infant & childhood development final

(ch 12) the intelligence test developed by alfred binet originally sought to a. identify children with unusual academic potential b. identify children who were having difficulties in mainstream classrooms c. provide a culturally-sensitive method of identifying intellectual functioning d. measure the intellectual functioning of children without verbal skills e. describe variations in children who were excelling academically

b. identify children who were having difficulties in mainstream classrooms

(ch 11) from childhood through adolescence, there is a(n) _______ of white matter and a(n) _________ of gray matter a. increased density; increased functioning b. increase; decrease c. equal amount; increased amount d. decrease; increase e. decreased density; decreased functioning

b. increase; decrease

(ch 12) auli'i lives with his family in a rural village in papua new guinea. although he has started to go to school and has learned a little reading and writing, his main forms of instruction are watching his father and older brothers build animal traps and spears and arrows for hunting. his careful attention to their work, known as __________, will ensure he will be able to provide for himself and his family in the future. a. age-contingent cultural learning b. keen observational learning c. cultural heritage learning d. survival modeling techniques e. familial processing effect

b. keen observational learning

(ch 9) which school activities fosters children's reasoning about the motives, beliefs, and emotions of people? a. math problems b. literary activities c. history lessons d. scientific experiments e. vocabulary test

b. literary activities

(ch 10) nicholas told his mother that his friend chang won the class math contest earlier that day. his mother responded, "well, chinese people are good at math." this type of sentence is an example of a. racial stability b. discrimination c. ethnocentrism d. essentialism e. narrow thinking

d. essentialism

(ch 11) which is not known to impact a child's quality and quantity of sleep? a. a dark, cool room b. poor parent-child interactions c. parent-child conflict d. an erratic schedule e. catching up on sleep during weekends

a. a dark, cool room

(ch 11) the criteria for an ADHD diagnosis a. all of the above b. include presence of symptoms prior to 12 years of age c. include presence of symptoms in multiple settings d. include interference in social relationships and schoolwork e. are listed in the DSM-5 manual

a. all of the above

(ch 13) children who have experienced repeated maltreatment a. are highly sensitive to signs of distress in others b. have a stronger reaction to positive emotion from others c. have difficulty expressing emotion d. have difficulty detecting normal signs of anger and frustration e. are insensitive to signs of distress and anger in others

a. are highly sensitive to signs of distress in others

(ch 9) which example does not reflect a common overregulization in grammar? a. at home, dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone b. my child told her friend we "goed" to the zoo yesterday c. in school, charles asked the teacher for a new pencil because his last one "broked" d. responding to a question, kaitlyn responded with sarcasm "i already cleaneded!" e. toby was flying to costa rica on a plane. he asked his parents if it's scary to "flies"

a. at home, dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone

(ch 11) if researchers want to examine changes in brain connectivity from childhood through adolescence, they would most likely be using a. brain network analyses using fMRI b. functional lobe analyses c. central nervous system imaging d. PET scans e. MRI scans

a. brain network analyses using fMRI

(ch 9) wimmer and perner (1993)created a task in which a child places an object in one cupboard and leaves the room. then, the child's mother comes in and moves the object to another cupboard. children between the ages 3 and 9 are shown this scene and asked where they expect the child would look for the object upon returning to the room. which response describes typical responses to this question? a. children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children understood the child would look in the original location b. children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would not remember where the object had been left and would search for it randomly, while older children say the child would look first in the new location c. children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children say the child would look in the original location d. children of all ages say the child would look for the object in its original location e. children of all ages say the child would look for the object in its new location

a. children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children understood the child would look in the original location

(ch 9) conjunctions such as "when" "but" or "and" are increasingly used by children as they develop their language skills. what do these conjunctions allow children to do? a. conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses b. conjunctions make it easier for children to modify the meaning of words and thus produce more complex sentences c. conjunctions allow children to expand their understanding of the meaning of words d. conjunctions allow for more complete and intelligible sentences e. conjunctions provide simple pathways for children to produce telegraphic speech

a. conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses

(ch 12) when bridgette was three years old, she could count to 10 with a little help, and name some basic colors. now at 5 years of age, she can count to 100, knows all the colors of the rainbow and can recite the entire alphabet. bridgette has expanded her ________ intelligence a. crystallized b. practical c. fluid d. spatial e. real-world

a. crystallized

(ch 10) although yumi was born in america, her favorite memories are her parents taking her to the annual asian festival and making delicious japanese delicacies during tradition holidays while her grandparents share exciting stories about their lives in japan. according to diane hughes, these experiences would be an example of a. cultural socialization b. egalitarianism c. promotion of mistrust d. implicit bias e. ethnocentric

a. cultural socialization

(ch 12) all of the following support environment influences on intellectual development except a. decreased intelligence in children who display high media consumption b. associations between intelligence and the quality of the home environment c. increases in intelligence after children are adopted out of institutions d. changes to intelligence when individuals' life circumstances change e. changes to intelligence over historical time

a. decreased intelligence in children who display high media consumption

(ch 13) children are not fully accepting of peers who engage in "other-gender behaviors" a. during all phases of childhood, although they are more flexible in thinking as they get older b. only during early childhood c. when engaging with children of the opposite sex d. when their same-sex parent does not express acceptance e. primarily during early childhood, but this declines throughout childhood and adolescence

a. during all phases of childhood, although they are more flexible in thinking as they get older

