas, the better it is for the emotional health of the child. The child can better distinguish the emotional states if he has the tools to express the difference between =anger and sadness.
In an approximate number sense experiment, researchers observed that 9-month-old Jasmine was able to distinguish number arrays that differed by a ratio of 2:3, while 6-month-old Kylie was not. What can we conclude about the about the two infants' number sense?
Jasmine has a more developed approximate number sense than Kylie.
In a cross-cultural study, researchers taught 15- to 18-month-old U.S. and Mayan infants how to use a novel object either by showing the object being used or showing the object being used while providing instruction. Whereas the U.S. infants were better able to imitate the action when they had some instruction compared to when they simply observed the action, the Mayan infants performed equally well with and without instruction. What is a possible conclusion that can be drawn from this result?
Mayan infants are not accustomed to receiving instruction.
according to Paiget, what abilities are present by the end of the sensorimotor stage.
Mental representations: internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate. Images and concepts and finding a toy while it is out of sight. Deferred imitation: the ability to remember and copy behavior of models who are not present after a delay Make-believe play: acting out everyday and imaginary activities.
Which represents the order in which infants typically learn different types of words?
NOUNS THEN VERBS. VERBS ARE MORE ABSTRACT
A researcher notes that 9-month-old Sebastian is watching a picture and his heart rate has steadily slowed down from when the stimulus was first presented. What is the researcher's mostly likely interpretation? GOT WRONG.
Sebastian is processing the stimulus and is in the sustained attention phase.
You observe 6-month-old Renata repeatedly hitting her hand on the floor and making a sound. What substage, according to Piaget, are you likely observing?
Secondary circular reactions
Syntax + Syntatic bootstrapping
Sentence structure. The rules that govern language. By 18 months infants have acquired some syntactic understanding, though it is innate. syntactic bootstrapping: The strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meaning.
Vegetative sounds
Sounds that accompany biological functions, such as breathing, sucking, and burping.
Which is the chronological order of the characteristics of the first five sensorimotor substages as defined by Piaget?
Spontaneous movement → repeated action focused on own body and immediate environment → repeated action focused on objects → coordinated sequences of action → means-end analysi
_______ is the degree to which something is attractive or noticeable to an infant.
Stimulus salience
HARRY HARLOW
Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers. FOUND THAT MONEKY'S THAT LACKED ATTACHMENT AS CHILDREN DID THE SAME TO THEIR CHILDREN. FOUND THAT MONKEYS WOULD PREFER A COZY DOLL THAT DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY FOOD TO A COLD WIRE DOLL THAT ALLOWS FOR NURSING.
Which is the set of rules that govern the ordering of parts of speech for children that form meaningful sentences?
Syntax
Syntax vs. Semantics
Syntax are the set of rules that govern the formation of phrases, whereas semantics govern the meaning of words. (Syntax = rules, Semantics = meaning)
Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that
THESE SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS EMERGE AT AROUND 0.5 YEARS OLD Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.
Which is not an example of communicative accommodation?
Talking to other adults in the presence of an infant. Talking in a higher pitched voice when talking to an infant, Using gestures accordingly when speaking to an infant, Satisfying an infant's emotional needs when talking to the infant, Adjusting vocabulary when talking to an infant- ALL ADDRESS AND ENGAGE WITH INFANT.
Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants?
The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver. 3 WEEK OLD DOES NOT TRULY UNDERSTAND THE SOCIAL-CUES OF SMILING OR WHAT A SMILE TRULY MEANS. THE 5 MONTH OLD (EMERGES AROUND 4-5 MONTHS)
As language develops so does self (gender)
The constant use of word boy or Girl to describe a child reinforces that idea to them. Trait attribution affect play choices
What do modified A-not-B experiments that involve manipulations of infants' posture demonstrate?
The impact of sensory feedback is an important consideration when conducting A-not-B experiments.
A parent has placed two young children in front of a computer to watch videos in hopes of educating them. According to research what limitations may there be?
