Infant Chapter 9

__________ child care is more strongly associated with cognitive gains than are other child-care arrangements. A) Center-based B) Home-based C) Academic-centered D) Family-run

A) Center-based

Which statement about producing narratives is true? A) Compared to East Asian children, Western children produce narratives with more talk about their own thoughts and emotions. B) Compared to East Asian children, Western children produce narratives that place greater emphasis on the roles of others. C) Girls tend to produce less organized personal narratives than boys. D) Girls tend to produce less detailed personal narratives than boys.

A) Compared to East Asian children, Western children produce narratives with more talk about their own thoughts and emotions.

Which statement about Project Head Start is true? A) Gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start and other interventions quickly dissolve. B) Gains for Head Start participants tend to be stronger in community-based programs than in university based programs. C) Head Start provides academic, nutritional, and health services to children who are already attending school. D) Parental involvement in Head Start has minimal impact on children's development.

A) Gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start and other interventions quickly dissolve.

Unlike semantic memory, episodic memory ________. A) involves the recall of information in context B) is part of an individual's general knowledge base C) improves when working memory expands D) improves when language skills improve

A) involves the recall of information in context

Children with autism ________. A) tend to have narrow and overly intense interests B) engage in more make-believe play than typically developing children C) have smaller-than-average brains D) show extremely rapid synaptic pruning

A) tend to have narrow and overly intense interests

When learning a new noun, toddlers and preschoolers acquiring diverse languages tend to assume that it refers to an object category at ________. A) a specific hierarchical level, such as "beagle" or "greyhound" B) an intermediate hierarchical level, such as "dog" C) a general hierarchical level, such as "animal" D) both a specific and a general hierarchical level at the same time

B) an intermediate hierarchical level, such as "dog"

Young children learning Chinese, Japanese, and Korean acquire __________ more readily than their English speaking agemates. A) proper nouns B) verbs C) object nouns D) modifiers

B) verbs

Early in vocabulary growth, children adopt a mutual exclusivity bias, which is the assumption that ________. A) an object in space cannot be in two places at the same time B) words always have two meanings, but never more than two C) words refer to entirely separate, nonoverlapping categories D) the structure of sentences can be determined by relying on the meanings of words

C) words refer to entirely separate, nonoverlapping categories

In preschoolers and school-age children, the ability to shift one's focus of attention is often studied through rule-use tasks such as ________. A) asking them to say "night" to a picture of the sun and "day" to a picture of the moon with stars B) asking them to tap once when an adult taps twice and tap twice when an adult taps once C) navigating in and around the visual cliff D) following the rules of the Dimensional Change Card Sort procedure

D) following the rules of the Dimensional Change Card Sort procedure

When researchers compared the development of children randomly assigned to either Montessori or other public schools, they found that the Montessori children outperformed their other-preschool agemates ________. A) in literacy and math knowledge but not in theory of mind B) in theory of mind but not in literacy and math C) in mastery motivation but not in literacy D) in theory of mind and mastery motivation

D) in theory of mind and mastery motivation

Surveys of large, representative samples of children ages 8 and younger in 2011, 2013, and 2017 revealed that screen media use has ________. A) decreased among children from low-income families but increased among children in high-income families B) decreased among children in high-income families but increased among children in low-income families C) decreased among children of all income levels and that screen media use is highest among children of high-income families D) increased among children of all income levels and that screen media use is highest among children of low-income families

D) increased among children of all income levels and that screen media use is highest among children of low-income families

In a child-centered kindergarten program, ________. A) teachers structure children's learning B) activities often involve repetition and drill C) activities produce no meaningful effects on achievement scores D) learning takes place through play

D) learning takes place through play

In 2011, children in low-income families watched ________ screen media than children in high income families. In 2017, this gap ________. A) less; narrowed B) less; widened C) more; narrowed D) more; widened

D) more; widened

Sarah's mom tells her they are going outside in the rain and need a bumbershoot. Sarah has never heard the word bumbershoot before, but she knows the word umbrella. Sarah tries to figure out what the new word means and eventually decides that a bumbershoot must be an umbrella. To reach this conclusion, Sarah must abandon her __________ bias. A) cardinality B) shape C) overregularization D) mutual exclusivity

D) mutual exclusivity

105) The Head Start REDI (Research-based Developmentally Informed) program yields higher year-end language, literacy, and social development scores than typical Head Start classrooms because ________. A) children who enroll in REDI programs are selected from higher-SES backgrounds B) parents who enroll their children in REDI programs are involved in designing the curriculum C) its teachers are required to have at least a master's degree in early childhood education D) of its powerful impact on teaching quality

D) of its powerful impact on teaching quality

According to the principle of __________, preschoolers discover many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences. A) fast-mapping B) semantic bootstrapping C) mutual exclusivity D) syntactic bootstrapping

D) syntactic bootstrapping

Which statement about guided play is true? A) One way that adults can implement guided play is to observe child-controlled, playful activities, making comments and suggestions and asking questions. B) When providing a limited set of materials that emphasize a specific learning goal, adults should require children to play with every item in the set. C) Guided play offers practice in social skills, such as negotiating with peers, but does not improve literacy skills. D) Students experiencing guided play show greater gains in literacy skills but only slight improvement in

A) One way that adults can implement guided play is to observe child-controlled, playful activities, making comments and suggestions and asking questions.

