Infection control - last test unit 5
Which of the following will be the most helpful in preventing a visit from OSHA? a. Designate an office safety coordinator b. Making sure all patient records are complete and properly protected c. Periodically sending OSHA the office's spore testing records d. Keeping a list of all medications prescribed
a. Designate an office safety coordinator
After receiving a formal, written, signed complaint, what will OSHA do? a. Either do nothing, stage an inquiry or conduct an on-site inspection b. Stage an inquiry c. All complaints are followed up by an on-site inspection d. Usually nothing
a. Either do nothing, stage an inquiry or conduct an on-site inspection
After vacuuming, the housekeeper placed the vacuum in front of a back door in the office. This could be cited for noncompliance under what OSHA standard? a. Emergency Action Plan b. Hazard Communication c. Bloodborne Pathogens d. Powered Industrial Trucks
a. Emergency Action Plan
The main publication for all OSHA information is the: a. Federal Register. b. Journal of the American Dental Association. c. Consumers Report. d. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
a. Federal Register.
Where should the safety signs stating "Dirty," "Clean," "Not Ready" be promote to be most effective? a. In the sterilizing room b. Reception area c. On the staff bulletin board d. In the lunch room
a. In the sterilizing room
Who issued the hazard communication standard that dental offices must follow? a. OSHA b. EPA c. FDA d. CDC
a. OSHA
An OSHA inspector is conducting an on-site investigation in a dental office. What would be detrimental to the outcome of the inspection? a. Refuse to divulge any past accidents or incidents even if asked by the inspector b. Accompany the inspector during the walk-through c. Photographically record all areas inspected d. Ask the inspector for credentials
a. Refuse to divulge any past accidents or incidents even if asked by the inspector
How do you file a hazard-related complaint with OSHA? a. Request an official complaint form from OSHA, complete it, send it in and OSHA will follow up b. Describe the complaint over the phone and OSHA will perform an on-site inspection c. Fax OSHA a letter describing the complaint and OSHA will perform and on-site inspection d. Describe the complaint in an e-mail and OSHA will perform an on-site inspection
a. Request an official complaint form from OSHA, complete it, send it in and OSHA will follow up
What is meant when an OSHA citation indicated there has been a willful violation? a. The employer knew that a hazardous condition (which violated a standard) existed but made no reasonable effort to eliminate it b. That a workplace hazard exists that could cause injury or illness that would most likely result in death or serious physical harm, unless the employer did not know or could not have known of the violation c. That the violation has no direct or immediate relationship to safety or health d. A situation in which the most serious injury or illness that would most likely occur from the hazardous condition cannot reasonably cause death or serious illness
a. The employer knew that a hazardous condition (which violated a standard) existed but made no reasonable effort to eliminate it
Which entity is committed to assisting dental healthcare professionals with occupational safety and health concerns? a. Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures (OSAP) b. American Dental Association (ADA) c. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) d. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
a. Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures (OSAP)
Which evaluation indicates an error in infection control? a. Patients are asked to close their lips around and spit into the saliva ejector tip b. Preprocedural mouth rinse is used c. Sharps containers are closed when being transported d. Gloves, masks, and protective clothing are removed before personnel leave for lunch
a. Patients are asked to close their lips around and spit into the saliva ejector tip
One of the goals of the US Department of Labor's Strategic plan for 2011 to 2016 is to: a. pay for medical expenses of everyone over age 65. b. prepare workers for good jobs. c. decrease the number of small business in the US. d. investigate all disease outbreaks reported to local health agencies.
b. prepare workers for good jobs.
The responsibilities of a laboratory's chemical hygiene officer include monitoring procurement, use, and disposal of laboratory chemicals; maintaining lists of chemicals present; being aware of current exposure limits for the chemicals present; and a. providing the necessary training for post-exposure medical evaluation and follow-up. b. working with management continually to improve the chemical hygiene plan. c. preparing the original Safety Data Sheets for all hazardous chemicals used. d. maintaining access to evacuation routes.
b. working with management continually to improve the chemical hygiene plan.