The lack of social interactions and contingency in videos and other screens hinders growth and learning. IF YOU ARE GOING TO USE A 2D MEDIUM YOU NEED SOCIAL INTERACTION TO SUPPLEMENT. ESPECIALLY FOR LANGUAGE
Organization (What are some of the key concepts of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?)
The linking of schemas with others to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system.
Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.
interpersonal BASED ON The component of the self-concept that is tied to a variety of relational and social contexts
dynamic systems impact development
interplay of child, parental, environmental, societal characteristics all impact the child's development. BOTH NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT
An experimenter finds that 3-month-old Ava is better able to discriminate faces when seeing the faces paired with their talking voices compared to seeing the faces alone. This is evidence in support of the _______ hypothesis.
intersensory redundancy
Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's
ability to discriminate gradations in emotions. THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN A SUBTLE SMILE AND A BROAD ONE, OVER TIME THE INFANT LEARNS THAT THESE 2 WHILE ARE DIFFERENCE, DO CONVEY SIMILAR IDEA
Productive langauge
ability to produce words. Either verbal or written vocabulary spurt A phenomenon occurring around 18 months of age when the pace of word learning quickens dramatically.
receptive language
ability to understand what is being said. First step to learning a language is to identify the familiar words in sentences and passages. Babies often identify references to some words as early as 4.5 months.
subjective self
an infant's awareness that she or he is a separate person who endures through time and space and can act on the environment
conventional words
words produced by the child that people outside of the child's immediate family can understand. Develops at 1 year.
The stage of attention when an infant starts to process stimuli and learning occurs is referred to as
sustained attention.
Tanya (18 months old) is presented with sentence, "The dog is blinking the cat." Tanya knows the words fly and cow, and through her understanding of the grammatical structure points to a picture of a dog that is licking a cat. This illustrates how _______ aids young children in the learning of new words.
syntactic bootstrapping
A toddler wants to leave the house and go somewhere by saying "go car?" repeatedly to his mom. This kind of speech is known as
telegraphic speech NAMED AFTER THE TELEGRAMS AND HOW THEY WERE CHARGED BY WORD- SO SENTENCES WERE EXTREMELY BAREBONES.
phonemic tuning
the ability to discern between speech sounds, non speech sounds, and differentiate between a variety of speech sounds. Even a slight change can be picked up
pragmatic development
the acquisition of knowledge about how language is used. THE SOCIAL NORMS OF LANGUAGE
phonological development
the acquisition of knowledge about the sound system of a language. SPEACH SOUNDS
Pragmatics + social cues
the appropriate use of language in different contexts. SOCIAL CONVENTIONS. Turn taking, not interrupting, deference and politeness to some people more than others Similarly, there is a focus on non-verbal social cues. Infants pay attention to the gestures of others to derive intention for communication. Similarly to using attention, infants may rely on gaze to visually track the subject of conversation.
SEPERATION ANXIETY
the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs EMERGES AROUND 8 MONTHS. VERY DEPENDENT ON THE INFANTS EXPERIENCE AND IF IT HAS LEARNED TO BE AFRAID
Fast mapping
the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure. Can often be seen in 3 year olds but can appear as early as 2. Often may have to do with an inference and process of elimination that allows a child to quickly learn a word.
INTERNAL WORKING MODEL
the implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences. CULTURE MATTERS TOO, SOME CULTURES LEAD TO INC/DEC LEVELS OF STRANGER AND SEPARATION ANXIETY
infantile amnesia
the inability to remember events from early childhood. The main explanation is that infants lack the vocabulary to represent certain things and encode them into memory. Simcock and Hayne used a magic trick experiment and used the shrinking of various objects to test infant recall. When subjects reached 10 years old, they could only recall details about objects they knew the word for. There was strong procedural and face recognition, so they actually remembered more than once believed. ISSUE STEMS FROM VOCAB LIMITS.
syntatic development
the learning of the syntax of a language. Rules of language, putting these words together.
semantic development
the learning of the system for expressing meaning in a language, including word learning. MEANING
Underextensions and overextensions
underextensions: A mapping of words to an overly narrow class of objects. Like saying "truck" only to a toy truck and not real life ones. Overextensions: An overuse of a word to describe a class of objects that Is too broad. Saying "dog" for all animals. Often done because child doesn't have the proper vocab to describe the object.
