Infant and Child Development CH. 5 +6

How might caregiver sensitivity and emotional availability impact an infant's development of social cognition?

1. Caregivers can support infants' regulation of emotions, allowing infants to then learn from their social environments 2. Caregivers model social interaction and social sensitivity, such that infants in turn learn about others.

At what age does infant gaze start?

18 months

Who was Genie ?

A child whosurvived years of abuse and neglect as a child and never fully developed language skills

A child lacks the mental capacity to solve a two-digit by two-digit multiplication problem. Which example below serves as a representation of scaffolding?

A teacher helps the child learn the first step in the multiplication problem, which allows the child to then solve the next step.

Which is evidence that an infant understands goal-directed reaching?

After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks longer when the person reaches for a different toy.

How might a proponent of a developmental systems view explain an infant's lack of success in the traditional A-not-B task as described by Piaget?

An A-not-B error may be due to factors such as perseveration and feedback from repeated actions rather than an infant's understanding of object permanence.

A researcher shows 4-month-old Asako a sieve with relatively large holes. First, the researcher drops rocks onto the sieve, and the rocks do not pass through. Next, the researcher pours sand on another sieve that looks exactly the same but has a transparent barrier so that the sand does not pass through. What do you think the researcher is testing with this experiment?

Asako's understanding of solidity and substance

Which statement best reflects what researchers have learned about infant-directed speech?

Babies prefer to listen to infant-directed speech relative to adult-directed speech.

Chomsky believed that children are innately endowed to learn language. From the options, which provides support to back Chomsky's claim?

Children show creative uses of language and an ability to generate an infinite number of sentences they never heard.

Which statement best reflects a dynamic systems theory perspective?

Children's active participation in their environment creates ways to connect words and meanings.

Which statement best describes the role of cultural context in infant cognitive development?

Cognitive development processes may be universal. However, the materials that constitute a child's environment can differ from culture to culture.

Which is not a scaffolding strategy?

Connecting to background knowledge

Which theory attempts to explain how children develop the ability to draw meaningful associations among various related words and concepts?

Connectionist theory

What aspect of Early Head Start is provided to families that may specifically promote infants' and toddlers' language development?

High-quality care

According to critics of the nativist view of cognitive development, which is a possible alternative explanation of infants' longer looking times during experiments?

Infants' attention may be drawn to perceptual features of the stimulus, rather than reflecting their innate expectations.

Which statement best describes the results of the multicultural study by Callaghan, et al. on the development of social cognition?

Infants/children in all situations achieved similar social cognitive skills, although there were some differences in the manner in which these skills were acquired.

Which statement best explains the semantics of language as an interconnected system of words?

Learning a word like "ball" relates toother words such as "bounce" "round" or "kick."

According to the reading, infants who have hearing disabilities tend to display what amount of canonical babbling relative to hearing infants?

Less frequent

Why do information-processing researchers sometimes examine infants' heart rate as an index of attention rather than (or in addition to) infants' gaze?

Looking at something alone does not necessarily mean that the infant is processing information about the stimulus.

Which represents the order in which infants typically learn different types of words?

Nouns, then verbs

A researcher notes that 9-month-old Sebastian is watching a picture and his heart rate has steadily slowed down from when the stimulus was first presented. What is the researcher's mostly likely interpretation?

Sebastian is processing the stimulus and is in the sustained attention phase.

You observe 6-month-old Renata repeatedly hitting her hand on the floor and making a sound. What substage, according to Piaget, are you likely observing?

Secondary circular reactions

Which is the chronological order of the characteristics of the first five sensorimotor substages as defined by Piaget?

Spontaneous movement → repeated action focused on own body and immediate environment → repeated action focused on objects → coordinated sequences of action → means-end analysis

What do modified A-not-B experiments that involve manipulations of infants' posture demonstrate?

The impact of sensory feedback is an important consideration when conducting A-not-B experiments.

What is a way that researchers infer that an infant or child is developing social cognitive understanding?

The infant is able to - understand the intention of others - identify the false beliefs of others - perform deferred imitation - use mental state vocabulary

What is best definition of habituation, as used in the context of infant cognitive development?

The processing of information about a stimulus and decline of attention to the stimulus

Young children raised in homes with professional parents may show more language development and larger vocabularies compared to children raised at or near poverty levels. What do researchers Hart and Risley suggest is a possible explanation for these differences?

The researchers estimate that young children in poverty have heard 30 million fewer words in their first years of life than peers in homes with more resources.

Which is true about the language development of children who hear two languages from infancy?

Their course of development in each language mirrors the course of monolingual children.

What is the purpose of false-belief experiments?

To determine whether infants/toddlers understand that others can have beliefs different from their own

Findings that infants do not show the same abilities in selective attention as seen at later points in development may

be adaptive and allow infants notice a lot of things about their environment.

The ability of an infant to re-enact an action that they observed earlier is called

deferred imitation

Baby Andreas watches his father shave and, hours later, mimics this behavior. This is an example of

deferred imitation.

Violation-of-expectation experiments have been used to examine whether infants

have an innate understanding of the laws of physics (such as gravity).

In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as the

infant having encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object.

The term social cognition refers to

infants' ability to process, store, and apply information about people and social situations.

An experimenter finds that 3-month-old Ava is better able to discriminate faces when seeing the faces paired with their talking voices compared to seeing the faces alone. This is evidence in support of the _______ hypothesis.

intersensory redundancy

Which will impact how phonemes combine into words?

language

Chomsky suggested that children are innately endowed with the ability to learn language, which he attributed to

language acquisition device.

An infant knows the word for an animal (doggie!) and rejects a new name for the same animal (puppy). This behavior suggests a bias of

mutual exclusivity

The _______ view asserts that infants have greater innate cognitive ability than Piaget assumed.

nativist

The channeling of language preference and perception to one's native tongue is an example of

perceptual narrowing.

In the real-life example of the word apple, _______ can describe why infants are able to detect the likelihood of ap being paired with ple?

statistical learning

A toddler wants to leave the house and go somewhere by saying "go car?" repeatedly to his mom. This kind of speech is known as

telegraphic speech

Fifteen-month-old Keisha watches her caregiver try to move a stack of blocks. But, the caregiver accidentally knocks the stack of blocks over. Keisha then tries to move the stack of blocks but does not try to knock them over. This suggests that Keisha

understands the caregiver's intention.

Malik is playing with a red triangular toy. He hears an adult use the novel word block.Malik is likely to think this new word refers to the toy, rather than its shape, it's color, or some other characteristic of it. This illustrates the concept of

whole object assumption.