Employers who elect to contest a citation have __________ to submit a written petition to the OSHA Review Commission. a. 7 days b. 15 days c. 72 hours d. 24 hours
b. 15 days
What should the employer do if the office receives an accurate citation (notice of violation) from OSHA? a. Ask the employees who made the complaint and suspend that employee without pay for the period of time it take to correct the violations b. Wait for a second notice c. Pursue abatement d. Wait for 30 days then contact OSHA and demand the name of the person who made the complaint
c. Pursue abatement
One of the goals of the US Department of Labor's Strategic plan for 2011 to 2016 is to: a. investigate all disease outbreaks reported to local health agencies. b. decrease the number of small business in the US. c. assure fair and high-quality work-life environments. d. pay for medical expenses of everyone over age 65.
c. assure fair and high-quality work-life environments.
Employee medical records should include all of the following, EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. Confirmation regarding post-exposure medical evaluation b. Written confirmation regarding hepatitis B vaccination c. Copy of driver's license, or photo identification d. Social security number
c. Copy of driver's license, or photo identification
If the employer agrees with an issued citation he/she must a. Submit a written petition requesting more abatement time b. Secure legal representation c. Correct the situation and pay the penalty d. Fulfill the mandated community service hours or serve sentenced prison time
c. Correct the situation and pay the penalty
There are _______ OSHA standards, specific to the field of dentistry. a. No b. 10 c. 15 d. 5
a. No
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a division of what governmental agency? a. CDC b. FDA c. OSHA d. EPA
a. CDC
Which of the following tasks should be performed by a member of the dental team other than the office safety coordinator? a. Call delinquent accounts b. Maintain the certification of radiographic equipment c. Conduct sterilizer spore tests d. Maintain smoke alarms and fire extinguishers
a. Call delinquent accounts
What is the main element for compliance with the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory Standard? a. Chemical hygiene plan b. Hazard communication program c. Vaccination declination statement d. Exposure control plan
a. Chemical hygiene plan
If a disinfectant that contains hazardous chemicals is purchased in a concentrated form and is then diluted for use and placed in a spray bottle, what must be done to comply with the Hazard Communication Standard? a. The spray bottle must be labeled with the name of the hazardous chemicals, name and address of the manufacturer and the appropriate hazard warnings. b. Nothing c. The manufacturer of the disinfectant must be informed of the action. d. The federal agency that controls the Hazard Communication Standard must be informed in advance of this action and must give approval for such action.
a. The spray bottle must be labeled with the name of the hazardous chemicals, name and address of the manufacturer and the appropriate hazard warnings.
Training of employees is an essential component of a successful HazCom Standard program. Training for all continuing employees is required at the time of hiring, when a new hazard is introduced, and: a. annually. b. monthly. c. every 6 months. d. every 2 years.
a. annually.
An OSHA standard requires employers to: a. ensure that employees have and use personal protective equipment when required for safety and health. b. pay for all medical care received by their employees who are past age 65. c. provide at least one sick and one personal day per month and 3 to 4 weeks of vacation each year. d. find jobs for all those employees who are fired because of incompetence.
a. ensure that employees have and use personal protective equipment when required for safety and health.
The purpose of the Hazard Communication Standard is to: a. ensure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. b. require employers to protect employees from being contaminated with patients' body fluids during all work activities. c. make sure that employers are able to reprimand employees without being sued in a court of law. d. have HIV-positive patients inform health-care workers of their HIV status.
a. ensure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees.
An employer who does not agree with an OSHA citation (notice of violation) should: a. send a written petition to OSHA within 15 days. b. wait 30 days then send OSHA a completed and signed "Notice of Intent to Contest" form. c. ignore the citation. d. mark the citation "False" and immediately return it to OSHA.
a. send a written petition to OSHA within 15 days.