Which statement describes a difference between syntactic bootstrapping and semantic bootstrapping? A) Syntactic bootstrapping helps children determine the meaning of words, whereas semantic bootstrapping helps them figure out grammatical rules. B) Syntactic bootstrapping helps children figure out grammatical rules, whereas semantic bootstrapping helps them determine the meaning of words. C) Syntactic bootstrapping refers to the social aspect of language, whereas semantic bootstrapping refers to strategies promoting metacognition. D) Syntactic bootstrapping refers to strategies promoting metacognition, whereas semantic bootstrapping refers to the social aspect of language.

A) Syntactic bootstrapping helps children determine the meaning of words, whereas semantic bootstrapping helps them figure out grammatical rules.

Montessori schools ________. A) include multiage classrooms and teaching materials specially designed to promote exploration and discovery B) undermine young children's motivation and emotional well-being C) emphasize formal academic training and deemphasize social development D) include repetition and drill by teachers who structure children's learning

A) include multiage classrooms and teaching materials specially designed to promote exploration and discovery

Which statement is supported by research on child care? A) Even high-quality early intervention does not enhance the development of economically disadvantaged children. B) Preschoolers exposed to substandard child care, particularly for long hours, display more behavior problems. C) The effects of even high-quality child care typically dissolve after the child starts elementary school. D) Regardless of quality, exposure to child care leads to poor school readiness.

B) Preschoolers exposed to substandard child care, particularly for long hours, display more behavior problems.

When Sadie says, "I goed to the store," her mother replies, "Yes, you went to the store." Sadie's mother's response is an example of ________. A) fast-mapping B) a recast C) an overregularization D) an expansion

B) a recast

According to the __________ approach, young children rely on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules. A) fast-mapping B) semantic bootstrapping C) mutual exclusivity D) syntactic bootstrapping

B) semantic bootstrapping

Between ages 2 and 3, English-speaking children use simple sentences that follow a(n) __________ word order. A) verb-subject-object B) subject-verb-object C) object-verb-subject D) verb-object-subject

B) subject-verb-object

Which statement about preschoolers and computer use is true? A) The majority of young children from low-income families do not have access to a computer with a high speed Internet connection. B) The majority of young children from low-income families do not have access to a tablet. C) Because computers can have educational benefits, most early childhood classrooms include computer equipped learning centers. D) Shared reading of ebooks leads to higher-quality parent-child conversations than shared reading of a paper book.

C) Because computers can have educational benefits, most early childhood classrooms include computer equipped learning centers.

Children use the fast-mapping process to ________. A) quickly acquire adultlike schemas for novel word meanings B) quickly determine alternate spellings of words that they already know C) connect a new word to its underlying concept after only a brief encounter with the word D) rapidly identify exceptions to rules they have already internalized

C) connect a new word to its underlying concept after only a brief encounter with the word

Jay introduced a new ball to his 2-year-old daughter, Kandi. He said, "I'm throwing the wiffle ball to you!" He then threw the new ball to Kandi. Kandi said, "Catch, wiffle, catch!" Kandi's connection of the term "wiffle" to the ball is an example of ________. A) overregularization B) metacognition C) fast-mapping D) semantic bootstrapping

C) fast-mapping

Two-year-old Asha says, "I have two foots." Asha is demonstrating ________. A) semantic bootstrapping B) metacognition C) overregularization D) underregularization

C) overregularization

The practical, social side of language is known as ________. A) phonetics B) linguistics C) pragmatics D) semantics

C) pragmatics

Television programs with __________ are associated with improved executive function, greater recall of program content, gains in vocabulary and reading skills, and more elaborate make-believe play. A) complex narratives that increase processing demands B) disconnected bits of information C) slow-paced and easy-to-follow narratives D) fast-paced action and multiple storylines

C) slow-paced and easy-to-follow narratives

When Moses says, "My ball is a circle," his father relies, "Yes, your basketball is round, just like a circle." Moses's father's response is an example of ________. A) fast-mapping B) a recast C) an overregularization D) an expansion

D) an expansion

Which statement about problem-solving strategies is true? A) Children discover faster, more accurate strategies by using more time-consuming techniques. B) The strategies that are most effective in terms of accuracy are the least effective in terms of speed. C) Without intervention, children will continue to use whichever strategy they adopt first, even if it is ineffective. D) The overlapping-waves pattern characterizes problem solving among preschoolers but not older children.

A) Children discover faster, more accurate strategies by using more time-consuming techniques.

Which statement about the role of culture and religion in children's fantastic and supernatural ideas is supported by research? A) Jewish children who hear that Santa Claus is imaginary generalize this attitude to other unseen agents, such as the Tooth Fairy. B) Cultural myths about wishing undermine the conviction of most 3- to 6-year-olds that wishing can make desires come true. C) Children living in cultures that strongly endorse supernatural beliefs tend to reject those beliefs as they grow older. D) In cultures that strongly endorse supernatural beliefs, children are more likely than adults to mention witchcraft as a cause of serious illness.

