Information Systems Analysis & Design Chapter 14

When a request is not completed, what feedback should be provided to the user?

"Unable to process request. Check request again"

List four practical ways an analyst can improve the ease of user navigation and the stickiness of an ecommerce website:

(1) create a roll-over menu (2) build a collection of hierarchical links so the home page becomes an outline of the key topic headings associated with the website (3) place a site map on the home page and emphasize the link to it (place this on every page on the site) (4) place a naviga-tional bar on every inside page (usually at the top or on the left side of the page) that repeats the categories used on the entry screen

List four practical ways an analyst can improve the ease of user navigation and the stickiness of an ecommerce website:

(1) create a roll-over menu (2) build a collection of hierarchical links so the home page becomes an outline of the key topic headings associated with the website (3) place a site map on the home page and emphasize the link to it (place this on every page on the site) (4) place a navigational bar on every inside page (usually at the top or on the left side of the page) that repeats the categories used on the entry screen

Do's of UX Design

- create simple & stress free sign-ins - make the default choices user friendly - design to specs that describe the majority of users - provide a way out - keep your eyes on users

Describe two types of website designs for eliciting feedback from customers:

1. Launch the user's email program. 2. Create a blank feedback template with a submit button labeled "feedback."

How to design a better user interface:

1. Match the interface to the task. 2. Make the interface efficient. 3. Provide appropriate feedback to users. 4. Generating usable queries. 5. Improve productivity of knowledge workers.

List in shorthand notation the six basic query types:

1. Obtain specified data for a particular entity. 2. Find a group of entities that have certain characteristics. 3. Find attributes for an entity for certain characteristics. 4.Display all the attributes for a certain entity. 5. find all entities with a certain characteristic. 6. List attributes for all entities for certain characteristics.

What are the seven situations that require feedback for users?

1. The computer has accepted the input. 2. The input is in the correct form. 3. The input is not in the correct form. 4. There will be a delay in processing. 5. The request has been completed. 6. The computer is unable to complete the request. 7. More detailed feedback is available (and how to get it).

11 heuristics for judging the usability of computer systems and ecommerce websites provided by Nielsen and others

1. Visibility of system status 2. Match between the system and the real world 3. User control and freedom 4. Consistency and standards 5. Error prevention 6. Reconnection rather than recall 7. Flexibility and efficiency of use 8. Aesthetic and minimalist design 9. Help that users recognize 10. Diagnosis and recovery from errors 11. Help and documentation

Components of the user interface

1. presentation language, which is the computer-to-human part of the transaction 2. action language that characterizes the human-to-computer portion.

User Experience (UX)

A customer first method for designing software that observes the behavior of customers & strives to enhance customer satisfaction & loyalty

Describe what a mashup is:

A mashup is when two or more application programming interfaces (API) are used together. An API is a set of small programs and protocols used like building blocks for building software applications. Many mashups are open-source.

Define natural-language interface. What is the major drawback of these interfaces?

A natural-language interface is the system that allows users to interact with the computer in their everyday or "natural" language. The major drawbacks are implementation problems and an extraordinary demand on computing resources.

What is a nested menu? What are its advantages?

A nested menu is a menu that can be reached through another menu. Users can access nested menus through options in a program. The advantages of nested menus are: A. Nested menus allow the screen to appear less cluttered. B. Nested menus allow users to avoid seeing menu options in which they have no interest so irrelevant user information is reduced. C. Nested menus can move users quickly through the program.

Describe a problem that can occur if a designer uses nonstandard gestures to create an interface for smartphones or tablets:

A problem that might occur is that the user thinks that the gesture does one thing and it does another, which may be confusing for the customer.

Explain what is meant by question-and-answer interfaces. To what kind of users are they best suited?

A question-and-answer interface displays a question to the user on the screen. In order to interact, the user enters an answer via the keyboard and the computer acts on that input information in a preprogrammed manner. New users, unfamiliar with computers, may find the question and answer interface most comfortable, and gain confidence quickly.

What are the roles of icons, graphics, and colors in providing feedback?

