Informatics
Which of the following Digital Processing Steps is NOT part of the "preprocessing" period? Formatting for dislay Field uniformity corrections Rescaling Noise and del drop-out corrections
Formatting for display
What is being shown in this image? Describe the digital imaging processing concept this represents.
Fourier analysis/transform. The analysis breaks down the complex wave and returns it to its components. This separates the large from the small.
Sorting an image by the size of the structures within it results in a(n):
Frequency distribution
In digital image processing, high-pass and low-pass filtering are methods of:
Frequency processing
Whenever a displayed image is windowed, which of the following default processed is re-applied?
Gradation processing
The larger the number of pixels in an image matrix, the: Greater the resolution of the image Greater the number of gray shades in the image Short the acquisition time All of the above
Greater the resolution of the image
A Solid State Drive (SSD) is a type of: Hard drive CD/DVD drive Printer Motherboard
Hard drive
Which of the following is associated with the digital image edge enhancement feature?
High pass filtering
Many imaging systems present the histogram with an averaged gray scale curve overlying the histogram. The steeper the slope: Longer the image gray scale Higher the image contrast The darker the image Lighter the image
Higher the image contrast
Which of the following is a graphical representation of a digital image?
Histogram
Histogram analysis can fail to identify key landmarks when a bizarre data set results in an unexpected ______: Pixel count Dexel count Histogram position Histogram shape
Histogram shape
Do you agree with the "high kVp philosophy"? Why or why not?
I agree with this that this can save patient dose. When you can guarantee a higher signal that reaches the detector, you can reduce the amount of repeats which saves the patient dose. Seeing as it also allows for a decrease in mAs, I think the high kVp philosophy should be used in regular practice!
A database that keeps track of how the images are related and provides search capability is a(n): Image storage Image managers Security manager Workflow manager
Image manager
Which picture archival and communication system (PACS) component interfaces with the radiology information system and hospital information system? Application service provide (ASP) Archive server Image manager Image storage
Image manager
The selection of a narrow window width will: Increased magnification of the central portion of the image Decrease the size of each pixel Increase contrast in the image Decrease overall brightness of the image
Increase contrast in the image
The Deviation Index:
Is an effort to create a standardized exposure index
A network switch: Directs data to their intended target between separate network Is the wire found in a Bus network topology setup Allows for a network to quickly turned off or on Is similar to a hub but sends data only to those devices which data is directed
Is similar to a hub but sends data only to those devices which data is directed
A sub-matrix (or "mini matrix") that is passed over the original image matrix executing a mathematical function on it is called a(n): Subpixel Subroutine Subdexel Kernel
Kernel
All of the following are major operating systems EXCEPT: Windows Kodak Apple OS X Linux
Kodak
What would be a disadvantage of a network connected via Wi-Fi? Faster than metal alternatives Less reliable than wired connections Mobility Convenience
Less reliable than wired connections
When will version 4.0 of DICOM be released? Soon. It is long overdue Version 4.0 was released in 2000 Version 3.0 is the final version. There are no new updates or revisions being made to the standard Likely never. Revisions are now made via frequent small upgrades since the release of version 3.0
Likely never. Revisions are now made via frequent small upgrades since the release of version 3.0
Which of the following is considered a geographic category of networks? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner Local area network (LAN) Computer tomography (CT) scanner Computed radiography (CR) reader
Local area network (LAN)
A topology on which the internet is based is the: Mesh Star Bus Ring
Mesh
The extensive, detailed information stored in the DICOM header is stored as: A worklist A protocol A URL Metadata
Metadata
A reference histogram that evolves by averaging it with the previous 50 procedures is called a(n) ________ histogram Neural Median averaging Extrapolation A permanent
Neural
In a digital image histogram graph, the vertical height of any data point along the plotted curve (measured against the y axis of the graph), indicates the: Pixel value (brightness) S1 Image contrast Number of pixels possessing the value
Number of pixels possessing the value
In which network type is each computer on the network considered equal? Peer-to-peer Server-based Client-based None of the above
Peer-to-peer
The acronym PACS is used as an abbreviation in medical imaging for: Green Bay Packers Posteroanterior cervical spine Picture archiving and communications system Political action committees
Picture archiving and communications system
Each square in a matrix is called a: Bit Byte Picture element Matrix element
Picture element
The basic picture element is also known as: Matrix Bit Dot Pixel
Pixel
Which of the following is designed to ensure that digital images and patient information is not lost AND can be accessed quickly? HDMI CPU RAID USB-C
RAID
In which RAID level are all data mirrored on two disks? RAID 3 RAID 5 RAID 0 RAID 1
RAID 1
RAM is an acronym for _________ memory. Read access Read alternative Rapid access Random access
Random access
Re-mapping the brightness and gray scale of the image so that it appears like conventional radiograph is called: Uniformity Segmentation Rescaling Gradation processing
Rescaling
In digital imaging, what is saturation? When would you expect it to occur? (Be specific)
Saturation is when the dexels of a detector plate are overwhelmed with electrical charge, causing information to spill over into the next drexel. When this happens, detail is lost. This occurs when the exposure is 8-10x more than what it should be.
