INQUIZITIVE; Chapter 24
In what ways did the U.S. government endorse Judeo-Christian religious beliefs to fight communism at the height of the Cold War?
Congress added the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance. "In God We Trust" was added to paper currency.
The results of the 1952 presidential election split overwhelmingly along regional lines, with the Democratic Party dominating much of the South, and the Republican Party dominating the rest of the country. Below, drag the name of each candidate to the state where he secured the most electoral votes.
Dwight Eisenhower: 45 Adlai Stevenson: 14
As a result of McCarthyism, most Americans were slow to criticize mainstream society. However, the following four intellectuals were prominent for their outspokenness in the midst of 1950s uniformity. Match each writer to the work he produced.
The Lonely Crowd, focused on American employees being incapable of independent thought Correct label: David Riesman The Hidden Persuaders, focused on the emptiness of suburban life and the influence of advertisers Correct label: Vance Packard The Organization Man, about the boredom of modern work Correct label: William Whyte The Affluent Society, which criticized American focus on goods rather than schools, parks, and public services Correct label: John Kenneth Galbraith
During the 1950s, the Northeast and Midwest regions suffered a slow decline in manufacturing, while the West and South experienced substantial growth. Identify the regions where the following industries expanded and created economic growth in the 1950s.
The South: textile industry military bases submarine shipyards The West: radar system development guided missile systems government contracts for aircraft
Identify the statements that describe the Beats.
They argued that political repression, not freedom, was the hallmark of American society in the 1950s. They rejected the 1950s emphasis on "materialism." They were a group of poets and writers who challenged the mainstream culture through their work.
Analyze the images below. What do these images reveal about the discrepancy between how women actually lived their lives in the 1950s and how they were depicted doing so in advertisements?
While advertisements sought to portray women's work in the home as fun and exciting, in reality it was hard work and less than enjoyable.
Television became part of the fabric of daily American life in the 1950s. "Situation comedies" presented images of American families both familiar and unfamiliar to many audiences. Match each popular 1950s-era program with the subjects it portrayed.
a family of Jewish immigrants Correct label: The Goldbergs a middle-class, suburban family Correct label: Leave It to Beaver a working-class, urban family Correct label: The Honeymooners
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the local and national responses to integrating schools in Arkansas. In 1957, in Little Rock, Arkansas, nine African-American students attempted to integrate the city's high school. Governor Orval Faubus responded to the attempt by utilizing the state National Guard to block their entry. President Eisenhower countered by sending in U.S. troops to escort the students to class.
block their entry, Eisenhower, escort the students to class
Notions of American freedom evolved and adapted to suit the new climate of the Cold War, as seen in a major 1947 policy speech given by Harry Truman in which the president modified former president Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms." Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage. Franklin Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms" included freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. After World War II, Harry Truman famously removed freedom from want and freedom from fear, replacing them both with freedom of enterprise. This decision reflected a new political climate that was deeply suspicious of communism, and increasingly focused on consumer capitalism.
freedom of speech, freedom of enterprise, communism
The first Levittown, built by William and Alfred Levitt outside of New York City, helped make the Levitts the most famous suburban developers in United States. What were some of the factors that contributed to their success and to the success of suburban housing overall?
government-backed low-interest loans the dream of home ownership inexpensive mass-building techniques
In the 1950s, daily lives were forever changed by the bevy of consumer goods made available to ordinary citizens. The television, dishwasher, jet air travel, and air conditioning were offered at reasonable prices for those striving to achieve middle-class status.
ordinary citizens, reasonable prices, middle-class
Identify the characteristics of "free enterprise" and "people's capitalism."
people's capitalism and free enterprise Correct label: embodied individual freedom people's capitalism Correct label: an increase in individuals investing in Wall Street free enterprise Correct label: an economic system built on private ownership Correct label: also called "consumer capitalism"
Identify the events that led to the civil rights revolution of the 1950s.
the destabilization of the racial system during WWII the rise of independent states in the Third World with nonwhite leaders the mass migration of blacks out of the segregated South
In the 1950s, television changed several aspects of the American lifestyle. Identify the key changes that resulted from the growing influence of television.