(ch 9) in a lab, a child was asked to cover her eyes. when asked if her mom can still see her, the child said: "no because my eyes are closed" what is this thought process referred to as? a. egocentrism b. blind mind grouping c. overt simplistic thinking d. delayed processing e. parent dissociative attachment

a. egocentrism

(ch 10) gerald was excited to show his mom the ceramic cup he had painted that day in class, but when he opened his backpack, he discovered it had broken in half! his mother responded, "i know you are upset, but with a little glue, we can mend. it and you will feel better." his mother's response would be an example of a(n) a. emotional coaching b. playful conversation c. optimistic strategy d. false hope e. indifferent parenting

a. emotional coaching

(ch 10) whenever miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushed her to the ground. in response, his father spanks him. over time, miguel's experience will likely lead him to a. escalate his aggressive behavior b. isolate himself from his family members c. become more attached to his father d. develop more cooperative behaviors e. eventually stop pushing his sister

a. escalate his aggressive behavior

(ch 12) harold was asked to write a brief essay for his seventh-grade class discussing the role of sports participation in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. in it, harold discusses how exercise is necessary for building strong muscles and bones and staying fit. this assignment requires _________ writing a. expository b. reflective c. personal d. technical e. creative

a. expository

(ch 11) findings from the swedish study where researchers varied the amount of physical activity in schools indicates a. gains in motor development persisted, even into adolescence b. gains in motor development were more pronounced for males more than females c. gains in motor development were most pronounced in early childhood, but made little impact by the early teen years d. gains in motor development were only seen for children from physically active families e. no significant differences occurred when additional physical activity was added to the school day

a. gains in motor development persisted, even into adolescence

(ch 12) peter is 9, and still has trouble with schoolwork and everyday tasks like learning to clean his room, dress himself and write his name. peter would most likely be classified as a. having an intellectual disability b. having lack of motivation c. behaviorally non-compliant d. suffering from poverty e. having a physical disability

a. having an intellectual disability

(ch 11) which factor may contribute to the rise in obesity? a. lack of public playgrounds and nearby parks b. schools allowing recess and recreational activities without direct supervision c. participation in nutritional programs in school d. greater emphasis on organized youth sports e. greater emphasis on unstructured outdoor play

a. lack of public playgrounds and nearby parks

(ch 12) ophelia knows that spelling is not her best subject in school, but that constantly writing and re-writing the words makes her more confident about spelling them. ophelia's awareness of her spelling limitations is an example of a. metacognition b. predictive ability c. egocentrism d. working memory e. fluid intelligence

a. metacognition

(ch 10) which would best illustrate the concept of hostile attribution bias? a. nancy is convinced greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant b. betty purposefully positions herself so that she can trip up boys at school she secretly likes, thinking her aggressive behavior will make her seem more likable c. henry intially thought his brother mike broke his toy plane to get back at him for winning at the arcades, but then decided it was an accident d. muave doesn't like rachel, so she purposefully created a set of hurtful rumors about rachel so no one would want to be friends with her e. vincent is very focused on building his toy train set and tends to react with hostility to whomever approaches and tries to talk to him

a. nancy is convinced greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant

(ch 13) which might cause parents to communicate messages that prepare their children for bias and discrimination? a. parents' perceptions of teacher bias and unfair treatment of their children b. parents' endorsement of cultural heritage and pride c. parents' views of racial equality d. parents' goals for children to interact with high-status group members e. parents' observations of a child's friends coming from biracial homes

a. parents' perceptions of teacher bias and unfair treatment of their children

(ch 12) yvette's mother sits with her as she tries to read her favorite book out loud. when they read the word "tree," yvette's mother says, "let's sound this out - "t-r-ee." this approach to learning to read is known as the _________ approach a. phonics b. whole language c. semantic awareness d. auditory interpretation e. outside-in

a. phonics

(ch 9) ashton has a hard time learning the alphabet and is behind the class. the teacher notices ashton also have no supplies for school and wears the same outfit repeatedly. what conclusion could be drawn from this connection? a. poverty conditions may be impacting ashton's ability to learn b. ashton doesn't care about school c. this is typical behavior and challenges that children face at this age d. memory improves with age and ashton will be fine one day e. ashton is the victim of bad parenting practices

a. poverty conditions may be impacting ashton's ability to learn

(ch 12) lisa had always been told she was very smart in areas related to reading skills and reading comprehension, and she labels herself as innately smart. she had little difficulty reading or understanding the books she was assigned to in class. however, when she moved from the third to the fourth grade. lisa found the new reading assignments to be very challenging. as a result, lisa is likely to a. reduce her effort, interest, and investment in reading the challenging material b. ask her teacher for help in learning to read difficult words to ensure she continues her high reading performance c. ask a peer for help in learning to read the harder books d. believe that with effort, her reading could continue to improve e. choose difficult books to read so that she can improve her performance and challenge herself

a. reduce her effort, interest, and investment in reading the challenging material