Fifteen-month-old Keisha watches her caregiver try to move a stack of blocks. But, the caregiver accidentally knocks the stack of blocks over. Keisha then tries to move the stack of blocks but does not try to knock them over. This suggests that Keisha
understands the caregiver's intention.
Coos
vowel-like sounds that young infants repeat over and over during periods of contentment
Babbles
vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4 to 6 months of age
Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament
was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood.
Mary Ainsworth
developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment
Saffran, Aslin, Newport 1996
-Created a novel language and infants listened to sentences for two minutes -After, infants could already distinguish between words and non- words in the novel language SHOWS THAT THE CONSISTENCY OF SOUNDS IS KEY TO LEARNING THEM, IS NOT BASED ON THE PURE VOLUME OF SPEECH.
What are the six substages of the sensorimotor stage?
1) reflexive schemes (birth to 1 month) **Circular Reactions--repeating chance behaviors** 2) Primary Circular reactions (1-4 months). Simple motor habits centered around infants own body. 3) Secondly circular reactions (4-8 months). imitation of familiar behaviors and interesting effects; no understanding of object permanence. 4) Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months). Intentional, or goal-directed behavior, A-not-B error. 5) Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months). Exploring objects by acting on them in novel ways. 6) Mental representations (18 months-2 years). Internal depictions of objects or events. BABIES TYPICALLY FAIL THE OBJECT PERMANENCE TASK TILL 8 MONTHS.
kinesthetic self-concept
A concept of the self that arises from an awareness of our motor actions as we move in an environment. We are only noticing the synchrony of the movement in the mirror and registering that it is a reflection. If there is a lag on the synching it hinders recognition of self in mirrors till age 4
strange situation test
A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment. FOUND 3 (ORIGINALLY, NOW 4) DIFFERENT ATTACHMENT STYLES ----SECURE, RESISTENT, AVOIDANT, DISORGANZIED
Baby Jamal watches as a parent puts his stuffed bunny repeatedly in a certain location and retrieves the stuffed bunny from that location. Next, the parent puts the stuffed bunny in the same location, but then moves the stuffed bunny to another location while Jamal watches. Jamal continues to search for the stuffed bunny in the first location. This is an example of
A-not-B error.
When might a child experience a "vocabulary growth spurt"?
After a few months of growth in vocabulary, around 18 months of age
Which is evidence that an infant understands goal-directed reaching?
After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks longer when the person reaches for a different toy.
JOHN BOWLBY
Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver. IDENTIFIED 4 STAGES: PREATTACHEMENT, ATTACHMENT-IN-THE-MAKING, CLEAR-CUT ATTACHMENT, RECIPROCAL REALTIONSHIPS
Do infants that live with pets respond differently to animals faces?
Attened to top of faces, but that decreased with time. Differed significantly for babies with pets. Infants that looked at top half of faces, like with humans.
Bowlby, in his original conception of attachment theory, predicted that attachment models would be highly stable over time. HAD A BIOLOGICAL ELEMENT
BIOLOGICAL ELEMENT: THE GROUPS THAT HAD CLOSER PROXIMITY OFTEN SURVIVED BETTER SO THIS BECAME A GENETICALLY ENDOWED BEHAVIOR. IF LOVING CARETAKER IS NOT AVAILBLE BETWEEN INFANCY AND ABOUT 3 YEARS: EXTREME PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL SETBACKS
preattachment phase
BOLWBY (birth to 6 weeks) The infant produces innate signals that bring others to his or her side and is comforted by the interaction that follows
reciprocal relationship phase
BOWLBY (18 - 24 months and older). At this age, children and their caregivers share responsibility for maintaining proximity. Each person can do their own thing, but will occasionally check in to maintain contact.
attachment in the making
BOWLBY the stage from 6 weeks to 6-8 months in which infants develop stranger anxiety, differentiating those they know from those they don't
clear-cut attachment
BOWLBY the stage from 6-8 months to 18 months-2 years, when an infant develops separation anxiety when a person he is attached to leaves him
Which statement best reflects what researchers have learned about infant-directed speech?