A) Jewish children who hear that Santa Claus is imaginary generalize this attitude to other unseen agents, such as the Tooth Fairy.

Follow-up research on the preoperational stage indicates that ________. A) Piaget was partly wrong and partly right about young children's cognitive capacities B) preschoolers' category systems are more complex than those of older children and adults C) young children have difficulty with class inclusion problems because they cannot organize basic categories into nested categories D) preschoolers rely on faulty logic to solve problems, even when given simplified tasks based on familiar experiences

A) Piaget was partly wrong and partly right about young children's cognitive capacities

Which statement about children's emergent literacy is true? A) Preschoolers typically do not yet understand the symbolic function of the elements of print. B) Preschoolers realize that a single letter does not stand for a whole word. C) As early as the preschool years, children reliably distinguish between drawing and writing. D) Emergent literacy is something that must be explicitly taught to preschool-age children.

A) Preschoolers typically do not yet understand the symbolic function of the elements of print.

Which statement about research on the benefits of make-believe play is true? A) Results of this research are consistent, indicating a positive role for make-believe play in development. B) This research depends on researchers being able to observe such play when it happens. C) Research conclusions depend on how children respond to extrinsic motivation instead of intrinsic motivation. D) Conducting this research is relatively easy, as children can be trained to engage in play.

A) Results of this research are consistent, indicating a positive role for make-believe play in development.

When asked to tell what happens in a restaurant, 3-year-old Alexander says, "You go in, sit down, get food, eat, and pay." Alexander is using ________. A) a script B) recognition C) conversation D) scaffolding

A) a script

Research evidence indicates that working memory is ________ predictor of problem-solving skills for 4- to 6- year-olds than for younger children, which supports the view that working memory ________. A) a stronger; becomes increasingly important with age B) a stronger; improves only at the expense of other functions, such as shifting attention C) weaker; does not improve, even with intensive training D) weaker; becomes less important with age

A) a stronger; becomes increasingly important with age

Four-year-old Jack is a snack helper. He counts five children at his table and then retrieves five milk cartons. Jack is displaying an understanding of ________. A) cardinality B) phonological awareness C) ordinality D) correspondences

A) cardinality

Follow-up research on magical thinking has found that ________. A) children's magical beliefs decline as they gain familiarity with physical events and principles B) children do not attribute events to supernatural causes even when no alternative causes are apparent C) children prefer supernatural over natural explanations, even in cultures that do not endorse supernatural beliefs D) children prefer natural over supernatural explanations, except in cultures that strongly endorse supernatural beliefs

A) children's magical beliefs decline as they gain familiarity with physical events and principles

The mother of 6-year-old Demetri and 4-year-old Lucien gave each boy a glass of juice with their lunch, but Demetri asked her to switch the juice to a taller and narrower glass. After she poured the liquid from the original glass into the tall glass, Lucien said angrily, "Now Demetri gets more juice than me!" Lucien is displaying a lack of understanding of ________. A) conservation B) irreversibility C) hierarchical classification D) dual representation

A) conservation

Three-year-old Stacy pretends to make a grocery list while in the car on the way to the grocery store. This activity reflects Stacy's ________. A) emergent literacy B) animistic thinking C) private speech D) phonological awareness

A) emergent literacy

One advantage of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is that it ________. A) helps explain the wide cultural variation in children's cognitive skills B) de-emphasizes the role of verbal dialogues, offering alternative explanations instead C) stresses the importance of basic motor skills in cognitive development D) explains how attention and memory contribute to higher cognitive processes

A) helps explain the wide cultural variation in children's cognitive skills

A task in which children are instructed to tap once when an adult taps twice and to tap twice when an adult taps once is designed to measure children's ability to ________. A) inhibit impulses B) adapt to constantly-changing rules C) recognize dual representation D) apply rules of conservation

A) inhibit impulses

The components of executive function include the ability to ________ and ________. A) inhibit impulses; shift one's focus of attention B) perform sensorimotor tasks; create internal images of experience C) label images with words; view an object as a symbol D) perform sensorimotor tasks; reflect and revise faulty reasoning

A) inhibit impulses; shift one's focus of attention

Studies of the Quechua people, whose language lacks mental state terms, demonstrate that ________. A) language attributes affect mastery of false belief B) "thinking" and "believing" are not mental states C) cultural values are more important than language in influencing executive function D) indirect references to mental states are associated with more rapid mastery of false belief

A) language attributes affect mastery of false belief

Vygotskian classrooms are more likely to utilize __________ than Piagetian classrooms. A) peer collaboration B) independent discovery C) make-believe play D) discovery learning

A) peer collaboration

Anneli's 4-year-old daughter manipulates sounds within words and enjoys rhyming games. Anneli's daughter is demonstrating ________. A) phonological awareness B) metacognition C) private speech D) knowledge of cardinality