(ch 9) what strategy might children use to help recall a series of numbers or facts? a. rehearsal b. target planning c. stroop tasking d. mental organization e. working memory practice

a. rehearsal

(ch 11) which has been successful school-based intervention to promote good health and nutrition? a. school breakfast programs b. monitored school vending machine programs c. eliminating school lunch program in suburban and affluent schools d. increasing the amount of class time devoted to teaching health education e. decreasing organized youth sports after school to allow for more free-play time

a. school breakfast programs

(ch 13) mrs. fabian, a local middle school principal, takes a great deal of time addressing ways to foster mutual respect, open collaboration, trust, and a sense of connection among teachers, students, and parents as a way to reduce bullying and victimization in school and increase student wellbeing. mrs. fabian's approach reflects the view that ___________ is important in positive social relationships and emotional health. a. school climate b. classroom management c. multiple systems of behavioral intervention d. antibullying programs e. school system of social progress

a. school climate

(ch 13) zhang rui is quiet and reserved. she is more likely to a. seek friends who are also reserved and quiet b. be encouraged by parents to seek friends who are outgoing c. be rejected by children who are very reserved d. be rejected by children who are very outgoing e. seek friends who are very outgoing, because as opposites attract

a. seek friends who are also reserved and quiet

(ch 11) families can best encourage good eating habits and help prevent obesity by a. selecting and eating healthy foods with the child b. getting take-out meals to be eaten together as a family c. controlling a child's intake by banning eating any sugary or salty foods at all d. persistent calorie counting of a child's consumption to ensure control over intake e. using snack foods like cookies and chips as a reward for good eating habits during meals

a. selecting and eating healthy foods with the child

(ch 13) eleven-year-old liam is sad that his friend is moving away but understands why his friend is excited since he will move closer to his grandparents and many cousins. this provides evidence of liam's a. skills at theory of mind b. ability to process his own emotions c. development of self-conscious emotions d. ability to experience emotions that contrast with another e. prosocial behavior

a. skills at theory of mind

(ch 11) jane is concerned that her 12-year-old son is starting to experience leg pains. the doctor reassures jane that this is common and is likely due to a. the surge in muscle mass at this age b. his increased activity level at this age c. the decrease in muscle mass and increase in fatty issue at this age d. his gender and age e. the weight gain experienced at this age

a. the surge in muscle mass at this age

(ch 9) theory of mind refers to which of the following? a. understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts b. thought process leading to long-term memory c. egocentric viewpoints d. shared learning process in group settings e. belief that thoughts can be shared

a. understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts

(ch 10) which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development? a. younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others b. older children are more likely to show a decline in moral functioning following the birth of a sibling c. older children are able to learn more effective moral reasoning skills by imitating the behaviors of their younger siblings d. younger children can mimic effective moral reasoning by copying the behaviors of their older siblings e. sibling relationships are often contexts for moral strife and coercion, increasing the risk for unwanted, aggressive behaviors

a. younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others

(ch 13) some of the advances in middle childhood friendships include a. less gender-steorotyped influences on friendships b. an emphasis on unobservable qualities such as loyalty c. decreased emphasis on prosocial behavior in friendship building d. greater emphasis on similar interests e. less emphasis on gender, race, and ethnicity

b. an emphasis on unobservable qualities such as loyalty

(ch 13) which statement about children's development of pride is most accurate? a. pride often suggests unhealthy social-emotional development b. authentic pride reinforces and motivates future positive behaviors c. the emotion of pride leads to antisocial behavior later in adolescence d. hubristic pride is associated with increased self-esteem and pro-social behaviors e. adults should foster a sense of accomplishment without promoting a sense of pride

b. authentic pride reinforces and motivates future positive behaviors

(ch 9) which curriculum promotes math skills with activities and stories that target children's abilities to solve problems and improve reasoning abilities? a. national math prep academy (NMPA) b. big math for little kids (BMLK) c. early learning math consortium (ELMC) d. pre-algebra & calculus test prep (PACT) e. mathetes plus (M+)

b. big math for little kids (BMLK)

(ch 9) researchers have found that theory of mind can actually help children with deception and persuasion. which explanations best explains this connection? a. children who understand theory of mind view persuasion as normative social behavior b. children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others c. children increasingly attempt to get others to think like they do with age d. children lie to avoid punishment, and theory of mind lets them figure out what punishment they might receive e. children who are adept at keeping secrets are good at deception too

b. children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others

(ch 10) ________ are a type of short story used to test young children's knowledge about how a character in a story feels or might act in a particular situation. a. experimental narratives b. emotion vignettes c. assessment features d. theory of mind narratives e. "how does it feel" narratives

b. emotion vignettes

(ch 9) jamal, who is 32, cannot remember who his teacher was when he was 7 years old, but he remembers specific, vivid details from his classroom and the day he fell and needed to get stitches. what kind of memory has jamal stored? a. working memory b. episodic memory c. repressive memory d. long-term memory e. eventful-historic memory

b. episodic memory

(ch 10) research has shown that parents who consistently engage in emotion talk with their children have children that are more likely to demonstrate all the following except a. being more aware of the connection between emotions and situations b. experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school c. having better social interactions with peers d. having lower externalizing problems in school e. being better at understanding emotional content in story-telling

b. experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school

(ch 10) juan, a 4-year-old preschooler, is crying loudly because a classmate took away a favorite toy of his during recess. which coping intervention would be most effective for juan? a. leave juan alone because at his age it is important that he work out coping strategies himself b. explain to juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others c. hug juan tightly and stay by his side during recess until he has calmed down d. explain to the classmate that his actions caused juan to cry, and he should give the toy back e. take the toy away from the classmate and give it back to juan

b. explain to juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others

(ch 11) which statement is consistent with findings about gender differences in motor skills? a. boys tend to be better at sports requiring balance until age 12, when girls excel over boys b. girls are likely to be better at sports requiring balance and agility than boys c. girls catch up to boys in balanced and strength around age 10 or 11 d. girls are less likely than boys to excel at sports requiring agility and strength e. boys tend to be better at sports requiring balance than girls

b. girls are likely to be better at sports requiring balance and agility than boys

