Innate Host Defenses (Lecture 15)

The circulatory system includes:

1) The circulatory system proper 2) Lymphatic system

They leave circulation and become macrophages responsible for:

1) many types of specific and nonspecific phagocytic and killing functions 2) processing foreign molecules and presenting them to lymphocytes 3) secreting biologically active compounds that assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions. Dendritic cells.

Four compartments in the immune function are:

1) reticuloendothelial system (RES) 2) extracellular fluid (ECF) is in the spaces surrounding tissue cells 3) the bloodstream 4) the lymphatic system.

Function of Lymphatic system:

1) to provide an auxiliary route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system proper. 2) to act as a drain off system for the inflammatory response 3) to render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies.

________________ contain histamine, serotonin, heparin acting in allergy and inflammation.

Basophils

Lymphatic vessels constructed along the blood vessels, smallest are lymphatic capillaries, that permeate all parts of the body except ________.

CNS

_________________ more abundant in the spleen and bone marrow. Unsure of its immune function but contains digestive enzymes.

Eosinophils

__________ macrophages are found in connective tissue, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

Fixed

___________________- a protein found in secretory fluids that acts as a bactericide and fungicide. (colostrum, "first milk" and human breast milk have high levels of this)

Lactoferrin

____________________ two types bursal equivalent B lymphocytes (B cells) and thymus derived T lymphocytes (T cells).

Lymphocytes

________________ discharged by the bone marrow circulating in the blood stream as phagocytes.

Monocytes

__________ coats the inside passage of the nose, tears (lacrimation) protect the eyes, _________ flushes the mouth, ____________ and ________________ permit loss of foreign material.

Mucus, saliva, vomitus, defecation

________________ act in phagocytosis (a.k.a. microphage "small eaters") found mostly in blood and tissues.

Neutrophils

___________ is mostly water the rest is protein, globulins (including antibodies); immunochemicals, clotting factors; hormones; ions, gases; nutrients, and waste products.

Plasma

_____ pulp is rich in macrophages, neutrophils and erythrocytes.

Red

___________: a fatty acid secreted by sebaceous glands to lubricate and waterproof body surfaces.

Sebum

___________ serves to phagocytize foreign material and immune reactions against bacteria.

Spleen

_______ cell the primary precursor of new blood cells maintained in the marrow. The lines of cells that arise are RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Stem

Lymph nodes, small, encapsulated, bean shaped organs found in clusters, along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. (armpit, neck, groin) incoming lymph ducts empty into the node, medulla hold ___ cells and cortex holds ___ cells.

T, B

True or false: Granulocytes make up a majority of circulating blood leukocytes.

True

________ evaluated by wrights stain showed either grainy (granulocytes) or not grainy (agranulocytes). These changed when they found grains in both.

WBC

___________________ macrophages, a monocyte that leaves the blood and goes to the RES and ECF

Wandering

_________ pulp has B and t cells.

White

________ on phagocytes bind to PAMPs on bacteria, which triggers the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens? a. PRRs b. AMPs c. PAMPs d. PMNs

a. PRRs

Which type of inflammation occurs at the site of an injury or infection? a. acute b. chronic c. endogenous d. exogenous

a. acute

Which of the following serve as chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses? a. cytokines b. antimicrobial peptides c. complement proteins d. antibodies

a. cytokines

Which of the following constantly sheds dead cells along with any microbes that may be attached to those cells? a. epidermis b. dermis c. hypodermis d. mucous membrane

a. epidermis

PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the following? a. pathogen b. phagocyte c. skin cell d. blood vessel wall

a. pathogen

diapedesis- _______________ of WBC to wall of small blood vessels, where they can migrate out of the blood into tissue spaces.

