Inquizitive Chp 23: The United States and the Cold War.

Watch the following video featuring author Eric Foner. How did the Cold War affect the meanings of American freedom?

Correct Answer(s) Certain elements of society were elevated to central roles in the idea of freedom, particularly what came to be called "free enterprise." Free enterprise, capitalism, and market economics became essential to the idea of freedom. The language of freedom reverberated throughout the society. Incorrect Answer(s) Because it was not a fighting war, American freedom was never affected by the Cold War.

Read the following passage from Henry Steel Commager's essay "Who Is Loyal to America?" included in your textbook. What lines of reasoning does Commager use to support his opinion of the anticommunist crusade's effect on Americans' liberties?

Correct Answer(s) Commager points out that this "new loyalty" could be viewed as restrictive because it denies freedom of thought and conscience. Commager unfavorably draws a comparison between the mistake of the 1920s red hysteria to the nation's most recent approach to anticommunism. Incorrect Answer(s) Commager explains that the "new loyalty" means that citizens are encouraged to question society, economics, and politics to become better citizens.

What led to the political downfall of Joseph McCarthy's crusade against communists within the U.S. government?

Correct Answer(s) He accused the U.S. Army of harboring communists. Incorrect Answer(s) In retaliation for her "declaration of conscience" speech, he accused Margaret Chase Smith of being a communist. He ordered the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

What did the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 entail?

Correct Answer(s) It allowed the government to revoke citizenship of any American born abroad if they refused to testify about "subversive" activity. It made it possible to deport a citizen who had been born abroad if they joined a subversive organization or voted in a foreign election. Incorrect Answer(s) It encouraged the relationship between communism and citizenship as a positive model for America.

After Truman gained support for the Truman Doctrine in 1947, this foreign policy informed American foreign policy in several critical ways. Identify the ramifications of Truman's initiative.

Correct Answer(s) It began a long period of bipartisan support for the containment policy. Truman's Doctrine and foreign policy reflect the point in which the United States assumed a permanent global responsibility. Incorrect Answer(s) It began a period of constant U.S. economic support of numerous attempts by eastern European nations to throw off totalitarianism. In order to protect American freedom, Truman encouraged American businesses and people to adopt isolation once again, calling for curtailing international trade and travel.

Identify the ways in which the Cold War profoundly affected American life for a half-century.

Correct Answer(s) It expanded higher education and grew support for scientific research. The military-industrial complex developed during World War II became permanent. Incorrect Answer(s) The United States permanently cut back on money for weapons development and overseas bases. It encouraged an American political culture of openness and honesty never before encountered in history.

Critics pointed out that casting the Cold War in terms of a worldwide battle between freedom and slavery was problematic. Identify some of the main reasons for this critique.

Correct Answer(s) It turned foreign policy into a contest between "us" and "them." This language reflected how the U.S. was less supportive of the ideas behind "freedom" and "independence" than it was the division of "communist" and "anticommunist." Incorrect Answer(s) Using this language created an American foreign policy of enslaving communist societies.

Art by Jackson Pollock, Norman Rockwell, and Mark Rothko became political weapons in the cultural Cold War. How did the Cold War's cultural battles affect these artists and their work?

Correct Answer(s) Members of Congress labeled Jackson Pollock's "abstract expressionism" as un-American. The CIA funded the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Incorrect Answer(s) The American government banned Norman Rockwell from painting for a time because of his subversive abstract style. Painter Mark Rothko was an artist who supported communism, bringing his exclusive "red" themed paintings with him to be displayed at the Museum of Modern Art.

Analyze the image of German children celebrating the arrival of an American cargo plane bringing supplies to counter the Soviet blockade. What does this image reveal about the role of propaganda for the battle over "the hearts and minds" of the world during the Cold War?

Correct Answer(s) The Cold War was not only about military conquest; it was also economic and psychological. Winning the hearts and minds of children was essential to gaining support from all citizens. Incorrect Answer(s) The adult population was disgusted by the airlift efforts, so they forbade children from watching the planes. Winning the hearts and minds of children was not essential to gaining support, as they had no influence on adults.

By 1950, the U.S. National Security Council (NSC) published the policy statement commonly known as "NSC-68." Which of the following events prompted the NSC to require a permanent military build-up to defeat communism throughout the world?

Correct Answer(s) The Soviet Union tested its own atomic bomb. The communists were victorious in the civil war in China. Incorrect Answer(s) Taiwan chose to adopt communism. In response to NATO, the Soviet Union signed the Warsaw Pact with eastern European allies that same year.

Dixiecrats were southern Democrats who withdrew from the Democratic Party during the 1948 presidential election. Which of the following ideas were supported by one or more Dixiecrat groups?

Correct Answer(s) The U.S. should improve economic relations with the Soviet Union. Civil rights for all threatened freedom. Incorrect Answer(s) More federal oversight of state legislation and economies was beneficial to the American people.