(ch 11) which statement provides evidence of gender differences in brain development? a. both white and gray matter are denser in males than females b. gray matter in the parietal lobe and basal ganglia peak earlier in females than males c. both white and gray matter are denser in females than males d. white matter develops linearly in females but not in males e. gray matter develops earlier in males than females in the prefrontal cortex

b. gray matter in the parietal lobe and basal ganglia peak earlier in females than males

(ch 13) virtual social exclusion experiments help researchers understand a. peer status nominations b. how the brain responds to social exclusion c. how the brain responds when socializing within a clique d. how rejected children develop social skills e. how popular children achieve their status

b. how the brain responds to social exclusion

(ch 9) what factor contributes to children's improvements in phonology? a. advanced prekindergarten programs b. practice talking and muscle coordination c. natural phonological error detection decreases d. parenting help and scaffolding of proper pronunciation e. speech-sound development

b. practice talking and muscle coordination

(ch 11) which of the following is not a sign of food insecurity? a. experiencing weight loss because of not having enough money for food b. refusal to apply for supplemental nutritional program c. cutting the size of meals or skip meals because of a lack of money for food d. passing on more expensive foods for less expensive foods that do not provide balanced meals e. being unable to purchase enough food to last until they can buy more

b. refusal to apply for supplemental nutritional program

(ch 12) dr. formatte is administering a test of creativity to a group of 6-year-old children. if the scores on these tests are about the same each time, he administers them to the same participants. we would say the test likely has good a. internal consistency b. reliability c. face validity d. predictive validity e. test objectivity

b. reliability

(ch 12) when given the multiplication problem "what is 3 x 5?" aiden thinks to himself that 5 + 5 +5 is equal to 15, therefore 3 x 5 is 15. which mathematical strategy is aiden employing? a. mathematical equality b. repeated addition c. graphic organization d. relative magnitude e. diagraming method

b. repeated addition

(ch 9) a 6-year-old child who is visiting a restaurant expects a waiter to bring over a menu, describe the specials, take orders, and then serve food. what does this understanding reflect? a. advanced semantic memory skills b. scripts and semantic memory c. episodic memories d. working memory e. consolidation and executive functioning

b. scripts and semantic memory

(ch 11) why is synchronized brain wave activity important? a. synchronized brain waves indicate growth of the cortex b. synchronized areas of the brain are needed in progressively more complex learning tasks c. synchronized areas of the brain prevent cognitive delays d. synchronized brain waves result in faster development of the prefrontal cortex e. synchronized areas of the brain develop densely populated white matter

b. synchronized areas of the brain are needed in progressively more complex learning tasks

(ch 13) counterfactual emotion tasks are used to a. examine a child's development of self-consciously emotions b. test whether children understand that a person's emotions depend on how reality compares to alternatives c. test a child's ability to process another person's emotional expression when expressing contradictory emotions d. test children's emotional self-regulation e. document how a child can experience conflicting emotions at the same time

b. test whether children understand that a person's emotions depend on how reality compares to alternatives

(ch 13) which is a potential consequence of bullying through social media? a. social media has safeguards in place that prevent children younger than 18 from being bullied or victimized b. the consequences are more widespread and difficult to stop than "live" incidences of bullying or teasing c. bullies cannot hide from the victim or others d. the victim is less likely to mention the incident than when experiencing in-person teasing and bullying e. bullies are easily identified

b. the consequences are more widespread and difficult to stop than "live" incidences of bullying or teasing

(ch 9) in order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, dr. berko created which test? a. grammar syntax survey b. the wug test c. plural formation test d. grammar identification test (GIT-IV) e. berko grammar exam

b. the wug test

(ch 12) marcus thinks he can now ride one of he fun-looking roller coasters at the carnival, but his younger sister cannot, because last year his best friend christopher could ride it, and this year marcus is taller than his friend, but his sister is shorter. marcus is displaying the ability to engage in a. inductive reasoning b. transitive inference c. formal operations d. decentration e. tasks of conservation

b. transitive inference

(ch 11) the two leading ways in which children suffer injuries during middle childhood are a. team sports and recreational leagues b. vehicle accidents and bicycle accidents c. vehicle accidents and team sports d. bicycle accidents and soccer e. soccer and football

b. vehicle accidents and bicycle accidents

(ch 11) participation in formal and informal sports and other physical activity has benefits that include all of the following except a. reduced risk of obesity b. weight gain c. bone growth d. heart health e. muscle growth

b. weight gain

(ch 13) why is there a general guideline that discourages or prevents children under 13 years of age to have their own social media accounts?

bullying is common in later middle childhood years, and social media puts children at risk of cyberbullying, which has many negative consequences that surpass traditional bullying. the lack of brain development to understand the longer term ramifications of social media usage is one reason to delay social media usage in younger children. boys playing online games at this age were most likely to be victims of cyberbullying