Which of the following has not had its 'controlling factor' change in the transition from film-based radiography to digital radiography?
Shape distorition
In any image, the very smallest details present can be represented as:
Short wavelengths with high frequencies
Low-pass filtering is also known as
Smoothing
Which of the following has most commonly been the slowest part of a PC? Spinning disk Hard Drive USB RAM CPU
Spinning disk Hard Drive
Which of the following is not a network topology? Ring Mesh Star Square
Square
Which term is used to describe when data are broken up into pieces and each disk receives a "piece" of the data? RAID Mirror Striping Tier
Striping
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 steps to digitizing an analog image? Scanning Sampling Sweeping Quantization
Sweeping
Which term is used to describe the process of transferring images to remote locations for reading by a radiologist? Computer radiology Teleradiology Long-range image viewing Distance reading
Teleradiology
Smax is: The S value at which the histogram is at its peak The S value corresponding to anatomy with the lowest attenuation coefficient (least radiopaque) The S value corresponding to barium The S value corresponding to raw/direct x-ray exposure
The S value corresponding to anatomy with the lowest attenuation coefficient (least radiopaque)
A graph with input gray values on the x-axis and output gray values on the y-axis exhibits a function with steep slope (greater than 1). What can you say about the processed image's contrast?
The image's contrast will be increased (short scale)
In a DR image receptor, most of the square area of each dexel is dedicated to what portion of the detector element:
The semiconductor layer
What is the target range of the Deviation Index (DI)? Which DI values indicate mottle is certain?
-0.5 to 0.5 is the ideal range. At <-3.0, mottle is certain.
Which DI value would indicate mottle is certain?
-4
Which of the following information might be found in the DICOM header of an image? 1. Patient name 2. Laboratory test results 3. Ordering physician
1 and 3
The increased contrast resolution of digital imaging systems allows demonstration of tissue with an inherent subject contrast as low as: 10% 20% 50% 1%
1%
In the image, if the pixel value from the original image is 20, approximately what is the pixel value in the processed image?
24
What is the minimum kVp recommended by manufacturers of digital equipment?
60 kVp
Bonus! What was the highest mAs used in the elbow experiment images in the Deviation Index notes? (1 pt)
850 mAs
What is the range of DI values in which it has been proposed management should follow up? Do you agree with this proposal? Why or why not?
>3.0. Management should follow up is techs are giving patients such an excessive amount of dose. This could mean that techs are getting careless or aren't paying attention to their technique which is giving patients an unnecessary amount of radiation.
Curve shifts along the x-axis, without any change in slope, indicate
???
Which of the following would be an example of off-site backup? A backup PACS in a different state Images printed to film and stored in the hospital basement A DVD of interesting cases stored in a the reading room A PACS in the hospital
A backup PACS in a different state
A server is: Any computer that needs a server for task completion A computer that manages resources for other computers A computer that is considered equal with other devices on the network
A computer that manages resources fro other computers
On an image histogram, an unusual spike to the left of the main bell-shaped lobe of the curve most likely represents: Bone disease A large metallic object Air in the lungs Background exposure
A large metallic object
What is a kernel?