A) phonological awareness

Research using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) indicates that ________. A) preschoolers who develop well intellectually have homes rich in educational toys and books B) preschoolers who develop well intellectually have parents who resolve conflicts with punishment C) HOME scores do not predict performance on intelligence tests D) the organization of the physical environment predicts IQ gains only among high-SES children

A) preschoolers who develop well intellectually have homes rich in educational toys and books

By the beginning of early childhood, children's categories include objects that go together because of their common function, behavior, or natural kind. These findings challenge Piaget's assumption that ________. A) preschoolers' thinking is wholly governed by perceptual appearances B) the emergence of language brings about representational ability C) preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality D) egocentrism is the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking

A) preschoolers' thinking is wholly governed by perceptual appearances

Nina selects a puzzle for her son that is slightly too difficult for him to put together alone and adjusts the support she offers to fit his current level of performance. Nina is engaging in ________. A) scaffolding B) dual representation C) private speech D) inner speech

A) scaffolding

Intersubjectivity is the process by which ________ A) two participants who begin a task with different understandings arrive at a shared understanding B) people come to understand which questions are matters of opinion as opposed to objective facts C) people adopt the perspective of someone very different from themselves and suppress their own preconceived ideas D) people recognize that one's personal background affects the way one interprets claims made in the course of an argument

A) two participants who begin a task with different understandings arrive at a shared understanding

In earliest pretending, toddlers ________. A) use only realistic objects, imitating adult actions B) imagine objects that do not exist in the real world C) become detached participants, as when they make a doll feed itself D) combine their own make-believe schemes with those of peers

A) use only realistic objects, imitating adult actions

Which statement about early childhood intelligence tests is true? A) They are designed to measure all the abilities that affect future academic performance. B) For children who are at least 7 years old, they are good predictors of later IQ and academic achievement. C) They include verbal tasks, but not nonverbal tasks. D) They include nonverbal tasks, but not verbal tasks.

B) For children who are at least 7 years old, they are good predictors of later IQ and academic achievement.

Which statement about scripts is true? A) Like semantic memories, they clutter long-term memory with irrelevant information. B) They help children organize, interpret, and predict everyday experiences. C) Events in children's first scripts are usually recalled, but sequenced incorrectly. D) They are memories of everyday occurrences connected to the context in which they were learned.

B) They help children organize, interpret, and predict everyday experiences.

Which statement about changes in children's autobiographical memories is true? A) Older children begin to use more generic, nondescript reports. B) With age, preschoolers increasingly include subjective information in their autobiographical memories. C) Older children's autobiographical memories contain the same information as their semantic memories. D) Younger children are more likely to explain an event's personal significance.

B) With age, preschoolers increasingly include subjective information in their autobiographical memories.

A Piagetian classroom that emphasizes discovery learning would probably include ________. A) explicit verbal teaching of ready-made information B) a rich variety of activities designed to promote exploration C) introduction of new skills according to normative standards of readiness D) progress evaluation on the basis of average performance of same-age peers

B) a rich variety of activities designed to promote exploration

One feature of preoperational thought is its irreversibility, which is ________. A) the recognition that some actions that people take, such as breaking an egg, cannot be reversed B) an inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point. C) the belief that some opinions are so strongly held that even extensive evidence will not convince someone otherwise D) the view that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and continue to have them even when they are not acted upon

B) an inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.

Mounting evidence reveals that children with autism ________. A) are likely to attribute positive mental states to themselves and others B) are impaired in capacities believed to contribute to an understanding of mental life C) compensate for deficits in social skills with better executive functioning D) compensate for deficits in executive functioning with better social skills

B) are impaired in capacities believed to contribute to an understanding of mental life

In Piaget's approach, a child who has difficulty understanding conservation would have difficulty understanding that ________. A) objects that are moved from one place to another do not exist in both places at the same time B) certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes C) inanimate objects do not have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, and feelings D) a symbolic object is both an object in its own right and a symbol for something else

B) certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes

Evidence in support of Piaget's view of advances in mental representation includes the fact that ________. A) before acquiring language skills, children have only a limited understanding of categories B) children's first words have a strong sensorimotor basis C) children show greater cognitive skills when tasks are relevant to their everyday lives D) preschool children can be trained to perform well on Piagetian problems

B) children's first words have a strong sensorimotor basis

According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during the preschool years because young children ________. A) fail to grasp the principles of conservation B) egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events C) cannot mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction D) believe that physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes

B) egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events

Which of these strategies is the most effective method of helping children appreciate dual representation? A) allowing children to explore and draw conclusions themselves B) exposing children to diverse symbols, such as picture books and maps C) encouraging children to engage in make-believe play with realistic props D) arranging for children to spend extended time with more expert peers

B) exposing children to diverse symbols, such as picture books and maps

A study of remote Mayan villagers indicates that when young children participate in daily activities structured around adult work, they are ________. A) highly competent in self-care and exhibit more imaginative make-believe play B) highly competent in self-care but their make-believe play is limited C) less competent in self-care but exhibit more imaginative make-believe play D) less competent in self-care and their make-believe play is limited