(ch 9) a prime example of spatial cognition would be seen when a child understands that a. math skills are important to understanding spatial reasoning b. numbers follow a sequence that can map to space on a page c. a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole d. objects, shapes, and locations may appear different to others e. three precedes the number four

c. a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole

(ch 10) after being read the story of the heinz dilemma, karen was asked whether heinz was right in breaking into the pharmacists' store to stel the drug for his wife. karen responded, "yes, heinz should have stolen the drug, because it is the role of the husband to protect and save his wife." karen's response best reflects a _________ of moral reasoning a. pre-conceptual level b. pre-conventional level c. conventional level d. post-conventional level e. constructive level

c. conventional level

(ch 12) carol watches as her father rolls up a long "snake" of playdoh into a large ball, exclaiming, "daddy, that's like magic! there's more clay in it now than before!" carol has clearly not yet reached the ability to engage in a. assimilation b. object permanence c. decentration d. egocentrism e. magical thinking

c. decentration

(ch 11) participation in organized sports is associated with a. higher rates of aggression in middle childhood b. lower rates of aggression in middle childhood c. decreased anxiety and depression d. higher rates of social and behavioral issues e. increased anxiety and depression

c. decreased anxiety and depression

(ch 10) mischel and mischel's (1987) famous marshmallow task, in which children were given a choice to either eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for the chance to get a second marshmallow, represents a type of _________, which measures children's ability to forgo an immediate, smaller reward for a larger reward later. a. opportunity-reward test b. emotional control task c. delay of gratification task d. psychological limits assessment e. inhibition-reward paradigm

c. delay of gratification task

(ch 9) as caregivers read books to their children, they provide children with opportunities to develop many skills. however, not all reading interactions are similar. which statement best captures the idea of dialogic reading? a. dialogic reading is a style that allows children to test loud, quiet, and charismatic voices when reading b. dialogic reading provides children with a deeper understanding of how language is used c. dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage d. dialogic reading encourages children to read on their own without much guidance e. dialogic reading is a style where an adult reads to the child, while making sure the child is listening

c. dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage

(ch 9) little tomas can see a toy horse inside a plastic toy barn on the floor. his mom on the other side of the room cannot see into the barn. when asked what his mom can see tomas describes she can see a brown horse inside the barn. what cognitive limitation of young children does this situation present? a. animistic thinkking b. essentialism c. egocentrism d. precausal reasoning e. conservation

c. egocentrism

(ch 13) william and sheri are parents of a 12-year-old boy who was just rejected by a girl he liked. william and sheri listened to their son share his feelings and provided guidance on ways to manage his feelings of rejection. william and sheri were utilizing _______ to help their son a. their own experience b. socio-emotional reflection c. emotion coaching d. emotion co-regulation e. social guidance

c. emotion coaching

(ch 12) una believes that her son is gifted because of genetics, and that even without trying, he will be smart and talented because of the abilities he inherited from his parents. una's perspective of intelligence best reflects a. natural intelligence b. multi-genetic theory of intelligence c. entity theory of intelligence d. context-dependent theory of intelligence e. incremental theory of intelligence

c. entity theory of intelligence

(ch 12) as children age, the __________ component of their autobiographical memory shows large gains in development a. metacognitive b. semantic c. episodic d. fluid e. emotional

c. episodic

(ch 9) a child is reading aloud in class. as he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. what does this suggest about the child? a. his literacy skills are likely advanced compared to his class b. he is displaying reading comprehension c. he has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness d. he is grasping pragmatic skills early on e. because he has to break two-syllable words down, he lacks emergent literacy skills

c. he has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness

(ch 9) a study corriveau and harris (2009) found 3-year-olds preferred to side with family members (familiarity) in an object-naming experiment, even if the family member was wrong. comparatively, older children as young as 4 were more willing to disagree with familiar caregivers and favored someone who provided accurate information to them. what could explain this phenomenon? a. older children under that their own knowledge is more reliable b. toddlers are encouraged and expected to agree with parents c. older children can weigh reliability against familarity d. toddlers have yet to develop trustworthiness issues e. younger children have not developed object permanence

c. older children can weigh reliability against familiarity

(ch 11) why might the impression of young teens as being impulsive and poor planners have some merit? a. young teens have decreased white matter when compared to later adolescence b. the myelin sheaths around axons are not developed at this time c. one of the last areas of the brain to develop is the prefrontal cortex d. the parietal lobe develops slower than other areas of the brain e. the communication between hemispheres does not improve until early adulthood

c. one of the last areas of the brain to develop is the prefrontal cortex

(ch 10) gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. according to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, gina likely will a. continue engaging in play both with her doll and truck b. choose to play with trucks because that is what she prefers to do c. play with her doll because of her parents' praise d. encourage her brother to play with her doll, too se he can be praised as well e. consider both her parents' reactions and her own preferences when playing

c. play with her doll because of her parents' praise

(ch 12) dr formatte is administering a test of creativity to a group of 6-year-old children. if the scores on these tests have been found to forecast later performance on activities such as music abilities, drawing or problem solving, the test likely has shown good a. test objectivity b. reliability c. predictive validity d. internal consistency e. face validity

c. predictive validity

(ch 10) terrell and astrid are working together building a sandcastle at the beach. they take turns carrying the empty pail to gather sand and collect water and discuss how best to build their sandcastle. later, terrell shares his cookies astrid, and she gives him have half her sandwich. these children are engaging in a. parallel play b. solitary play c. prosocial behaviors d. reciprocity norms e. competitive play

c. prosocial behaviors

(ch 13) which most accurately describes cultural views around friendships? a. asian and latino cultures value shynes in children, and thus are not concerned when children are hesistant to make friends b. latino and asian cultures place more value on friendships than do western cultures c. western cultures emphasize autonomy and view friendships as important to a child's self-worth d. western cultures emphasize interdependence and value harmony in friendships e. views on the values and benefits of friendships are similar across cultural communities

c. western cultures emphasize autonomy and view friendships as important to a child's self-worth