American eating habits changed. Television became the first choice for information about public events.
In the 1950s, most women found work in low-paying fields. They did this in most cases to pursue personal fulfillment and obtain a sense of financial independence. T or F?
False
What does this map reveal about the interstate highway system?
Even-numbered highways generally run in an east-west direction. Odd-numbered highways generally run in a north-south direction. While the interstate system enabled extensive travel throughout the Northeast and South, travel was much more limited in the Southwest.
During the 1950s, a majority of Americans, fed up with all the controversy and conflict caused by different religious denominations throughout the world, greatly reduced their visits to houses of worship. T or F?
False
In the 1950s, the United States began its development as a suburban nation. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the main engines of economic growth during this era. Unlike the 1870s when railroad construction spearheaded the American economy, during the 1950s, residential development and credit availability on consumer goods were the major cogs in the wheel of economic growth. A renewed hope for the future illustrated by the postwar baby boom associated with new housing development launched a shift from cities to suburbs, which coincided with consumer eagerness to obtain home appliances like television sets and new cars to navigate between those new homes to the jobs back in the cities.
residential, baby boom, cars
The 1950s launched the "golden age" of capitalism, a period that would last until 1973. Identify the economic characteristics that defined this golden age.
rising standard of living economic expansion
Eisenhower's secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, announced an updated version of the doctrine of containment called "massive retaliation." Identify the statements below that describe massive retaliation and its impacts on the country.
stated that any Soviet attack on the United States would be countered with nuclear assault created a risk that a small conflict could escalate into a nuclear disaster resulted in Americans living in fear of nuclear war, with many building bomb shelters in their backyards
Identify the most important issues—both political and personal—in the presidential election of 1960.
the Missile Gap Kennedy's Christian denomination
The developing world was fair game for Cold War maneuvering by the super powers. In the 1950s, the developing world was called the Third World. Identify the events in which the following Third World countries were involved during the Cold War.
the United Fruit Company's nationalization Correct label: Guatemala the Suez Canal Crisis involving Great Britain, France, and Israel Correct label: Egypt British Petroleum's loss of control of its oil production Correct label: Iran
In the 1950s, the automobile was the pivot on which suburban life turned. Identify examples of how automobiles altered the American landscape.
Drive-in movie theaters appeared. The first McDonald's opened. Automobile travel in the 1950s led to people taking jobs farther away from home and commuting.
The 1952 Adlai Stevenson presidential campaign poster below attempts to firmly associate the Democratic Party with one set of policies (and consequences) and the Republican Party with another. Drag the labels below to the images on the poster that are meant to depict a particular political party.
Republican Party: the party of hoover (left) Democratic Party: the party of Roosevelt (right) portraits (middle)
When the first artificial satellite, -, was successfully launched, Americans for the first time felt their technology to be inferior to that of the -. The Eisenhower administration responded by offering federal funds to higher education with the -.
Sputnik, Russians. National Defense Education Act.
Similar to the situation for homosexuals during the 1950s, so-called psychological experts deemed feminism a -, and it was widely - by advertisers and authors. These psychologists went so far as to insist that while individual women might desire to -, their - was caused by a failure to accept the -.
mental disorder, dismissed desire to work for wages, unhappiness, "maternal instinct".
"Blockbusting" was a notorious strategy used by real-estate brokers in the 1950s. The strategy involved spreading rumors within a segregated community that minorities would be moving in. Place the strategy and its ensuing results in the proper order.
01 Brokers spread rumors that minorities are moving into a segregated area. 02 White residents sell their homes quickly and cheaply 03 Brokers sell homes at increased prices 04 Minorities move into the area
The Plessy v. Ferguson doctrine of "separate but equal" had permeated American society since the turn of the twentieth century. Put in chronological order the U.S. Supreme Court cases that chiseled away at the Court's previous decision.