Staff training records should be kept for a minimum of ___________. a. 3 years b. 1 year c. 30 years d. 6 months
a. 3 years
Each item is exempt from the Hazard Communication Standard, EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. Amalgam b. Glass cleaner c. Toothpick d. Aspirin
a. Amalgam
A serious violation is issued when a. Death or severe illness is likely outcome of the hazardous condition or safety concern. b. A previously cited condition remains unchanged upon a revisit. c. The employer has not corrected an issued OSHA citation within the allotted time frame d. The employer is aware of a violation but makes not attempt to correct it.
a. Death or severe illness is likely outcome of the hazardous condition or safety concern.
Which is NOT a proactive way to prepare for an OSHA inspection? a. Discourage employee feedback b. Designate a workplace safety officer c. Post the mandated OSHA poster in an accessible area d. Ensure that all employee records are kept current.
a. Discourage employee feedback
OSHA's first priority for inspections is to handle which situation? a. Imminent danger b. Catastrophes and fatal accidents c. Complaints and referrals d. Programmed inspections
a. Imminent danger
Which defines the purpose of a follow-up inspection? a. Inspection designed to assess the compliance of a previously cited violation. b. Investigation of an occupational accident resulting in hospitalization or death. c. Routine inspection of a specific high-hazard industry, workplace or occupation. d. Investigation of a formal complain of unsafe or unhealthy working conditions.
a. Inspection designed to assess the compliance of a previously cited violation.
What defines the purpose of the 1971 Occupational Safety and Health Act? a. To assure safe working conditions for men and women b. To provide standardized medical care for the nation c. To promote a healthful lifestyle for men and women d. To standardize safe residential conditions for the nation
a. To assure safe working conditions for men and women
Which action should be taken, if a supplier presents an incomplete Safety Data Sheet? a. Write the source for more specific information. b. Discontinue use of any product with an incomplete Safety Data Sheet. c. Contact OSHA and repost the incomplete Safety Data Sheet. d. Use online resources to determine and fill-in the missing information.
a. Write the source for more specific information.
Can an interested party, such as a dental assistant, start the process through which OSHA promulgates standards? a. Yes b. No
a. Yes
Is there always a penalty associated with an OSHA inspection? a. Yes b. No
a. Yes
How does the CDC recommend that a dental office's infection control program be managed? a. By complying with the management approach described in the Hazard Communication Standard b. By assigning an infection-control coordinator c. By following with the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard Exposure Control Plan d. By hiring a third party consultant knowledgeable in infection control procedures to review the program monthly
b. By assigning an infection-control coordinator
Which of the following would erode patients' trust regarding infection control procedures in the office? a. Encourage questions about infection control procedures b. Don't wear gloves during treatment c. Put on your gloves in front of patients d. Let patients see you wash your hands or use an alcohol hand-rub
b. Don't wear gloves during treatment
A new spray disinfectant has been ordered for the office. What should be done to comply with the Hazard Communication Standard when it arrives? a. Update the employee medical records b. File the Safety Data Sheet and revise the list of chemicals c. Revise the Exposure Control Plan d. Add to the list of universal precautions
b. File the Safety Data Sheet and revise the list of chemicals
OSHA-approved State job safety and health plans cover what types of employees? a. Only the Federal employees who work in the state b. Most private sector employees and state and local government employees c. Just the state and local government employees d. All employees in the state
b. Most private sector employees and state and local government employees
The purpose of the Hazard Communications Standard is to:Requiring employers to protect employees from being contaminated with patients' body fluids during all work activities is part of the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard. It is part of the standard to ensure the hazards of chemicals are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. It is not part of the standard to keep patients informed of the dangers related to fire, flood, and tornados that may occur during their appointment. It is not part of the standard to have health care employees identify and report all potential work hazards to their employers. a. keep patients informed of the dangers related to fire, flood, and tornados that may occur during their appointment. b. ensure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. c. have health care employees identify and report all potential work hazards to their employers. d. prevent exposure of employees to bloodborne pathogens at work.
b. ensure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees.