(ch 12) explain the role classroom climate can have in facilitating or hindering children's learning

classroom climate, which refers to the extent to which students feel supported, nurtured, valued, and respected in their learning environment, can have a significant impact on learning. students who experience a high-quality classroom climate have been shown to have higher learning motivation and achievement goals, but students who feel marginalized, especially those from ethnic and racial minorities, may not feel as connected to the learning environment. providing a variety of materials learning materials that present culturally and ethnically diverse role models in positive ways can help facilitate connection in the classroom and enrich classroom climate

(ch 12) a group of third- and fifth-grade students were tasked with remembering a list of vocabulary words which were all new to them and unknown as they were related to playing the game croquet. prior to testing, half of the children across both age groups were given a tutorial on how to play croquet and saw videos of the game. which of the following most likely happened? a. the fifth-grade children outperformed the third graders on the vocabulary test, regardless of their experience with croquet b. the fifth graders without croquet experience did better in learning, the new vocabulary words than the fifth graders who received the tutorial c. the third-grade children who had experience with croquet outperformed all other children on the vocabulary test d. across both age groups, the children who received the tutorial did better on the vocabulary test than the children who did not e. children who played any kind of sport learned the vocabulary words better than those who did not play a sport

d. across both age groups, the children who received the tutorial did better on the vocabulary test than the children who did not

(ch 13) most research on peer acceptance / rejection in middle childhood is discovered through a. parental report b. teacher report c. school records d. child reports and peer assessments e. behavior analysis and peer group analysis

d. child reports and peer assessments

(ch 9) what impact does socioeconomic status (SES) have in the context of language and literacy? a. children from low SES households have fewer opportunities to read, but more opportunities to play with blocks and games than children from middle-income homes b. the majority of children from low SES households naturally catch up to grade-level by age 10, so any early differences are not of concern c. children in low SES homes are largely impacted in math and science; language is rarely an issue d. children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers e. immigrant children often struggle because they are dual-language learners, regardless of their family's SES

d. children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers

(ch 10) according to sigmund freud's theory of psychosexual development, gender identification in young children is ultimately resolved by a. the school age years, when language abilities permit conversations about gender b. the child identifying as a boy or girl and seeking out experiences consistent with their gender c. consistent parental communication and guidance towards gender-appropriate behavior d. children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings e. learning to imitate the behaviors modeled by their peers to avoid social ridicule

d. children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings

(ch 13) which best describes a child's understanding of ethnic and racial identity in middle childhood? a. children do not yet have the cognitive capabilities to understand differences in ethnicity and race b. biracial children have an easier time understanding their ethnicity and race c. children develop an understanding of racial identity in middle childhood but not ethnic identity d. children understand that their ethnic and racial identities are stable, and will always remain with them e. it is not until adolescence that children develop a sense of ethnic and racial identity

d. children understand that their ethnic and racial identities are stable, and will always remain with them

(ch 10) the casual connection between violent media and aggression remains unclear because a. parents who allow their children to watch violent television do so under strict parental supervision b. high levels of aggression and violent media consumption only co-occur in low SES-households, limiting the populations that can be studied c. the relationship between violent media and aggression is only apparent among boys, not girls d. children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior e. there has not been enough research conducted on violent programming and aggression in children

d. children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior

(ch 11) which would be expected of brain connectivity in middle childhood? a. connections become more simplified b. connections become less efficient c. short-range connections increase d. connections become more complex e. myelin sheaths thin

d. connections become more complex

(ch 10) eva, a young girl from peru, and charles, a young boy from the united states, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors? a. charles would be more likely to share than eva, but only if he was from an upper-class family b. eva would only be more likely to share than charles if she came from a middle-class family c. charles would be more likely to share his tokens equally than eva d. eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to charles e. regardless of cultural orientation, eva and charles would share the tokens equally

d. eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to charles

(ch 13) analysis of child-parent attachment relationships across 165 studies show that ______ predicted internalizing and externalizing problems in children a. father controlling behaviors b. declining parent-child closeness c. mother controlling behaviors d. insecure attachment e. secure attachment

d. insecure attachment

(ch 10) a researcher watches from a one-way mirror as a young child, who ad been separated from her mother for five minutes, is reunited. the researcher notes that the child seems to avoid eye contact with her mother and prefers to play alone. based on these observations, the researcher might be likely to classify the child as a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-disorganized c. secure-confident d. insecure avoidant e. securely attached

d. insecure avoidant

(ch 9) children's expanding understanding of norms around language use (for example, knowing how much to talk, when to talk) is referred to as a. phonology b. conversation skills c. emergent literacy d. pragmatics e. semantics

d. pragmatics

(ch 9) veronica ran up to her mother and said "where dad goed?" her mother replied: "where did dad go?" this correction is known as a(n) a. syntax b. dialogue c. fostered correction d. recast e. expansion

d. recast

(ch 11) the negative impact of poverty on brain development includes a. increase in size of the cerebral cortex b. decrease in the size of the brain stem c. increased functioning of prefrontal cortex and decreased functioning of temporal lobe d. reduced gray matter and white matter e. increased brain density