01 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada 02 Mendez v. Westminster 03 Sweatt v. Painter 04 Brown v. Board of Education
New nations were forming from former European colonies in Africa and Asia at precisely the moment when the United States and Soviet Union were competing for influence and strategic advantage around the world. Place these key events in the history of decolonization and the Cold War in chronological order.
01 Vietnamese proclamation of nationhood 02 Creation of independent India and Pakistan 03 ouster of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and Jacobo Arbenz Guzman in Guatemala 04 the Bandung Conference
Identify the statements that describe urban renewal and its impact on the 1950s.
Residents in low-income areas were displaced in order to provide new land for malls, stadiums, and housing for wealthier people. Low-income citizens and ethnic communities were adversely impacted by the urban renewal efforts and were forced to find housing in rundown neighborhoods.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing how the Republican Party, and Republican Party candidates, shifted their image in the 1950s. In 1952, while running as the vice-presidential candidate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon saved his political career with his "Checkers speech." This speech illustrated the power of television in politics and of bringing carefully crafted images into the home. The Republican Party also shifted strategies as it went from the pro-business party to the party of the "forgotten man."
Richard Nixon, television, pro-business
Eisenhower and Khrushchev worked together diligently to thaw the Cold War at the end of the 1950s. Identify the incident that abruptly ended their cooperation in 1960.
The russians shot down a U-2 plane over soviet territory
In 1954, after the French surrendered at Dien Bien Phu to the Vietnamese forces of Ho Chi Minh, the United States' ever-increasing military involvement in Indochina went even further. With the Geneva Accords, the United States decided to side with the South Vietnamese dictator, Ngo Dinh Diem, below the Seventeenth Parallel. T or F?
True
In 1956, three years after Josef Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev succeeded him as premier of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev attempted to thaw the Cold War in the late 1950s with a policy dubbed "peaceful coexistence." T or F?
True
Identify the tax subsidies in the 1950s that contributed to the rapid expansion of the suburban middle class.
dam and highway construction mortgage guarantees for home purchases GI Bill benefits
Milton Friedman believed that free market capitalism was the ultimate expression of individual liberty, and he has found a receptive audience ever since. Identify the libertarian conservative ideals Friedman advocated for in Capitalism and Freedom.
eliminating the graduated income tax elimination of government regulations on business
Eisenhower presided over the largest public-works enterprise in American history, the building of the 41,000-mile interstate highway system, in order to ensure armies and civilian populations could move on autobahn-like highways to reduce the casualty in the event of a Soviet attack. Identify the industries that benefited most from this act in the end.
oil companies automakers
The economic boom of the 1950s was caused by a combination of several factors. Identify the causes of this exceptional growth in the 1950s.
the country's global dominance government policies
What was the significance of Catcher in the Rye, Blackboard Jungle, Elvis Presley, and Playboy magazine in the 1950s?
they all highlighted the middle class norms that lay benith the surface of the decade.
Identify the causes of the population increase that followed World War II.
Couples married younger than previous generations. Couples had more children than generations of the 1930s and 1940s.
What was the military industrial complex, and why did Eisenhower express concerns about it?
Eisenhower worried that the country's military industrial complex threatened to limit both liberties and the democratic process. The military industrial complex was the combination of massive military buildup and the establishment of an arms industry that thrives both in times of war and peace.
In the 1950s, women continued to be employed in industrial jobs similar to what they held during the second world war.
False
On the evening of Rosa Parks's arrest for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white passenger, a young Martin Luther King Jr. spoke to a rally of local African-Americans. In the following excerpt from his December 5, 1955, speech, identify the passage(s) that illustrate the religious foundations of King's definition of freedom and justice.
I want to say, that we are not here advocating violence. We have never done that. . . . We believe in the teachings of Jesus. The only weapon that we have in our hands this evening is the weapon of protest. . . . If we are wrong, the Constitution of the United States is wrong. If we are wrong, God Almighty is wrong. . . . If we are wrong, justice is a lie. . . .