A. Icons may be used to show that the system is working, such as an hourglass, a piece of paper being moved between folders, and so on, when there is a delay in processing. B. Graphics may be used for providing feedback, such as a dialog box with a red exclamation point when an error has occurred. C. Color is useful in providing feedback, such as a field turning red when it is in error or green for valid data.

What are the three guidelines for designing good screen dialogue?

A. Meaningful communication B. Minimal user action C. Standard operation and consistency

List five standards that can aid in evaluating user interfaces:

A. The necessary training period for users should be acceptably short. B. Users early in their training should be able to enter commands without thinking about them, or referring to a help menu or manual. C. The interface should be "seamless" so that errors are few, and those that do occur are not occurring because of poor design. D. Time necessary for users and the system to bounce back from errors should be short. E. Infrequent users should be able to relearn the system quickly.

What do alerts do in a smartphone or tablet interface?

Alerts in a smartphone or tablet interface provide critical information that the user needs to know in a timely manner.

APIs

Application Programming Interface

What are the differences between designing for AR and designing for VR?

Augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements to a live view often by using the camera on a smartphone. Examples of augmented reality experiences include Snapchat lenses and the game Pokemon Go. Virtual reality (VR) implies a complete immersion experience that shuts out the physical world.

Define HCI

HCI is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. The concept of designing for HCI is to try to ensure system functionality and usability, to provide effective user interaction support, and to enhance a pleasant user experience.

List five navigational options that use standard icons or elements that the designer can add to an ecommerce website to improve navigation and understanding:

Heirchial links site maps navigation bars roll-over menus search functions

HCI

Human Computer Interaction

For what type of user is a GUI particularly effective?

Inexperienced, average users.

Define onscreen input/output form. What is the chief advantage of these forms

Input/output forms are on-screen forms displaying fields containing data items or parameters that need to be communicated to the user. The chief advantage of the input/output form interface is that the printed version of the filled-in form provides excellent documentation. It shows field labels as well as the context for entries.

Why is it important to include an opt-out option on all notices and alerts for smartphone and tablet users?

It is important to include an opt-out option on all notices and alerts for smartphone and tablet users because many users just do not want to be notified with information or alerts.

Designs for the iPhone can take advantage of using natural language voice recognition, called Siri. Is Siri an intelligent personal assistant? Why or why not?

Siri is an IPS because it understand you and your preferences.

What are the advantages of Web-based fill-in forms?

The advantage of using a Web-based form is that it puts the responsibility on the user for entering the data. A second advantage is that data may be entered 24 hours a day, worldwide.

Explain how fit among the HCI elements of the human, the computer, and the tasks to be performed leads to performance and well-being.

The analyst should try to make the best possible use of people in designing a computerized task intended to meet an organizational objective. Better fit results in better performance and greater overall well-being for the human involved in the system.

What are the drawbacks of Web-based form-fill interfaces?

The drawback of using a Web-based form is that the user may not know what to enter if the form is not clear. They might also be nervous about using a credit card over the Internet.

What is the difference between UI and GUI?

UI involves desiging for smooth interaction with emphasis on layout, menus, & buttons for input and graphs, charts, & tables for output UX designs for users' requests & needs, human-centered flow, & usability

What is meant by the word well-being when used in an HCI context?

Well-being is a concern for a human's overall comfort, safety, and health; it is their physical as well as psychological state.

List three ways that analysts can improve task or interface design to help, respectively, a person who is visually impaired, hearing impaired, or mobility impaired.

a visually impaired person by considering the distance from display to the person; the angle of the display in relation to the person viewing it; the size and uniformity of the characters; the brightness, contrast, balance, and glare of the screen; and whether a display is blinking or stable blind or who have low vision, use Braille keyboards as well as special speech reading software low vision people, use screen magnifiers. For people who lack certain perceptual sensitivity, test the colors you are choosing to make certain that they can be easily distinguished from one another. a hearing impaired person by considering the noise level in the work place, such as noisy printers; ensure that the documents and screens you design include access to written versions of the audio material;design tasks where headphones can be successfully used. a mobility impaired person by considering speech input rather than keyboarding

What is a suitable way of telling a user that input was accepted?

advancing the cursor one character at a time when the letters are entered correctly

List four familiar intelligent personal assistants:

alexa, siri, google assistant, cortana

What is virtual reality (VR)?

an artificial, totally computer-generated world

AR

augmented reality

Why is the metaphor important in designing a user interface for an app?

because it takes a familiar image and uses it as part of the interface. An example is the spinning wheels of Allrecipes "Dinner Spinner."