adherance

Which of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system? a. a targeted and highly specific response to a single pathogen or molecule b. a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens c. a set of barrier mechanisms that adapts to specific pathogens after repeated exposure d. the production of antibody molecules against pathogens

b. a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens

Hematopoiesis occurs in which of the following? a. liver b. bone marrow c. kidneys d. central nervous system

b. bone marrow

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of which of the following? a. chemical mediators primarily found in the digestive system b. chemical mediators that promote inflammation c. antimicrobial peptides found on the skin d. complement proteins that form MACs

b. chemical mediators that promote inflammation

Which refers to swelling as a result of inflammation? a. erythema b. edema c. granuloma d. vasodilation

b. edema

Which of the following chemical mediators is secreted onto the surface of the skin? a. cerumen b. sebum c. gastric acid d. prostaglandin

b. sebum

Match each cellular defense with the infection it would most likely target. - tapeworm in the intestines

bacteria in a skin lesion

________ are antimicrobial peptides produced by members of the normal microbiota

bacteriocins

The first line is a _____________, not a true immune response.

barrier

Match each cell type with its description. - stains with basic dye methylene blue, has large amounts of histamine in granules, and facilitates allergic responses and inflammation

basophil

Production of _________ cells (hemopoiesis) begins in the yolk sac (embryo membrane).

blood

Spleen similar to node except that it circulates _________.

blood

An easier way to remember is that B cells mature from ________ ____________ and T cells mature in the _______ ____________.

bone marrow, thymus gland

Which of the following best characterizes the mode of pathogen recognition for opsonin-dependent phagocytosis? a. Opsonins produced by a pathogen attract phagocytes through chemotaxis. b. A PAMP on the pathogen's surface is recognized by a phagocyte's toll-like receptors. c. A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes. d. A pathogen is coated with a molecule such as a complement protein that immediately lyses the cell.

c. A pathogen is first coated with a molecule such as a complement protein, which allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.

Identify the complement activation pathway that is triggered by the binding of an acute-phase protein to a pathogen. a. classical b. alternate c. lectin d. cathelicidin

c. lectin

White blood cells are also referred to as which of the following?a. platelets b. erythrocytes c. leukocytes d. megakaryocytes

c. leukocytes

Which of the following uses a particularly dense suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from entering the underlying tissue? a. the mucociliary escalator b. the epidermis c. the blood-brain barrier d. the urethra

c. the blood-brain barrier

T cells suppress, help and modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells (______ ______________ immunity CMI)

cell mediated

Defensins- antimicrobial peptides that attack the ______ _______________ of microbes, particularly bacteria.

cell membrane

The process by which cells are drawn or attracted to an area by a microbe invader is known as ________.

chemotaxis

WBC move by ______________, attracted by chemical stimulants from areas of injury or infection.

chemotaxis

phagocytes move toward the infection site by ________________

chemotaxis

______ are the hair-like appendages of cells lining parts of the respiratory tract that sweep debris away from the lungs.

cilia

Natural killer cells - will kill viral infected cells by secreting ______________ proteins.

cytotoxic

Bacteriocins and defensins are types of which of the following? a. leukotrienes b. cytokines c. inflammation-eliciting mediators d. antimicrobial peptides

d. antimicrobial peptides

Granulocytes are which type of cell? a. lymphocyte b. erythrocyte c. megakaryocyte d. leukocyte

d. leukocyte

Match each cell type with its description. - stains with acidic dye eosin, has histamine and major basic protein in granules, and facilitates responses to protozoa and helminths

eosinophil

Major basic proteins- toxic enzymes secreted by _______________ to damage helminths.

eosinphils

Heat and redness, or ________, occur when the small blood vessels in an inflamed area dilate (open up), bringing more blood much closer to the surface of the skin.

erythema

Lymphatic fluid (lymph) is a plasma-like liquid formed when certain blood components (WBC, antibodies, etc.) move out of blood vessels into the _________________ spaces and diffuse of migrate into the lymphatic capillaries.

extracellular

________, also known as diapedesis, refers to the exit from the bloodstream of neutrophils and other circulating leukocytes.

extravasation

Respiratory tract is constantly guarded; hairs in the nose; rhinitis, the _______ of mucous and fluids during a cold or allergy attack, ciliated epithelium in the lungs ____________ foreign material either to be spit out or swallowed. Irritation in the nose permits us to ____________.

flow, pushes, sneeze.