Babies prefer to listen to infant-directed speech relative to adult-directed speech. MORE entertaining AND EASIER TO UNDERSTAND.
Which is an example of behavior demonstrating means-end analysis?
Baby Derell pushes aside a pillow to get to his favorite toy
resistent attachment
Before separation, infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. Usually distressed when parent leaves. When comes back, displays clinginess and anger.
Family context on language
Caregivers are often the first language partners children have. The more referential language is used, the better. Opens opportunities for conversation about language. Also hyperpronounciation helps with learning words. Better to use than regulatory language READING TO A CHILD IS GREAT. NEW WORD EXPOSURE, HAVE A BACK AND FORTH ABOUT THE STORY TO INCREASE LANGUAGE USAGE AND COMP
Chomsky believed that children are innately endowed to learn language. From the options, which provides support to back Chomsky's claim?
Children show creative uses of language and an ability to generate an infinite number of sentences they never heard. LITERALLY CHOMSKY'S KEY ARGUMENT. IF SKINNER WAS CORRECT ANY NEW SENTENCE FORMATION WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE
dual language learners
Children who are learning to speak two languages at the same time - usually their home language and English. There are similar and different uses of language that arise due to the development of 2+ languages simultaneously. The mutual exclusivity bias is often suppressed as now words will have 2+ different names, based on number of languages learnt. BUT OVERALL VOCAB LEARNING AND LANGUAGE MILESTONES WILL BE THE SAME AS MONOLINGUSTS.
Which statement best reflects a dynamic systems theory perspective?
Children's active participation in their environment creates ways to connect words and meanings. A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences.
Which statement about the results of research on developmental cascades is most accurate?
Cognitive skills in infancy predict cognitive skills in childhood, particularly for similar types of skills such as memory.
first words...
Common across cultures names for mama, dada, their own name, ect.
Which theory attempts to explain how children develop the ability to draw meaningful associations among various related words and concepts?
Connectionist theory CONNECTING DIFFERENT WORD IDEAS TOGETHER
The expression of negative emotions becomes ______ over the first year
Differentiated. Anger separates from distress at around 4 months. Usually in response to a frustration. Sadness is generally less frequent than anger. response to pain or loss (an ear ache or someone leaving the home, for example). Fear increases with age, most frequently to strangers. (6 months)
Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?
Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up
Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions?
Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them. MIRRORING EMOTIONS HELPS A CHILD BETTER UNDERSTAND EMOTIONAL STATES OF OTHERS AND CAN HELP WITH SELF-REGUALTION
Developmental systems theory
Examines interactions at four levels: genetic, neural, behavioral, and environmental. all of these thing interact and contribute greatly to when/how language is developed/
sticky mittens study
Experience of grasping things makes the 3 month old infant more interested in goal directed behavior. changes motor and social cognition by allowing infants to do more at a younger age.
BOLWBY'S THEROY
FOCUSED ATTACHMENT APPEARS BY 9 MONTHS. BELIEVED TO BE BASED ON SOCIAL INTERACTIONS INFANTS CAN BE EQUALLY ATTACHED TO INSENSITIVE PARENTS AS "GOOD" PARENTS -> INTERNAL MODEL WILL BE DIFFERENT THOUGH IN SECOND YEAR, INTERNAL WORKING MODELS OF THE ATTACHMENT FIGURE AND SELF. ATTACHMENT CAN BE STRENGTHEN OR WEAKENED DUE TO THE PARENTAL BEHAVIOR/SCENARIOS **ALSO NOTE INCLUDES 4 STAGES
Oxytocin and maternal attachment
Feldman found moderate correlations between maternal pre and post natal oxytocin levels and the mothers level of "loving" behaviors. Oxytocin positively associated with more loving behaviors, cortisol was negatively associated.
Which statement best describes the information processing view of cognitive development?
Infants' cognitive development evolves as a result of processes involving infants' attention, encoding of sensory information, and memory.
Which statement best describes the results of the multicultural study by Callaghan, et al. on the development of social cognition?
Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were some differences in the manner in which these skills were acquired.