List three ways that analysts can improve task or interface design to help a person who is mobility impaired:

by considering speech input rather than keyboarding

List three ways that analysts can improve task or interface design to help a person who is visually impaired:

by considering the distance from display to the person; the angle of the display in relation to the person viewing it, the size and uniformity of the characters; the brightness, contrast, balance, and glare of the screen; and whether a display is blinking or stable; use Braille keyboards as well as special speech reading software; use screen magnifiers. For people who lack certain perceptual sensitivity, test the colors you are choosing to make certain that they can be easily distinguished from one another.

List three ways that analysts can improve task or interface design to help a person who is hearing impaired:

by considering the noise level in the work place, such as noisy printers; ensure that the documents and screens you design include access to written versions of the audio material;design tasks where headphones can be successfully used.

What are the components of the term performance in the HCI context?

combination of the efficiency involved in performing a task and quality of the work that is produced by the task

What is augmented reality?

combines artificial elements with the real world

Usability Standards

cover the use of the product (effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a particular context of use), the user interface and interaction, the process used to develop the product, and the capability of an organization to apply user-centered design

Define what is meant by UX design:

customer first design approach observes behaviors of customers and design system to improve user experience

How do users interact with AR?

developer creates images that appear to be realistic 3-D objects that can blend into the real world; the images exist in layers and allow the user to interact with the artificial objects

Why is it unacceptable to notify the user that input is not correct solely through the use of audible beeping or buzzing?

is not descriptive

Why is it a good idea to avoid the use of a badge on apps?

it is a good idea to avoid the use of a badge on apps because they are often ignored and may be outdated.

How do you reach HCI goals?

managers and developers need to be knowledgeable about the interplay among users, tasks, task contexts, information technology (IT), and the environments in which systems are used.

What are the five objectives for designing user interfaces?

matching the user interface to the task, efficiency, providing appropriate feedback, generating usable queries, and productivity.

What is a synonym for the term "capacitive sensing?"

multi-touch gestures

What is a nested menu? What are its advantages?

nested menu is a menu that can be reached through another menu. advantages: A. allow the screen to appear less cluttered. B. allow users to avoid seeing menu options in which they have no interest so irrelevant user information is reduced. C. can move users quickly through the program.

When a user is informed that his or her input is not in the correct form, what additional feedback should be given at the same time?

not permit user to advance to the next field or screen, along with an appropriate pop-up message explaining what is wrong and supplying instructions on how to correct it

What do badges do in a smartphone or tablet interface?

quiet, passive, unobtrusive way to send a message to the user.

List three gestures that can be used to interface with touch-sensitive smartphones and tablets

tapping, swiping, and pinching.

How do users interact with VR?

through vision and hearing

goal of HCI

to achieve both organizational and individual user effectiveness and efficiency.

In a sentence, compare and contrast the differences between taking a traditional approach to design versus adopting a UX design approach:

traditional UI involves designing for smooth interactions with emphasis on layouts, menus, & buttons for input and graphs, charts, etc. for output UX designs for users' requests & needs, human centered flow, & usability

UX

user experience

What is another name for an intelligent personal assistant?

virtual assistant

VR

virtual reality

List three physical considerations that HCI design addresses.

vision, hearing, and touch.

Don'ts of UX design:

• Don't masquerade ads as content • Don't block the user from seeing the content • Don't ask the user for too many permissions • Don't spring surprises at checkout • Don't stop testing