A submatrix or smaller matrix passed over a larger matrix in image processing
The layer of the imaging plate that traps electrons during exposure is the ______ layer.
Active
Two or more objects sharing resources and information is a definition of a: Local area network (LAN) Computer network Wide are network All of the above
All of the above
The place where records or documents are preserved for historic purposes in the: Archive File cabinet Workstation Redundant array of independent disks (RAID)
Archive
The acronym for RAID is redundant: Area of intelligence disorders Array of independent disks Archive of independent databases Assistance identification
Array of independent disks
Which of the following is NOT a component of a dexel (del)?
F center
A CD can hold more data than a DVD True False
False
If dexel size decreases and fill factor decreases, the del's efficiency will increase.
False
No matter where the orientation stickers or labels exist on a digital cassette, the image will display correctly
False
The computer prioritizes the part of the histogram with exposure values above the Smax point when rescaling the image True False
False
Using rescaling, the computer can change an exposure histogram to perfectly match the histogram shape of the ideal exposure True False
False
Which is an advantage of a network connected via fiberoptic cable? Fast data transfer Cost Easily damaged Less reliable than wired connections
Fast data transfer
The network connection that uses glass threads to transmit data is: Coaxial Twisted pair Infrared Fiber optic
Fiber optic
In an effort to display the pixels for the area of interest when exposure is greater or less than what is needed to produce an image, _______ occurs
Automatic rescaling
In a digital image, low frequencies represent:
Bright details??
How dark or light a digital image appears on a display monitor is known as
Brightness
How dark or light a digital image appears on a display monitor is known as: Brightness Contrast resolution Spatial resolution Density
Brightness
Image level parameters (window level) control image
Brightness
Which of the following disc types can be written on multiple times? CD-R DVD-R CD-RW CD-ROM
CD-RW
Changing the slope of the look-up table graph will increase or decrease:
Contrast
Window width controls the ratio of black and white, also known as
Contrast
Window width controls the ratio of black and white, also known as:
Contrast
Changing the steepness of the exposure gradient curve: Varies density Determines spatial frequency Has no effect on the image Controls image contrast
Controls image contrast
The universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images is known as: NEMA DICOM TCP/IP ACR
DICOM
Dexel (del) is an abbreviation of:
Detector element
A network router: Is connected to each network device in a circle topology Directs data to their intended target between separate networks Is a redundant array of independent disks Sends data to all devices connected to it
Directs data to their intended target between separate networks
A digital imaging histogram is bar chart displayed with a best fit line connecting the tops of the bars True False
True
A network device's IP address can change True False
True
A thick client is typically more powerful than a thin client False True
True
BIOS is an abbreviation for Basic Input/Output System True False
True
Dependent on the manufacturer's algorithm, a value of interest (VOI) can accentuate ascertain tissue thickness or bone True False
True
Magnetic tape can be used as a long-term storage medium True False
True
The higher the display's resolution, the more pixels present. False True
True
The shape of the histogram is anatomy specific.
True
Which of the following is an analog display port? DisplayPort DVI VGA HDMI
VGA
Which of the following is a prominent disadvantage of the liquid crystal diode (LCD) monitor:
Viewing angle
A computer network that spans a large area such as a city, state, nation, or continent is known as a: WAN Large area network Client-based network Peer-to-peer network
WAN
In generic digital imaging terms, the average brightness level of the image is called the: Window level Window width Density Scale of contrast
Window level
Which of the following controls the contrast of the displayed image?
Window width
For a large non-contrasted abdomen x-ray image which completely covers the image receptor plate, the expected shape of the original histogram will appear: With a single spike to the right of the main lobe With no spikes, only the main lobe With a single spike to the left of the main lobe With spikes both on the left and the right of the main lobe
With no spikes, only the main lobe
Which of the following is NOT a processing unit commonly found in computers? Central processing unit (CPU) Graphics processing unit (GPU) X-ray processer (XRP)
X-ray processor (XRP)
A technique of 55 kVp @ 1.5 mAs is proposed for a PA hand projection. You wish to adhere to digital equipment manufacturer recommendations of minimum set kVp values, would you want to adjust this technique before taking the exposure?
Yes
