InQuizitive Ch. 2: Beginnings of English America

Traders, religious missionaries, and colonial authorities all sought to reshape Indian society and culture. Identify the statements below that describe the recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians.

Colonists frequently forced out Indians, and then settled on the land that they had cleared. The conflicts resulted in feelings of superiority from the colonists and further encouraged their creation of boundaries between the two cultures.

Identify the characteristics of colonial Virginia

The majority of the population was single men. Tobacco was the most common cash crop. The House Burgesses was their first body of government.

An important strategy in England's attempt to subdue the Irish in the seventeenth century was to integrate them into English society.

False

In seventeenth-century England, working for wages was widely associated with servility and loss of liberty. Only those who controlled their own labor could be regarded as truly free. Based on this understanding, which type of worker would claim the most personal liberty and freedom?

Farmers

Place the following events in chronological order to describe early English colonization.

Hakluyt wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, arguing that Queen Elizabeth I should support colonies in the New World. Roanoke Island was settled but ultimately failed due to lack of planning. Jamestown, Virginia, was established in hopes of turning a quick profit but ultimately faced numerous challenges.

Identify which criticisms of the church and the King of England resulted in Roger Williams's banishment from the colony of Massachusetts.

He believed in religious toleration, citing that God had singled out not only the Puritans for salvation. He was critical of the Kind of England for taking land from the natives without payment.

Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism, or putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. Identify the statements that describe the significance of Anne Hutchinson to the region's religious culture.

Hutchinson demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment. Although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years, Hutchinson showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers.

Identify the statements that describe the significance of the headright system and the House of Burgesses to the development of Virginia.

In order to attract more settlers, the Virginia Company introduced the headlight system that awarded land to individuals who paid for their passage to the New World. The House of Burgesses was the first elected assembly in colonial America, and it was established in place of the governor's militaristic regime.

Identify the statements that describe an indentured servant or the conditions in which indentured servants lived.

Indentured servants could be bought and sold like slaves, and their obligations to labor were enforced by the court. Indentured servants were men and women from Europe who signed a labor contract in order to pay their way to the New World.

What does this image reveal about the subtle changes that took place in Indian life as Indians became integrated into the Atlantic economy?

Indians adopted English-made attire and products, including those made of metal. Although settlers tried to impose their way of life on the Indians, the Indians did maintain their cultural identities and practices.

Identify the reasons why land ownership was so important to English settlers.

It gave men the right to vote in most colonies. It gave men control over their own labor.

Identify the first permanently settled English colony.

Jamestown

Identify the statements that describe John Winthrop and his beliefs about the concept of liberty.

John Winthrop believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities. John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts.

Identify the statements that describe Lord Calvert and his vision for Maryland.

Lord Calvert was Catholic and wanted Maryland to be a refuge for those Catholics persecuted in England. Lord Calvert was the son of one of King Charles I's favorites and wanted to create a feudal system in Maryland.

Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?

Natural liberty doesn't obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such, has the potential to lead men to evil.

The idea of freedom suddenly took on new and expanded meanings between 1640 and 1660. Identify the statements that describe the Levellers and their contributions to the expanded idea of freedom during this time.

Offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement based on equal rights, not a function of social class. Was the first democratic political movement that proposed a written constitution, which proposed to abolish the monarchy and expand the right to vote.

As a result of the Pequot War, which was caused by the massacre of the tribe for their actions against a fur trader, all remaining members of the tribe were killed or sold into slavery. The final treaty that ended the conflict stated that as punishment the tribe's name would be wiped from historical record.

True

Tobacco played a transformative role in the colonies. Both the crown and colonial planters grew rich from the sales of tobacco to the ever-expanding mass market in Europe. As such, it became Virginia's substitute for gold.

True

The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify which of the following characteristics correspond to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements.

Virginia: This settlement was established by a company of investors. Maryland: Indentured servants were more likely to become landowners. People of Catholic faith could find refuge and were encouraged to settle here. Both: Tobacco was the leading cash crop. The headlight system was in place. Indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years. Conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children.

Identify the statements that describe the Great Migration and its impact on New England.

created the foundation for a stable and thriving society in Massachusetts. involved the emigration of Puritans from England to Massachusetts between 1629 and the 1640s.

What was the enclosure movement?

landlords displacing small farmers from their lands and fencing in their holdings to keep commoners away.

Native and English colonial groups traded many goods and ideas. Identify the goods and ideas Indians shared with the colonists.

native farming techniques. furs and animal skins. free, uncultivated land.

Identify the characteristics of colonial Massachusetts

the majority of the population consisted of families. the population was healthier due to the climate. family farms produced a diverse array of crops along with fish and timber.

By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.

warnings issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching. Interpretations of social and environmental issues-like failed crops and disease- as God's disapproval.

Identify the rights and responsibilities of people living in Massachusetts as outlined in the Body of Liberties.

Slavery was allowed in the Body of Liberties. Liberties were viewed as privileges connected to one's place in the social order. A separate list of rights and restrictions existed for those who were "dependent" on others, including women, children, and servants.

What would a map of New England reveal about English settlements in 1640?

Settlements didn't spread farther west than the Hudson River at this time. Massachusetts was the largest settlement, extending along the coast from the present-day state of Maine to Massachusetts. The Connecticut settlement spread along the Connecticut and Thames Rivers.