Which of the following best describes an OSHA standard? a. A strong recommendation b. A regulation (law) c. Involves only health care workplaces d. Does not apply in all states
b. A regulation (law)
Programs conducted by OSHA incorporate which strategy a. Partnerships and other cooperative programs b. All of the above c. Outreach, education, and compliance assistance d. Strong, fair, and effective enforcement
b. All of the above
Which skill set is least important to the position of safety coordinator? a. Excellent organizational skills b. Basic bookkeeping proficiency c. Current understanding of state and federal regulations d. Good written and verbal skills
b. Basic bookkeeping proficiency
The infection prevention coordinator and the ___________ should collaborate to develop a tailored personnel health program. a. Housekeeping personnel b. Dentist or employer c. Administration staff d. Clinical team
b. Dentist or employer
__________ provide(s) the most accurate feedback when evaluating an infection control program. a. Staff interviews b. Direct observations c. Patient surveys d. Anonymous suggestions
b. Direct observations
The ____________ applies to unique situations, which are not covered by an existing OSHA standard. a. Exception Standard b. General Duty clause c. Exclusion Amendment d. Formative Insertion
b. General Duty clause
Complaint inspections are a. Conducted even when the employer is aware of the hazard and is correcting it. b. Limited to the hazards identified in the complaint. c. Announced atleast 48 hours before they occur. d. Handled on a "first come, first served" basis.
b. Limited to the hazards identified in the complaint.
Which infection control procedure is part of the decontamination checklist? a. Records are adequately maintained regarding the disposal of regulated waste. b. Liquid Sterilants are not used for surface disinfection. c. Needles are recapped using a safe technique. d. Contaminated gloves or x-ray films do not touch the sleeves of the daylight loader.
b. Liquid Sterilants are not used for surface disinfection.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes its recommendations in the: a. Journal of the American Dental Association b. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports c. Federal Register d. Assistant e. RDH
b. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 applies to a. Military personnel and their families b. Nearly all employers and employees c. Unemployed and underprivileged youth d. Students enrolled in full-time undergraduate studies
b. Nearly all employers and employees
Which of the following is known as the infection control education organization? a. Environmental Protection Agency b. Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention c. American Dental Association d. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention e. American Dental Assistants Association f. American Dental Hygienists Association
b. Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention
Issues regarding personal protective equipment are organized under which category, on an infection control checklist? a. Management of Regulated Waste b. Protective Barriers c. Radiographic Asepsis d. Instrument processing
b. Protective Barriers
Which is the first step in producing a written hazard communication program? a. Collect and maintain Safety Data Sheets (SDS). b. Provide copies of the HazCom Standard to each employee c. Describe methods used to label containers. d. List all chemicals used or produced in the workplace.
b. Provide copies of the HazCom Standard to each employee
Each dental office should retain ______ copies of every Safety Data Sheet (SDS). a. Six b. Two c. Eight d. Four
b. Two
Which of the following strategies should not be used to evaluate the office infection control program? a. Confirming the presence of written infection control policy documents b. Using secondhand information from personnel interviews c. Direct observation of work activities
b. Using secondhand information from personnel interviews
The title of an OSHA poster required to be posted in every dental office is: a. "Cover Your Cough." b. "Germ Stoppers." c. "Job Safety and Health." d. "Safety for All."
c. "Job Safety and Health."
Which of the following is an example of infection control overkill? a. Placing used anesthetic carpules in sharps containers for disposal b. Packaging instruments before sterilizing them c. Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces after removing contaminated surface barriers d. Cleaning surfaces before disinfecting them
c. Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces after removing contaminated surface barriers
Which of the following would be a good dental team safety topic for a dental office staff meeting? a. Comparison of prices charged by various near-by dental laboratories b. Listing the advantages and disadvantages of manual and mechanical toothbrushes c. Describing various ways exposures may occur d. Review of patient appointment cancellations
c. Describing various ways exposures may occur
Which of the following best describes the "general duty clause"? a. Permits the EPA to test dental office water samples without prior notice b. Converts CDC recommendations to enforceable laws c. Is part of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 d. Allows the FDA to recall miss-branded medical devices
c. Is part of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
The purpose of the Hazard Communication Standard is to: a. require employers to protect employees from being contaminated with patients' body fluids during all work activities. b. make sure that employers are able to communicate their concerns about catching a disease in the office. c. ensure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. d. require patients to inform health care workers if they are HIV positive.
c. ensure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees.