The intercellular, extracellular, lymphatic, cerebrospinal, and circulatory are five main _______ filled spaces.

fluid

Secretions that bathe and moisten the interior of the intestines are produced by _______ cells.

goblet

A(n) ________ is a walled-off area of infected tissue that exhibits chronic inflammation.

granuloma

B cells aid in ____________ immunity, form special plasma cells, producing antibodies.

humoral

The ________ is the part of the body responsible for regulating body temperature.

hypothalamus

Immunities are states of resistance to _______________; there are three lines of defense.

infection

Transferrin- a protein that binds and transports _______ in the blood.

iron

Skin and mucous membranes; epidermis has ____________ which is tough and water tight. Hair and skin glands protect the body also.

keratin

Acidic stomach secretions can ______ microbes

kill

Whole blood moves through the circulatory system proper; which is a __________ connective tissue made up of blood cells suspended in plasma.

liquid

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes) have a ___________ nucleus, mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes) have an _____________, rounded nucleus.

lobed, unlobed

The third involves _______-________ immunity; lymphocytes (white blood cell) become "tagged" with memory of the foreign substance to combat it when it appears again.

long-term

Kupffer cells residing in the liver are a type of ________.

macrophage

Match each cell type with its description. - large agranular phagocyte that resides in tissues such as the brain and lungs

macrophage

_____________ are similar to basophils, but reside in tissues rather than circulating in the blood.

mast cells

Platelets (thrombocytes) originate in bone marrow where a _____________________ disintegrates into numerous tiny, irregular-shaped pieces. Function in hemostasis and in releasing chemicals for blood clotting and inflammation.

megakaryocytes

Match each cell type with its description. - recognizes abnormal cells, binds to them, and releases perforin and granzyme molecules, which induce apoptosis

natural killer cell

Match each cellular defense with the infection it would most likely target. - virus-infected cell

natural killer cell

PMNs are another name for ________.

neutrophils

Initial encounters between lymphocytes and microbes occur in __________.

nodes

High number of vessels in hands, feet, and around the areola of the breast. The system does not circulate cyclically but _____ direction from the extremities to the heart.

one

erythrocyte line (RBC) develop from stem cells in the bone marrow, lose their nucleus just prior to entering circulation, transport ____________ and ____________ _____________ to and from tissues.

oxygen, carbon dioxide

Sweat glands exude low ____ (lactic acid) and have high _______ concentrations that are inhibitive of microbe growth.

pH, salt

Immune function of the Reticuloendothelial system; reticulum is a support network of connective tissue fibers, which provides a route of _____________ for phagocytes and forms a ________________ network through which materials can enter the extracellular fluid surrounding the tissues.

passage, continuous

Toll-like receptors are examples of ________.

pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

The muscular contraction of the intestines that results in movement of material through the digestive tract is called ________.

peristalsis

Immune system is a large complex diffuse network of cells and fluids that _______________ every tissue and organ.

permeate

Lysosomes will enter into the phagosome forming a _______________________ in which enzymes , proteins, and or oxides will break down (digest) the engulfed microbe.

phagolysosome

The phagocyte will adhere to specific molecules on the surface of the microbe. Following adherence, the phagocyte will ingest (engulf) the microbe forming a __________________ inside.

phagosome

________ is the fluid portion of a blood sample that has been drawn in the presence of an anticoagulant compound.

plasma

The cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all other blood cell types is the ________.

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

The second involves _________________ cells and fluid; phagocytosis and inflammation.

protective

The composition of lymph parallels that of plasma, but without _____ __________ _________..

red blood cells

Lysozyme is found in _________ and ________; this hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in cell walls of bacteria.

saliva, tears

Lymph is moved through the contraction of _____________ muscles through which the lymphatic ducts wind their way.

skeletal

Match each cellular defense with the infection it would most likely target. - bacteria in a skin lesion

tapeworm in the intestines

Lymphocytes are the key cells of the ______ line of defense.

third

Platelets are also called ________.

thrombocytes

Components and function of the lymphatic system: beginning at the furthest reaches of tissues as tiny capillaries that ____________ lymph through increasingly larger tributary system of vessels and filters (nodes), and it leads to major vessels that drain back into the regular circulatory system.

transport

All these systems must be connected in some way. This is not a direct connection but immunity from one system can enter the other systems. No cell of the body is left ________________.

unprotected