A mother who spoke both English and Spanish while her baby was just a newborn can expect which of the following?
Her baby will show equal preference for both languages.
What aspect of Early Head Start is provided to families that may specifically promote infants' and toddlers' language development?
High-quality care. THERE IS A FOCUS ON INCREASING THE LEVEL OF CARE TO ENSURE A CHILD IS IN A NUTURING ENVIRONMENT. NOTE HOW THIS IS DIFFERENT FROM UNLICENSED DAYCARE CENTERS
ATTACHMENT ACROSS CULTURES
INFANTS IN STRANGE SITUATION ARE SIMILAR ACROSS MOST OF THE WESTERN WORLD. THOUGH THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN AFRICAN CULTURES (MORE SECURE ATTACHMENT) AND GERMANY (MORE AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT) **CLEAR CUT ATTACHMENT LASTS LONGER IN JAPAN.
Schemes (What are some of the key concepts of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?)
In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Understanding gaze and attention
Infant pointing emerges around the end of the first year. Infant can imitate intent in the second year Gaze following emerges after attention to head/body Limited cross-cultural research suggests equivalent social cognitive development, even with different parental strategies.
When will children typically begin experimenting with different sounds?
Infants begin making simple sounds and by 12 months of age can say a handful of words.
Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin?
Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy. GENETIC COMPONENT
cascades
Language development influences cognitive development, processing speed, enhances executive control, effortful control, planning, impulse control, school achievements increased language development acts a buffer for the effects of poverty.
Which will impact how phonemes combine into words?
Language. EACH LANGUAGE HAS ITS OWN PHONEMES TO USE AND THEY COMBINE IN DIFFERENT WAYS
Which statement best explains the semantics of language as an interconnected system of words?
Learning a word like "ball" relates toother words such as "bounce" "round" or "kick." ONE WORD THUS RE-ENFORCES A WIDER VARIETY OF WORDS
Which development reveals a child's growing skills in pragmatics?
Learning social conventions and norms around language use PRAGMATICS IS FOCUSED ON THE SOCIAL CONVENTIONS OF LANGUAGE
The tasks of early lang acquisition
Learning the sound discriminations that are important Segmented the speech stream into words 1) Learning the referents of words 1) Learning to communicate without words 2) learning to approximate words. 3) Learning to understand and produce more and more words 4) speaking in single words 5) Speaking in 2 word sentences 6) speaking in even longer sentences
According to research which is the best method to help infants and toddlers learn words?
Live interactions with an adult. BETTER THAN VIDEOS, BETTER THAN ENRICHED TOYS. JOINT ATTENTION AND REFERENTIAL LANGUAGE ARE EXCELLENT TOOLS
PARENTAL SENSITIVITY TO A STIMULI _________
PROMOTES EARLIER AND MORE EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS OF SELF-REGULATION
individual behavior and environmental differences contribute to variability
Parental behaviors, house order, social differences, nutrition all impact the development of children. It is important for children to work with an older figure for scaffolding. This allows children to overcome their current zone of proximal development and work on even harder goals.
Dynamic systems similarity to other theories
Piaget: both emphasize child's movement and how that boosts learning Core knowledge theory: emphasis on early competence. innate knowledge. Socio-culutral: emphasis on impact of social interactions
The quality of childcare on language
The poorest daycares often lack licenses and regulation. Children are not given a safe and enriched environment to learn. This would obviously hurt development as for many hours a day, children are missing out on opportunities to learn and use language.
Adaptation (What are some of the key concepts of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?)
The process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment by means of assimilation and accommodation.
Young children raised in homes with professional parents may show more language development and larger vocabularies compared to children raised at or near poverty levels. What do researchers Hart and Risley suggest is a possible explanation for these differences?
The researchers estimate that young children in poverty have heard 30 million fewer words in their first years of life than peers in homes with more resources. 30 MILLION WORD GAP.
interpersonal self
The self we are in the presence of other people. (12)
Both Harlow and Bowlby's work help us better understand attachment. Which accurately reflects their research?