The occupational Safety and Health administration was created in a. 1959 b. 1965 c. 1971 d. 1980 e. 1986
c. 1971
OSHA funds up to _______ of the operating costs, for approved state plans. a. 15% b. 10% c. 50% d. 25%
c. 50%
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration funds up to what percent of each state-approved plan? a. 5% b. 15% c. 50% d. 75% e. 100%
c. 50%
Federal and state laws are published in their respective registers, which can be assessed a. By directly contacting the federal or state agency. b. In some public libraries c. All of the above d. Through a law school
c. All of the above
Who can file a complaint with OSHA about a dental office? a. Only employees b. Only patients c. Any interested party d. Only employers
c. Any interested party
Which OSHA standard is cited most frequently in dental offices and clinics? a. Medical services and first aid b. Eye and face protection c. Bloodborne pathogens d. Portable fire extinguishers
c. Bloodborne pathogens
A hazardous chemical is defined as a chemical that is a a. Health hazard b. Material hazard c. Both A and B d. Physical hazard
c. Both A and B
Which type of violation is issued when there is no direct or immediate impact on safety or health (e.g. forms, posting of notices)? a. Serious b. Willful c. De Minimis d. Other-than-serious
c. De Minimis
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 protects each right, EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. Employees may file a complaint, if published for exercising employee rights. b. Patients can file a safety and health complaint against any dental office. c. Employers must be given the name of the complainant, if formally requested. d. Employees may file a complaint to report workplace safety and health hazards.
c. Employers must be given the name of the complainant, if formally requested.`
OSHA serves which purpose? a. Work closely with the Federal Register b. Grants self-employment assistance c. Establishes training programs to increase competence d. Provides financial aid to farms
c. Establishes training programs to increase competence
Which of the following is infection control overkill? a. Cleaning and then disinfecting a contaminated dental operatory surface b. Cleaning and then sterilizing hand instruments c. Hand scrubbing and then ultrasonically cleaning contaminated instruments
c. Hand scrubbing and then ultrasonically cleaning contaminated instruments
Which of the following has the top priority concerning OSHA inspections? a. Serious violation b. Willfull violation c. Imminent danger violation d. Catastrophes and fatal accidents
c. Imminent danger violation
The safety coordinator should be familiar with which field of study? a. Physics b. Anatomy c. Microbiology d. Histology
c. Microbiology
A review of employee immunization records should be conducted a. Every 3 to 5 years b. Once every other year c. Once a year d. Twice a year
c. Once a year
The OSHA Act exercises the greatest degree of authority over which party? a. Family-run farms b. Self-employed musicians c. Orthodontists d. Members of Congress
c. Orthodontists
Which statement is TRUE? a. State safety and health plans must provide standards that exceed federal standards b. The federal division of OSHA operates each individual state safety and health program. c. State plans that cover the private sector must also cover local government employees. d. OSHA discourages states from operating their own job safety and health programs.
c. State plans that cover the private sector must also cover local government employees.
Whenever possible, intraoral laboratory items should be a. Disinfected b. Both A and C c. Sterilized d. Rinsed
c. Sterilized
When was the most recent Federal update of OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard? a. 2005 b. 1991 c. 1999 d. 2012
d. 2012
About ________________ occupational diseases occur in the US each year? a. 3000 b. 300 c. 30,000 d. 300,000
d. 300,000
What needs to be measured to achieve the evaluation outcome of "the infection control procedure is being performed correctly"? a. Is the OSHA-required annual infection control training provided to all staff? b. Has the Exposure Control Plan been updated? c. What surface disinfectant is being used to clean up visible blood and saliva? d. Does surface asepsis include precleaning prior to disinfection?
d. Does surface asepsis include precleaning prior to disinfection?