B) highly competent in self-care but their make-believe play is limited

One challenge to Vygotsky's theory is that ________. A) it places too much emphasis on how memory contributes to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes B) in some cultures, verbal dialogues are not the only means through which children learn C) it does not differ enough from Piaget's theory about the purpose of private speech D) studies have shown that children taught in Vygotskian classrooms are delayed in their learning

B) in some cultures, verbal dialogues are not the only means through which children learn

Through sociodramatic play, children display awareness that ________. A) social relationships are more important than individual interests B) make-believe is a representational activity C) symbolic mastery begins with self-centered play D) physical objects can represent different things in different contexts

B) make-believe is a representational activity

Children are most likely to use private speech when tasks are ________. A) easy to perform B) moderately challenging C) difficult to perform D) more difficult than the last task the child attempted

B) moderately challenging

Four-year-old Maria uses shorter, simpler expressions when interacting with her 2-year-old brother, so he can understand what she wants him to do. This behavior suggests that Piaget may have ________. A) overestimated preschoolers' animistic thinking B) overestimated preschoolers' egocentrism C) underestimated preschoolers' animistic thinking D) underestimated preschoolers' egocentrism

B) overestimated preschoolers' egocentrism

As Sunni plays, she says: "Where's the cup? I want the cup. Oh, there it is. Now, I need the spoon." Sunni is engaging in what researchers call __________ speech. A) cardinal B) private C) inner D) social

B) private

Follow-up research on preschoolers' animistic beliefs has found that by age 2½, children ________ give psychological explanations ("he wants to" or "she wants to") for nonliving objects, a finding that ________Piaget's view. A) rarely; supports B) rarely; runs counter to C) often; supports D) often; runs counter to

B) rarely; runs counter to

Sfuzi shows a preschooler a tray with a set of 10 familiar items. She then takes the tray out of the room and asks the child to name the items. Sfuzi is testing ________. A) recognition memory B) recall memory C) sustained attention D) semantic memory

B) recall memory

After a trip to the supermarket, Raj asks his daughter, "Do you remember the supermarket? What did we do at the supermarket? What food did we buy at the supermarket?" Raj is using a(n) __________ style to elicit his daughter's autobiographical memory. A) semantic B) repetitive C) preoperative D) elaborative

B) repetitive

Faced with a conservation task, 5-year-old Donna reports that the amount of water changes when it is poured from one glass into another. Research on gestures suggests that Donna will be more likely to benefit from teaching if, before being taught, she ________. A) responded with speech-gesture matches B) responded with speech-gesture mismatches C) sometimes responded with speech-gesture matches and sometimes responded with speech-gesture mismatches D) did not use any gestures at all in her responses

B) responded with speech-gesture mismatches

Follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that preschoolers do not display the illogical characteristics that Piaget saw when the tasks are ________. A) first performed by more expert peers while the preschooler watches B) simplified and made relevant to their everyday lives C) performed by their parents rather than unfamiliar experimenters D) performed with their own toys rather than unfamiliar objects

B) simplified and made relevant to their everyday lives

For Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is egocentrism, which is ________. A) the belief that one's own interests should take priority over those of other people B) the failure to distinguish others' symbolic viewpoints from one's own C) the egocentric child's view that others can have thoughts and feelings only when the child is thinking about them D) the inability to arrive at a mutually beneficial resolution when two or more people disagree

B) the failure to distinguish others' symbolic viewpoints from one's own

Vygotsky regarded make-believe play as ________. A) a means of reinforcing animistic thinking B) the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development C) an impediment to independent discovery learning D) a way to encourage children to follow their impulses instead of social rules

B) the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development

Anoosha is shown 12 trucks, 8 of which are orange and 4 of which are green. If Anoosha has difficulty with hierarchical classification, she would be likely to believe that ________. A) green trucks are orange trucks B) there are more orange trucks than trucks. C) the trucks get bigger when they are moved closer to her D) the trucks have feelings and emotions

B) there are more orange trucks than trucks.

The make-believe play of children younger than age 2 is more likely than that of older children to ________. A) involve practicing representational schemes B) use only realistic objects, such as a toy telephone to talk into C) be associated with positive developmental outcomes D) imitate the actions of their agemates instead of the actions of adults

B) use only realistic objects, such as a toy telephone to talk into

In which example does play reflect the ability to pretend with less realistic toys? A) Amelia pops the bubbles in bubble wrapping because she likes the popping sound. B) Blake plays with a glass object, unaware that it may break. C) Chabo pulls a washcloth through his bathwater and pretends that it is a fish. D) Dinesh has a favorite toy bear but cannot explain why it is special to him.

C) Chabo pulls a washcloth through his bathwater and pretends that it is a fish.

30) Which statement about follow-up research to preoperational thought is true? A) Piaget underestimated preschoolers' animistic beliefs. B) Tests of preschoolers' ability to reason logically fail to uncover meaningful patterns in cognitive development. C) Children as young as 2 years realize that what they see sometimes differs from what another person sees. D) Preschoolers are no more likely than adults to exhibit magical thinking.