The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment. BOLBY- TRIED TO MAKE ATTACHMENT HAVE AN EVOLUTIONARY BASIS AS THE CLOSER A PARENT AND CHILD WERE BONDED, THE MORE LIKELY FOR SURVIVAL HARLOW- SHOWED THAT THERE WAS A GENETIC/BIOLOGICAL DESIRE FOR COMFORT, JUST AS MUCH AS FOOD. (W MONEKY DOLL EXPERIMENTS)
Which is true about the language development of children who hear two languages from infancy?
Their course of development in each language mirrors the course of monolingual children.
The limited emotional range of infants.
There exists discomfort and comfort, which is often indicated via simple forms of communication and faces. True social smile emerges at 6 weeks; laughter at 3-4 months.
How does the use of mental state verbs aid in development
These are often abstract and aid in emotional comprehension, emotional regulation, and Theory of Mind. BASED ON THE FACT THAT THESE VERBS DESCRIBE OTHERS MENTAL STATES .
What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?
They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys IF THEY DIDNT UNDERSTAND THEIR ROLE/STEROTYPE THEY WOULD BE INDIFFERENT TO THE TOYS AND PLAY WITH WHATEVER ITS NOT BASED ON THE PARENT THAT IS CHOSEN FOR COMFORT, SINCE THAT IS JUST A LOVE OF PARENT AND NOT BASED ON GENDER.
Why do children begin using prepositions, conjunctions, and articles at a later age of 2-3?
They require children to have a foundation of both nouns and verbs. CAN'T USE ALL OF THESE EXTRA FORMS OF COMMUNICATION WITHOUT HAVING THE FOUNDATION
Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents?
This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year. AS THE INFANT GAINS COGNITION, IT UNDERSTANDS MORE THAT THEYRE GOALS ARE BEING OBSTRUCTED, MAKING THEM MORE ANGRY
What is the purpose of false-belief experiments?
To determine whether infants/toddlers understand that others can have beliefs different from their own
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium (What are some of the key concepts of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?)
Use assimilation during equilibrium Disequilibrium prompts accommodation
Kagan experiment
Used a mobile, tracked the results. brought out a more "intense" mobile and tracked response. The children who were relaxed at both mobiles were expected to be better at adapting. Expected to be less shy and more outgoing. The children who got upset at the second mobile had higher heart rates, higher cortisol levels. Greater right hemisphere activation (?) EXPECTED TO BE SHY AND RESERVED.
Which is not a tool that cognitive development researchers use to study infants?
Verbal reasoning tasks
Hesse & Main: 1999
WHEN AN INFANT IS FRIGHTENED OF THE SAME INDIVIDUAL IT MUST APPROACH = CREATES A DISORGANIZATION DISORGANIZED BEHAVIOR IN STRANGE SITUATION IS PREDICTIVE OF LATER CONDUCT AND PSYCH DISORDERS
Which feature has not been studied as an example of infant-directed speech?
WHISPERS Shorter utterances- PROVEN TO BE BENEFICAL IN MOST CONTEXTS Changes in the amplitude (loudness) of speech- HELPS WITH KEEPING INFANT ATTENTION. CAN HELP AN INFANT IDENTIFY A QUESTION/A TOPIC OF SENTENCE. Concrete talk- SEEN AS WORSE, OFTEN BORING AND NOT ENGAGING High pitched, exaggerated speech- HELPS WITH KEEPING INFANT ATTENTION.
Infant Ekaterina spends an hour each day watching videos on her tablet. However, she has trouble relating what she sees on the screen to the real world. According to research, what can Ekaterina's parents do to help her to better interpret and apply what she sees on the screen to the real world?
Watch with her and talk about the programs.
The concept of goodness of fit
describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment.
Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?
Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament. The concept of goodness of fit: describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment. THE PARENT IS ABLE TO CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT TO FIT TEMPERMENT
Oxytocin
a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts. The love hormone. increases social behaviors such as trust and helps regulate stress.