How would an OSHA inspector evaluate a dental office's Exposure Control Plan if the plan's most recent update was 2 years ago? a. Not acceptable, because OSHA states it should be updated at least every 6 months b. Not acceptable because OSHA states it should be updated monthly c. Acceptable, because OSHA states it should be updated at least every 2 years d. Not acceptable, because OSHA states it should be updated at least annually
d. Not acceptable, because OSHA states it should be updated at least annually
What is meant when an OSHA citation indicated there has been a De Minimis citation? a. A situation in which the most serious injury or illness that would most likely occur from the hazardous condition cannot reasonably cause death or serious illness b. That a workplace hazard exists that could cause injury or illness that would most likely result in death or serious physical harm, unless the employer did not know or could not have known of the violation c. The employer knew that a hazardous condition (which violated a standard) existed but made no reasonable effort to eliminate it d. That the violations have no direct or immediate relationship to safety or health
d. That the violations have no direct or immediate relationship to safety or health
Which of the following office documents comes from a specific CDC recommendation? a. Hazard communication plan b. Infection control training records c. Exposure control plan d. Tuberculosis infection control plan
d. Tuberculosis infection control plan
According to the Hazard Communication Standard, a list of all chemicals in the office should be prepared and cross-referenced to: a. sections of the written exposure control plan. b. the sterilizer spore-testing record. c. the patient appoint schedule for each work day. d. the Safety Data Sheets.
d. the Safety Data Sheets.
OSHA's mission is based upon three strategies. One of these is: a. to regulate the manufacturing of medical devices. b. to regulate the quality of drinking water in the US. c. to investigate disease outbreaks. d. to be involved in partnerships and other cooperative programs.
d. to be involved in partnerships and other cooperative programs.
OSHA's mission is based upon three strategies. One of these is: a. to regulate the quality of drinking water in the US. b. to investigate disease outbreaks. c. to regulate the manufacturing of medical devices. d. to provide outreach, education, and compliance assistance.
d. to provide outreach, education, and compliance assistance.
How many states have approved OSHA plans? a. 6 b. 10 c. 16 d. 28 e. 39
d. 28
Since OSHA was created the workplace occupational injury and illness rates have declined by: a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 40% e. 80%
d. 40%
At which point in an OSHA inspection is the appeals process explained? a. During the walk-through inspection b. After the closing conference c. In the opening conference d. At the closing conference
d. At the closing conference
What standard causes the greatest number of OSHA inspections of dental offices? a. Hazard communication b. Sanitation c. General duty clause d. Bloodborne pathogens
d. Bloodborne pathogens
OSHA publishes its intention to propose, amend or revoke a standard in the a. semiannual newsletter b. five largest newspapers c. OSHA website homepage d. Federal Register.
d. Federal Register.
Developing and enforcing __________ job safety is one of several OSHA purposes. a. Secure b. Regular c. High quality d. Mandatory
d. Mandatory
Which is included in the written exposure control plan? a. Guidelines for education and training b. Tuberculosis infection control plan c. Confidentiality policies d. Methods used to evaluate new safety devices
d. Methods used to evaluate new safety devices
Which of the following is not a responsibility of the office infection prevention coordinator? a. Review infection control laws and recommendations b. Monitor the sterilization process c. Evaluate the office infection control program d. Pay for hepatitis B vaccination of new office staff
d. Pay for hepatitis B vaccination of new office staff
Securing overtime pay is part of which Department of Labor strategic goal? a. Assure fair and high quality work-life environments. b. Secure health benefits, and for those not working, provide income security. c. Ensure workplaces are safe and healthy. d. Prepare workers for good jobs and ensure fair compensation.
d. Prepare workers for good jobs and ensure fair compensation.
The instrument processing area should be divided physically or spatially with signage. Which sign would NOT be posted in the instrument processing area? a. Cleaning and decontamination b. Packaging c. Sterilization and storage d. Ready to ship
d. Ready to ship
Which best describes an OSHA inspection? a. Casual affair b. Preliminary step c. Illegal infringement d. Serious issue
d. Serious issue
Which OSHA standard is least applicable in the dental setting? a. Hazardous waste b. Infectious disease c. Fire and explosion hazards d. Trenching hazards
d. Trenching hazards