How do religious convictions shape King's fight for freedom?
King evokes Christian teachings as the basis for nonviolent protest for equality
In determining the significance of the presidential election of 1960, the text points out two critical and similar determinants on the outcome of that election. One was that image bested substance during the first televised debate between presidential candidates. Which of the following was the other parallel observation regarding the triumph of image over substance?
Mrs. Kennedy wasn't dowdy like the outgoing president's wife or the potential Republican president's wife.
When Khrushchev and Nixon debated the benefits of capitalism versus communism in a Moscow museum at the end of the 1950s, Nixon's masterstroke was not what he said but where he said it—inside an American kitchen. Why was this significant?
Nixon understood that the penetration across the globe of American goods and popular culture was an even more potent form of influence than military might in the ideological battle of the Col War.
What does this painting suggest about opposition to school integration in the 1960s?
The smashed tomato and the violent red splatter on the wall is a clear indication of anger and opposition to school integration. The graffiti in the background suggests both the social issue at hand and the racist position of those who were against The girl's bright, white dress symbolizes the desire for peace and equality, with school integration being an important step in the right direction.
Identify the statement that describe the new "social contract" in the 1950s.
Unions agreed to prevent unauthorized strikes in return for wage increases and health insurance.
argued that advertisers have proportionately too much influence in our culture argued that political democracy for the ordinary person is obsolete argued that the pursuit of productivity has surpassed the importance of social and economic infrastructure argued that the independent thinker has been replaced by the team player
Vance Packard C. Wright Mills John Kenneth Galbraith William Whyte
Books focused on raising children and the roles of women gained prominence in the 1950s. Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (1947), for example, spoke to the roles women should have in society. Identify the statements that most agree with the book's perspective.
Women who were unhappy homemakers had a mental disorder. Women who had a desire to work for wages were contradicting their natural, maternal instinct to serve as wives and mothers.
While the number of farmers in the United States continued to decline, the production of crops grew by 50 percent. Identify the reasons for this impressive production of crops during the 1950s.
application of new fertilizers, insecticides, and new crop strains more efficient machinery
While the intent of the federal Housing Act of 1949 was good, the execution turned out to be something entirely different. In an effort to attract a broad swath of the American public, the extremely low requirement or ceiling on residents' incomes tended to attract only one segment of society—the poor. Confined to segregated neighborhoods in inner cities, those in poverty were concentrated into ghetto-like enclaves while white residents spirited off to the suburbs. When other poor urban neighborhoods, demolished by the Housing Act to stimulate urban renewal, were opened to commercial real-estate developers, public universities and retail centers catering to affluent college students further shrank the regions where the poorest could find a dwelling place.
ceiling, poor, poverty, white, urban renewal, retail centers, shrank
Match each country below to its role in the 1956 Suez Crisis.
home to the Suez Canal Correct label: Egypt newly founded state in the Middle East that participated in the 1956 invasion Correct label: Israel used intense diplomatic pressure to put a stop to the 1956 invasion Correct label: the United States part-owner of the Suez Canal, and the dominant Western power in the Middle East prior to 1956 Correct label: Britain
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage below about how John Dulles revised the doctrine of containment. Eisenhower, until elected president, was a professional soldier, thus, he understood the realities of war. He also wanted to balance the government budget. Eisenhower's secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, was described as a "grim Cold Warrior." To meld the two goals of winning wars and being thrifty with money, Dulles altered the doctrine of containment with his "massive retaliation" foreign policy. He felt he could contain Russian expansion if the U.S. military built up its nuclear warhead arsenal while cutting back on conventional soldiers. Because machines don't eat or need uniforms, they would be cheaper than troops on the ground and still act as a deterrent to communist aggression.
secretary of state, "massive retaliation", nuclear warhead arsenal
The impact of the housing discrimination that blacks and other non-whites experienced during the 1950s could still be seen as late as the 1990s, as the residents of suburban towns were still predominantly white. T or F?
true