The Soviet Union and the United States claimed to provide all citizens with social and economic rights. Identify the statements that describe the reality of their citizens' rights during this time.

Correct Answer(s) The United States and the Soviet Union refused to accept outside interference in their internal affairs to support enforcement of the Declaration of Human Rights. The United States and the Soviet Union adopted some, but not all, provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Incorrect Answer(s) While the United States embraced and adhered to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in its entirety, the Soviet Union completely dismissed it. The United States and the Soviet Union universally supported the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and allowed agents from outside their countries to monitor their progress.

Midcentury Native Americans struggled to secure sovereignty. Identify the actions taken by advocates, including the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), in defense of Native American sovereignty.

Correct Answer(s) They requested the U.S. government provide aid to develop reservations, just as it did for less economically advanced nations abroad. They supported cooperation with the anticommunist crusade in the United States while avoiding associations labeled "subversive." Incorrect Answer(s) They protested to secede from the United States to form a pan-Indian reservation government. They called for the U.S. government to terminate tribal trust relationships to the country.

Identify Truman's proposals to Congress in 1948 regarding civil rights and equality.

Correct Answer(s) creation of a permanent civil rights commission national laws outlawing lynching national laws prohibiting a poll tax Incorrect Answer(s) laws to strengthen women's equality

During the Cold War hysteria that gripped American society in the 1950s, what were communist sympathizers prohibited from doing based on certain individual state laws?

Correct Answer(s) holding a driver's license fishing becoming professional wrestlers Incorrect Answer(s) moving to the Soviet Union

During the Cold War, the issue of detribalization gained renewed attention. Identify the issues regarding Native American assimilation and detribalization.

Issue(s) of Native American Detribalization: Some advocates for detribalization argued that the federal government was promoting dangerous "natural socialist environments" on Native American reservations at home even though the nation was fighting communism abroad. Native Americans asserted their right to maintain ancestral homelands despite the federal government's attempts at assimilation and detribalization. After legislation passed abolishing Native Americans' trust relationship with the federal government, a new era of termination policy began. Not Issue(s) Related to Detribalization: In an effort to preserve Native American lands, some advocates for detribalization pushed to merge tribal lands into nearby national parks for additional oversight.

Post-World War II Europe was largely divided into zones of noncommunist influence (North American Treaty Organization [NATO] countries) and communist influence (Warsaw Pact countries). Some regions remained unaligned. Drag the appropriate label to identify the alliances of the countries highlighted on the following map, in the years following the Second World War.

NATO country: France, Italy Warsaw Pact country: Poland , Soviet Union unaligned country:Sweden, Spain

What is totalitarianism?

Totalitarianism is a government's attempt to obtain complete control of its citizens' private lives and decisions.

In the congressional elections of 1946, ______ Democrats from the South and Republicans in the North regained control of the U.S. Congress. Anticipating ______ of his proposals in Congress during a presidential election year, Truman proposed legislation to promote ______.

conservative rejection racial, economic, and social equality

Congress struck a blow against organized labor with the passage of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act. Which of the following were features of this legislation?

feature of the Taft-Hartley Act: -granted the president the ability to suspend strikes -forced union officials to swear that they were not communists -prohibited mandatory union membership in unionized workplaces

The U.S. military under General Douglas MacArthur undertook an ambitious reconstruction program in occupied Japan. Identify the reforms implemented in Japan in the years following World War II.

reform implemented in Japan following World War II: Correct label: the right to vote for women Correct label: renunciation of war and armed aggression not a reform implemented in Japan following World War II: Correct label: dissolution of Japan's giant industrial corporations

Place the following events in the geopolitical history of the Cold War in chronological order.

01 George Kennan composes the "Long Telegram" 02 Joseph Stalin lifts the Berlin blockade 03 the North Korean army invades South Korea 04 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed

On the following map of the Korean War, select the line marking the farthest advance of North Korean troops.

( The line highlighted in south Korean by the Korea strait)

During the Cold War, the concept of freedom for all Americans was hotly debated across the political spectrum within the United States. Which of the following events were part of this great debate about the hallmarks of American freedom?

Correct Answer(s) Anticommunist groups successfully lobbied to remove books they saw as un-American from public libraries. Operation Wetback was passed and the crusade against immigrants intensified in the U.S. Incorrect Answer(s) On the Senate floor, Senator Margaret Chase Smith delivered her "Declaration of Conscience" challenging the lack of effort by Americans to fix racial inequality. The Rosenbergs are executed for trying to register African-Americans in the South.

Watch the following video featuring author Eric Foner. What was the Freedom Train, and how did it reflect the political and social concerns of the time?

Describes the Freedom Train It consisted of 133 American historical documents that traveled by train all over the country during a year and a half. It was a patriotic endeavor originally organized by the government. It demonstrated the shifting views of freedom as the government became suspicious of people who criticized the Freedom Train. Does Not Describe the Freedom Train It upheld segregation, as blacks and whites were not allowed to view the document collection at the same time.