C) Children as young as 2 years realize that what they see sometimes differs from what another person sees.

Which statement about private speech is true? A) Children use private speech because they have difficulty with understanding others' perspectives. B) Children use private speech when they cannot find a conversational partner. C) Children who freely use private speech during a challenging activity perform better than their less talkative agemates. D) Compared with their agemates, children with learning and behavior problems are less likely to engage in private speech.

C) Children who freely use private speech during a challenging activity perform better than their less talkative agemates.

Which statement accurately reflects the findings of follow-up research on preoperational thought? A) Piagetian problems contain too many familiar elements. B) Piaget correctly determined that preschoolers are cognitively deficient. C) Piaget missed many naturally occurring instances of effective reasoning by preschoolers. D) Preschoolers almost never say that magic accounts for events they cannot otherwise explain.

C) Piaget missed many naturally occurring instances of effective reasoning by preschoolers.

Which statement about research on make-believe play is true? A) In sociodramatic play, children do not understand that make-believe is a representational activity. B) Children with imaginary companions display less complex and less imaginative make-believe play. C) Preschoolers who devote more time to sociodramatic play are rated by observers as more socially competent a year later. D) Children who engage in more make-believe play are less able to reflect on their own thinking.

C) Preschoolers who devote more time to sociodramatic play are rated by observers as more socially competent a year later.

Which statement about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan is true? A) Young preschoolers can easily adjust their plans to fit task requirements. B) Children learn very little about planning from directions for playing games. C) When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively. D) Preschoolers are not yet capable of planning, even if the tasks are familiar and not too complex.

C) When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.

Dual representation refers to awareness that ________. A) an object can symbolize one thing to one person but another thing to another person B) real-world objects can be represented by more than one symbol at a time C) a symbolic object can be seen as both an object in its own right and a symbol D) children often need to see something represented symbolically more than once in order to understand what it represents

C) a symbolic object can be seen as both an object in its own right and a symbol

One day during a rainstorm, 4-year-old Isaiah comments to his mother, "The sky is very sad today. We have to do something fun to make it happy again!" Isaiah's belief that it rains because the sky is sad is an example of ________. A) dual representation B) egocentrism C) animistic thinking D) centration

C) animistic thinking

After a trip to the zoo, 4-year-old Lakshman is able to remember the animals he saw and the context in which he saw them. This is an example of ________. A) using scripts B) recognition without recall C) autobiographical memory D) semantic memory

C) autobiographical memory

Children who create imaginary companions tend to ________. A) be maladjusted B) be more sociable with their peers C) display more imaginative make-believe play D) display less complex make-believe play

C) display more imaginative make-believe play

Piaget's three-mountains problem illustrates ________ when young children ________. A) animistic thinking; describe the mountains as being in one place on a map and another place in real life B) animistic thinking; describe the mountains as being made of cardboard but also as a place where animals live C) egocentrism; cannot select a picture that shows the mountains from a point of view other than their own D) egocentrism; believe that the mountains are where they want them to be instead of where they actually

C) egocentrism; cannot select a picture that shows the mountains from a point of view other than their own

In support of their view, neo-Piagetian theorists point to evidence that ________. A) because many Piagetian problems contain unfamiliar elements, preschoolers' responses often do not reflect their true abilities B) Piaget missed many naturally occurring instances of effective reasoning by preschoolers C) given certain controlled conditions, children approach many cognitive tasks in similar, stage-consistent ways D) young children are not capable of operations, which are mental representations of actions that obey logical rules

C) given certain controlled conditions, children approach many cognitive tasks in similar, stage-consistent ways

Piaget's class inclusion problem demonstrates children's limitations in ________. A) conservation B) object permanence C) hierarchical classification D) operant conditioning

C) hierarchical classification

According to Vygotsky, a task that ________ is within a child's zone of proximal development. A) is too difficult for a child to accomplish alone or with the help of an adult B) a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult C) is too difficult for a child to do alone but possible to complete with the help of others D) a child figures out how to accomplish through her or his own independent activity

C) is too difficult for a child to do alone but possible to complete with the help of others

Three-year-old Mei-wing reflects on his own thought processes, using the words "think," "remember," and "pretend." Mei-wing is developing ________. A) an elaborative style B) a repetitive style C) metacognition D) magical thinking

C) metacognition

According to Piaget, young children's thinking is rigid and strongly influenced by the way things appear at the moment because they are not capable of ________. A) magical thinking B) animistic thinking C) operations D) centration

C) operations

Eighteen-month-old Jazmin is offered sets of stickers. Each set contains 1, 2, or 4 stickers. Jazmin consistently picks the set with the greatest number of stickers, displaying a beginning grasp of ________. A) cardinality B) phonological awareness C) ordinality D) correspondences

C) ordinality

Modern critics of Piaget's view of make-believe claim that ________. A) make-believe play is merely the practice of representational schemes B) make-believe play is the product of sensorimotor activity in which images are labeled with words C) play not only reflects but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills D) sociodramatic play does not reflect an awareness of representational activity