d. reduced gray matter and white matter

(ch 10) in henry's neighborhood, corporal punishment is an accepted, normative practice for controlling unwanted behavior. as a result, it is likely that henry may do all of the following except a. strengthen his positive attitudes towards corporal punishment over time b. escalate his aggression towards others over time c. make friends with children who share the same experiences as he does d. reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice e. be more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors

d. reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice

(ch 12) roger is learning to complete word-based math problems. to successfully complete them, roger must decide which pieces of information are relevant, and which are not. this would require him to employ a. transitive inference b. systematic planning c. cognitive flexibility d. selective attention e. formal operations

d. selective attention

(ch 13) damon and hart's research indicates that children have a more complex view of their identity because of several cognitive advances. these include all of the following except a. decreased black-and-white thinking b. shifting away from observable characteristics to internal c. the ability to use social-comparison d. shifting away from internal characteristics to external e. the ability to describe their traits beyond physical appearance and behaviors

d. shifting away from internal characteristics to internal

(ch 9) all of the statements about preschool education are true except a. well-designed preschool programs can help overcome language development disparities in dual-language learning students b. well-designed curricula can improve children's skills in literacy and mathematics c. teacher quality can significantly affect cognitive gains children achieve in preschool d. the benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment e. preschool has been found to produce gains equal to several months of additional learning beyond what children would have achieved without early childhood education

d. the benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment

(ch 13) knowledge about gender stereotypes becomes stronger and more automatic in middle childhood compared to early childhood. this finding is confirmed through the use of a. the gender-specific stereotype test b. tests measuring reaction to gender neutral faces c. the gender-typing test d. the implicit association test e. the explicit gender role test

d. the implicit association test

(ch 11) mr johnson is concerned that one of his sixth-grade students may be experiencing food insecurity. a colleague dismisses mr. johnson's concerns, reminding him that the child is slightly overweight. should mr. johnson be concerned? a. yes, all children should be screened for food insecurity in the united states b. no, food insecurity is extremely rare in the united states given many entitlements c. no, the student is clearly not underweight so is getting sufficient food and there is nothing to worry about d. yes, food insecurity is about a lack of quality food as well as quantity. obesity is one of the most common signs of food insecurity e. yes, food insecurity occurs in nearly half of all families in the united states

d. yes, food insecurity is about a lack of quality food as well as quantity. obesity is one of the most common signs of food insecurity

(ch 10) which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes? a. a mother telling her son how strong he was to able to carry his bicycle across the creek b. mothers using strong emotion words to discuss a son's bravery during a scary experience c. a father discussing an exciting moment at a baseball game with his daughter d. parents talking to their son about how excited he was to ride a roller coaster for the first time e. a father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family

e. a father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family

(ch 11) the most common serious chronic disease is a. influenza b. hepatitis c. cystic fibrosis d. muscular dystrophy e. asthma

e. asthma

(ch 10) a trained observer watches a child engage in exploratory behavior at home and uses a set of descriptive cards to rate the child's overall attachment to her mother. then the mother uses the same set of cards to evaluate to her child's own attachment behavior. this type of attachment evaluation is known as the a. proximity seeking questionnaire b. home attachment test c. strange situation test d. secure attachment inventory e. attachment q-sort

e. attachment q-sort

(ch 13) the parenting style most often linked with positive child development is a. commanding b. dismissive c. permissive d. authoritarian e. authoritative

e. authoritative

(ch 11) which statement reflects findings on brain associations to children's performance on piaget's tasks of conservation? a. most children are unsuccessful on piagetian tasks since brain region connectivity is limited b. children who succeeded at higher order thinking tasks showed reduced gray matter c. children showed no difference in brain activity when completing traditional conservation tasks d. children who failed conservation tasks showed greater coordinated brain activity e. children who succeeded on the tasks had more coordinated brain activity than those who failed

e. children who succeeded on the tasks had more coordinated brain activity than those who failed

(ch 12) if a test of intelligence contains questions that are solvable by some children because they are familiar with the concepts being tested but not solvable by children who are not familiar with the concepts being tested, then the intelligence test may have a problem with ________ bias a. psychometric b. predictive-validity c. reliability-validity d. face-validity e. content-validity

e. content-validity

(ch 13) difference in cultural expectations of peer interactions can influence children's a. academic performance b. identity formation around in-group and out-group members c. abilities to advance in all areas of development d. racial identity and views of power differences across races e. degree of acceptance or rejection by peers when displaying certain behaviors or tendencies

e. degree of acceptance or rejection by peers when displaying certain behaviors or tendencies

(ch 10) jose must learn 10 new vocabulary words before he is allowed to play with his new computer game. the extent to which jose can focus on his studying and not be distracted by thinking of the new computer game would be an indication of his a. social skills b. intelligence c. emotional valence d. attachment style e. effortful control

e. effortful control

(ch 10) gina's parents consistently encourage her to play with her new toy doll rather than playing with trucks with her brother. this would be an example of a. authoritarian parenting b. parental punishment c. sex-based interactions d. positive reinforcement e. gendered parenting

e. gendered parenting

(ch 11) in the beginning of middle childhood a. boys and girls weigh the same, but boys are slightly shorter than girls b. girls weigh more and are slightly heavier than boys c. boys have greater muscle mass and are slightly taller than girls d. boys and girls are approximately equal in height and weight at this time e. girls weigh less and are slightly shorter than boys

e. girls weigh less and are slightly shorter than boys

(ch 10) isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. upon opening the box, isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect isolde to a. distribute the cookies equally across everyone in the class b. share the cookies only with children she did not know c. let the children choose which cookie they wanted d. give only the smaller cookies to other children e. give bigger cookies to friends and small ones to non-friends