For a high risk genotype parenting matters ________, while for a low risk of aggression phenotype parenting matters ________
a lot ; a little The child can be severely aggressive with a negative maternal behavior. Obviously tho, this varies from child to child
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months Cognitive scale Language scale Motor scale Two scales depend on parental report: Social-emotional scale Adaptive behavior scale
Moprheme
a prefix or suffix that changes the meaning of a word "dog" becomes "dogs"
SECURE ATTACHMENT
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. CRIES WHEN CAREGIVER LEAVES, HAPPY TO SEE CAREGIVER RETURN
disorganzied attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return LACKS CONSISTENCY=DAZED AND CONFUSED
Opposition to Piaget's ideas
around 1970's Violation-of-expectation method: assesses infants knowledge of physical reality based on their attention to expected vs. unexpected events. You habituate them to one event and then test with two versions -> indicates only a limited, implicit awareness of physical events. Object permanence: --Renee Baillargeon studies found that evidence that is present In the first few months of life. PIAGET UNDERESTIMATED INFANTS: RESEARCH SHOWS THAT BABIES CONSTRUCT MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS OF OBJECTS AND THEIR WHEREABOUTS EARLIER THAN PAIGET HAD PREDICTED. deferred imitation present in toddlers to enrich schemas Inferred imitation present earlier and is a corner stone of social understanding/communication
Infants begin to babble and vocalize when parents interact with them. About what age will infants begin to produce canonical syllables or babbles?
as young as 6 months!! words emerge around 12 months vocab spurt at 18 months
Cascades of secure attachment
closer, less conflicted peer relationships in childhood positive peer and romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence better academic preformance UNCLEAR HOW MUCH OF THIS IS A RESULT OF ATTACHMENT OR GOOD PARENTING, THROUGH AND THROUGH.
Which comes first, comprehension or production
comprehension comes before production
Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant
cooing after THEY KICK a mobile with THEIR foot
accommodation (What are some of the key concepts of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?)
creating new schemas or adjusting old one to respond more effectively to new challenges/stimuli
Baby Andreas watches his father shave and, hours later, mimics this behavior. This is an example of
deferred imitation
sensiormotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. INFANTS AND TODDLERS THINK WITH THEIR SENSORY/MOTOR EQUIPMENT. REFLEX TRANSFORMED BY LEARNING --INFANT RECEIVES SENSORY FEEDBACK FROM REFLEXES AND THAT SHIFTS FUTURE OUTPUTS PIAGET BELIEVED THAT VERY YOUNG IFNATNS HAD NO CAPABILITY OF MENTAL REPRESENTATION OF IT EXPERIENCE SIX SUBSTAGES
In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as the
infant having encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object.
CONNECTIONIST Theory on language
infants build up language from the bottom up based on past experience. Understanding is built from large inputs of experience/information
The effect of videos of learning/attention
infants have a hard time taking things seen in the 2D video and applying them to the 3D world. human interaction facilities learning, and can even help learning via video. Commercials and some too-hyper shows cause infants to never work on their sustained attention, can lead to attentional issues. IMPORTANT FOR PROGRAMS TO BE GEARED TO CHILDREN AND LEARNING.
Mobile experiment
infants learn to kick when tied to a mobile. If that same mobile appears the infant will kick again. The time it takes to remember to kick decreases with age. If the mobile changed in design the infant knew it wasn't the same and DID NOT KICK
Phenotatics
the permissive structure of syllables, groups of constants, sequences of vowels
distributional properties
the phenomenon that in any language, certain sounds are more likely to appear together than are others.
Assimilation (What are some of the key concepts of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?)
the process of fitting new ideas or concepts into existing ideas or concepts. It suggests that a child may change or alter what he perceives in the outside world in order to fit his internal world.
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage. Speed at which this can be done is important.
displaced reference
the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present. emerges in first year, strengthens in second.
Perceiving and discriminating phonemes in ones langauge
there are 100's of potential phenome sounds possible, but overtime we get habituated to encode only the new that are useful to the language we are learning. Infants display a preference for sounds they hear more often Has to do with the process of phonemic tuning.
cues that increase the available level of oxytocin
touch, smells like vanilla or pumpkin, nursing and orgasm
Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability.
underestimated; more accurately GENDER STEROTYPES ABUT FEMALES BEING FRAGILE