C) play not only reflects but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills

Yucatec Mayan parents ________ their preschoolers. A) rely on conversation to teach B) spend very little time with C) rarely converse or play with D) often engage in rough-and-tumble play with

C) rarely converse or play with

1) When considering advances in mental representation, Piaget proposed that ________. A) development of language skills is the primary cause of childhood cognitive change B) development of language skills is necessary to the connection between thought and action C) sensorimotor experience leads to internal images of experience, which children label with words D) thinking in words must be done within the limits of momentary experiences

C) sensorimotor experience leads to internal images of experience, which children label with words

Vygotsky's theory stresses the __________ of cognitive development. A) physiology B) neuroplasticity C) social context D) egocentricity

C) social context

The miniature zoo task measures preschoolers' ability to plan because they must ________ to succeed. A) flexibly shift their attention as the rules of the task change B) inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal C) think through a sequence of actions ahead of time D) keep basic executive processes isolated from other cognitive operations

C) think through a sequence of actions ahead of time

Overlapping-waves theory emphasizes that ________. A) children should be discouraged from experimenting with less mature problem-solving strategies B) children will gradually select their problem-solving strategies on the basis of two criteria: flexibility and ease C) trying many problem-solving strategies is vital for developing new, more effective solution techniques D) in early childhood, children's brains are capable of considering only one problem-solving strategy at a time.

C) trying many problem-solving strategies is vital for developing new, more effective solution techniques

Which statement best describes a Piagetian classroom? A) Children participate in peer collaboration, which allows them to teach and help one another. B) The teacher assumes that all children reach developmental milestones at the same rate. C) Teaching practices highlight concepts such as scaffolding and the zone of proximal development. D) Children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment.

D) Children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment.

Which statement about the young child's theory of mind is true? A) Preschoolers overestimate the amount of mental activity that people engage in. B) Preschoolers view the mind as an active processor of information. C) Children younger than age 6 recognize that some events need not be directly observed to be known. D) Children younger than age 6 often insist that they have always known information they just learned.

D) Children younger than age 6 often insist that they have always known information they just learned.

Which statement about gestures and learning is true? A) Behavior indicating that a child is using two contradictory strategies at once is evidence that the child is less likely to benefit from teaching. B) It is more effective to focus children on the task of arriving at accurate conclusions by using words alone instead of by using words and gestures. C) Studies consistently show that although gesturing is associated with better learning outcomes, it is an effect of better learning, not its cause. D) Gesturing during learning establishes sensorimotor representations that learners reactivate during subsequent encounters with the task.

D) Gesturing during learning establishes sensorimotor representations that learners reactivate during subsequent encounters with the task.

Which criticism is often applied to Vygotsky's theory? A) It underemphasizes the role of verbal communication in early childhood development. B) It overemphasizes the development of basic cognitive processes in early childhood. C) It places too much emphasis on how elementary capacities spark changes in children's social experiences. D) It says too little about how basic cognitive skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes.

D) It says too little about how basic cognitive skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes.

Which situation illustrates sociodramatic play? A) Sebastian pretends that his stuffed animals are part of an extended family, with complicated relationships involving alliances and conflicts. B) Violet creates elaborate stories in which characters represent strong emotions that play important roles in her life. C) Sanjay and Oona both enjoy pretending to be adults who are engaged in different occupations, but when they are together, they play separately, without interacting. D) Matthew and Jessica like to pretend that they live or work in a zoo. Often, Matthew will pretend to be an animal and Jessica will pretend to be the zookeeper.

D) Matthew and Jessica like to pretend that they live or work in a zoo. Often, Matthew will pretend to be an animal and Jessica will pretend to be the zookeeper.

Which statement about executive function is true? A) Children from low-SES families score about as well on measures of executive function as their higher SES counterparts. B) Differences in executive function contribute little to SES variations in achievement throughout childhood. C) Interventions aimed at improving executive function in preschoolers are unlikely to produce significant benefits. D) Poverty-stricken mothers more often exhibit parenting behaviors associated with poor executive function scores.

D) Poverty-stricken mothers more often exhibit parenting behaviors associated with poor executive function scores.

Which statement about preschoolers' animistic beliefs is true? A) Preschoolers give psychological explanations ("he wants to" or "she wants to") for objects but not for people. B) Preschoolers give psychological explanations ("he wants to" or "she wants to") for people but not for other animals. C) Preschoolers are less likely than adults to say that robots have psychological capacities such as thinking. D) Unlike adults, preschoolers often say that robots have psychological capacities such as thinking.

D) Unlike adults, preschoolers often say that robots have psychological capacities such as thinking.