e. give bigger cookies to friends and small ones to non-friends

(ch 12) manual noticed his daughter is showing a talent for critical thinking and writing, but believes that her skills in those areas can only improve with practice, so he is careful to provide her a good education, lots of reading materials, and engagesher in critical discussion over the dinner table. manuel's perspective of intelligence would reflect a(n) a. multi-genetic theory of intelligence b. context-dependent theory of intelligence c. natural intelligence d. entity theory of intelligence e. incremental theory of intelligence

e. incremental theory of intelligence

(ch 13) a child who has difficulty with emotional regulation can often respond in unhealthy ways. two key problem behaviors that result from low emotional regulation include a. anger and shame b. emotional suppression and denial c. prosocial and antisocial behaviors d. suppressive and internalizing behaviors e. internalizing and externalizing behaviors

e. internalizing and externalizing behaviors

(ch 13) why is some level of conflict with peers and siblings healthy for a child's development? a. none of the above; conflict is never a healthy occurrence for a child's development b. it helps children learn how to argue when they disagree with others' views c. it lessens the likelihood of peer rejection during adolescence d. it allows them to develop emotional toughness to be successful in life e. it helps them learn to regulate their own emotions such as anger and guilt

e. it helps them learn to regulate their own emotions such as anger and guilt

(ch 10) high quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from a. high-income families b. divorced families c. middle-income families d. single-parent homes e. low-income families

e. low-income families

(ch 13) an important parenting behavior associated with reduced risk of child problem behaviors is a. distancing b. permissive parenting c. authoritarian parenting d. advocating e. monitoring

e. monitoring

(ch 10) a group of 3-year-old and 5-year-old children were shown a picture book of a boy who rescued a bird that had broken its wing. when the bird's wing healed, the boy sadly said goodbye to his friend and released it into the wild. how did each age group likely interpret the emotional state of the boy in the story? a. both 3- and 5-year-old children understood why the boy was happy, but not sad b. both age groups understood the boy was both happy and sad about releasing the bird c. the 5-year-old identified the boy as being sad, but the 3-year-olds said he was happy d. both 3- and 5-year old children understood why the boy was sad, but not happy e. only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions

e. only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions

(ch 12) eric was instructed to press a button as quickly as he could to a series of statements such as "is an apple an animal?" how fast he was able to correctly respond to these questions would be a measure of his a. connectivity pace b. working-memory c. planning behavior d. effortful control e. processing speed

e. processing speed

(ch 12) ophelia is studying for her spelling test and is repeatedly spelling out loud the words to herself. this studying method would be an example of a. inference b. elaboration c. phonetics d. chunking e. rehearsal

e. rehersal

(ch 13) jenny is in fourth grade. she thinks that she is not as pretty or as smart as the kids in her class. jenny is using __________ in evaluating herself a. comparison-contrast evaluation b. negative self-evaluation c. social context clues d. emotional rationale e. social comparison

e. social comparison

(ch 11) which statement best reflects accurate information about children's sleep during middle childhood? a. the quality of sleep steadily improves throughout middle childhood b. the amount of sleep children need appears to be consistent across all cultures c. children's sleep patterns appear to remain consistent throughout childhood and adolescence d. the "optimal" amount of sleep in middle childhood is greater than any other time in the lifespan e. the "optimal" amount of sleep appears to differ across cultures

e. the "optimal" amount of sleep appears to differ across cultures

(ch 12) mr. keene was told that he would be receiving a new student in his classroom who generally struggled with reading assignments, and typically scored low on tests of reading comprehension. according to the pygmalion effect, which of the following would most likely occur? a. the student is likely to excel in reading once placed in a new learning environment b. the student would initially experience low achievement, but over time would increase in achievement in the new classroom c. mr. keene would likely ignore the new student as they would benefit more from peer support d. mr. keene would be more likely to give the new student extra support that would lead to stronger performance over time, eventually reversing the student's reading struggles e. the student would eventually show reduced motivation and achievement in reading in mr. keene's classroom

e. the student would eventually show reduced motivation and achievement in reading in mr. keene's classroom

(ch 11) which is not an example of a fine motor skill in middle childhood? a. writing with a pencil b. buttoning a shirt c. braiding a friend's hair d. tying a shoe e. throwing a ball

e. throwing a ball

(ch 9) a care center teaches preschool-aged children executive function skills such as improved memory, self-control, and attention. one reading task requires turn-taking. selena holds a card with an ear because it is her turn to listen. maria holds the card with a mouth because it is her turn to read the story. this inhibitory control task is part of which curriculum? a. sunnyside care program of atlanta b. baby eiinstein c. family-training curriculum d. national association for the education of young children e. tools of the mind curriculum

e. tools of the mind curriculum

(ch 9) thinking of hierarchical categorization of words (for example, the order from general to basic to specific), which would be considered a specific-level word? a. bird b. flies c. feathers d. mammal e. toucan

e. toucan

(ch 12) why is addressing the needs of the parent as important as addressing the needs of a child with a learning or intellectual disability?

parents of children wit special needs typically report being more stressed in comparison to children who are developing normally, and this heightened stress can negatively affect the quality of their interactions with their children, compounding the difficulties raised by the disability. providing parents with needed educational and emotional support can reduce parental stress and increase their efficacy in working with and teaching their special needs child