Which of these is an example of semantic memory? A) a memory of riding a bicycle for the first time B) a memory of receiving an inoculation during a doctor's visit C) a false memory of a birthday party that did not actually happen D) a memorized list of the characteristics of birds

D) a memorized list of the characteristics of birds

Scaffolding is the process of ________. A) starting with easy tasks and gradually introducing more complicated tasks B) providing support only when a child specifically asks for help C) supporting children's efforts without intending to do so D) adjusting the support offered to fit the child's current level of performance

D) adjusting the support offered to fit the child's current level of performance

Children with cultural backgrounds emphasizing interdependence ________. A) gradually select their strategies for determining mental states on the basis of flexibility and ease B) need to express ideas about mental states in indirect terms because their languages lack mental state terms C) are encouraged to talk about their own opinions and emotions in family and other communal settings D) are delayed in passing false-belief tests compared to Western children

D) are delayed in passing false-belief tests compared to Western children

Even preschoolers with good language skills recall some information poorly because they ________. A) repeat items over and over to remember B) are not able to remember familiar, repeated events C) intentionally group items that are alike to remember them D) are not skilled at using memory strategies

D) are not skilled at using memory strategies

In Mr. Naffie's Vygotskian classroom, he guides children's learning with explanations, demonstrations, and verbal prompts, tailoring his interventions to each child's zone of proximal development. This is an example of the Vygotskian principle of ________. A) peer collaboration B) discovery learning C) independent exploration D) assisted discovery

D) assisted discovery

Neo-Piagetian theorists have modified Piaget's original formulation of the preoperational stage by ________. A) rejecting outright Piaget's notion of developmental stages B) giving preschoolers more complex tasks to solve than Piaget originally used C) building on strong evidence that Piaget's strict stage definitions are valid D) combining Piaget's stage approach with the information-processing emphasis on task-specific change

D) combining Piaget's stage approach with the information-processing emphasis on task-specific change

While playing house, 3-year-old Aisha uses a straw as a "bottle" to feed her doll. Aisha has begun to grasp ________. A) egocentrism B) animistic thinking C) conservation D) dual representation

D) dual representation

After a field trip to the museum, Leslie asks her son, "What was the first thing we did? Why weren't the trains moving? I thought that the blue airplane was really big. What did you think?" Leslie is using a(n) __________ style to elicit her son's autobiographical memory. A) semantic B) repetitive C) preoperative D) elaborative

D) elaborative

When asked questions to elicit autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the ________ style recall ________ information about past events. A) repetitive; more B) semantic; less C) metacognitive; less D) elaborative; more

D) elaborative; more

Greta has just been shown two boxes—a plain, unmarked box full of raisins and a familiar marked raisin box that is empty. Next, Greta is asked to predict where another child will look for raisins. This task assesses Greta's understanding of ________. A) class inclusion B) conservation C) irreversibility D) false belief

D) false belief

Children whose understanding of physical dimensions is characterized by centration would be likely to ________. A) fail to distinguish others' symbolic viewpoints from their own B) believe that their own interests should take priority over those of other people C) believe that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, and feelings D) focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features

D) focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features

Elias is shown 15 toy boats, 5 of which are blue and 10 of which are red. When asked, "Are there more red boats, or boats?" Elias responds, "More red boats." This class inclusion problem shows that Elias ________. A) uses animistic thinking B) uses magical thinking C) does not understand object permanence D) has difficulty with hierarchical classification

D) has difficulty with hierarchical classification

Among Hmong kindergarteners, whose parents tend to highly value ________, directive scaffolding is linked to ________. A) independence; behavior problems B) independence; greater rule following and organization C) interdependence and child obedience; behavior problems D) interdependence and child obedience; greater rule following and organization

D) interdependence and child obedience; greater rule following and organization

As children develop symbolic mastery, their play is ________, indicating the children's awareness that ________. A) more likely to focus on themselves; they have the power to affect the real world B) more likely to focus on themselves; representational schemes can be combined C) less self-centered; objects can represent concepts as well as physical things D) less self-centered; agents of pretend action can be independent of themselves

D) less self-centered; agents of pretend action can be independent of themselves

Due to the large amounts of time children in village and tribal cultures spend in contact with adult work, ________. A) assumption of adult roles is met with resistance from children B) make-believe play is more complex and imaginative than in industrialized cultures C) adults restrict children's activities to ones that they feel the child can safely perform D) parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children

D) parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children

Older children are more likely to engage in ________ play, which involves ________. A) self-centered; actions directed towards the self B) self-centered; outcomes the child perceives as desirable C) sociodramatic; self-directed play based on the child's role in the family D) sociodramatic; make-believe with others

D) sociodramatic; make-believe with others

Evidence that logical operations develop gradually and that preschoolers can be trained to perform well on Piagetian tasks poses a serious challenge to Piaget's view that ________. A) children are aware that a symbolic object can be seen as both an object in its own right and a symbol B) children cannot mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction C) the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is egocentrism D) there is an abrupt change toward logical reasoning around age 6 or 7

D) there is an abrupt change toward logical reasoning around age 6 or 7

Evidence indicates that formal academic training during early childhood ________. A) produces children who have more confidence in their academic abilities B) produces children who display fewer stress behaviors, such as wiggling and rocking C) enhances children's study habits throughout the school years D) undermines young children's motivation and emotional well-being

D) undermines young children's motivation and emotional well-being