Institutional Corrections exam 3

average cost per year for a prison sentence is about

$ 20,000 (for adult males in the United States, more in some other states such as Washington where it is more like $30,000)

Prisons as total institutions (as per Goffman), as paramilitary organizations, as bureaucracies (Weber)

'Prisons as total institutions'- Encompassing with a barrier to social intercourse, locked doors, high walls, and barbed wire, are built right into the physical of the institution."Total institutions frequently claim to be concerned with rehabilitation, that is, with resetting the inmates' self-regulatory mechanisms so that after he leaves he will maintain the standards of the insitiution. 'Paramilitary Organizations'- Feels comfortable because of the uniforms, power, communication, bootcamps > Treatment or EducationSpecialized knowledge. 'As Bureaucracies'- hierarchy, rule of law, specialization- How to do it, when to do it etc- Federal, State and Local levels.

The confusing roles of the probation or parole officer - role conflict and role ambiguity.

-It is difficult to develop trust with clients because of the law enforcement role and the demographic difference - POs have a Law Enforcement and social worker/ Treatments role and the conflict leading too: stress and compromises in the role. - Different roles affect violation rates (research shows): Law Enforcement role leads to greater violations - not being paid sufficiently - Too many clients - Large case loads - Law enforcement + treatment

Importation, prisonization and mortification (as per Clemmer and Goffman)

-When a person entering prison brings with them aspects of his or her own culture from the outside, this is known as IMPORTATION. -PRISONIZATION is the means whereby prisoners adopt the subculture of the institution. -When an inmate suffers from the loss of the many roles he or she occupied in the wider world, this is known as MORTIFICATION.

Findings from the Ethics Research by Stohr and Hemmens et al.

1. The jail staff were more ethical (or chose more ethical responses in our survey); 2. The women staff in the jails and the prisons were more ethical in their choice of responses; 3. The prison staff in the minimum security prison were more ethical than the staff at the maximum security prison; Staff thought they were more ethical in practice than inmates thought staff were; inmates cared about ethical practice of staff; both men and women thought women could be effective correctional officers it was just that women were more likely to think this than men.

Jail and prison admissions per year

10 million v. 1 million

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

reaffirmed the United States Supreme Court's acceptance of the use of the death penalty in the United States.

What is evidence-based programming?

refers to specific programmatic activities and processes, which—based on a review of available research and ongoing research efforts—appear to be related to positive outcomes for program participants

individual racism

Belief that one's own race is superior to another

Percentage incarcerated by race and ethnicity and representation among those in prisons

Black men are 6 to 9 times more likely to be incarcerated than White men, Black women 5 times more likely to be incarcerated than White women.

Decarceration

Decreasing the probability that nonviolent offenders will be sentenced to prison. Increasing the rate of release of nonviolent offenders from prisons.Decreasing the rate of imprisonment for probation and parole violations.

What educational programs are available for inmates and what does the research show as regards their success in reducing recidivism and increasing the odds of employment upon release?

Educational programs involve a lot of college programs available, not in every prison but it is not unusual in at least one of the state prisons to see a college opportunity. GED. Success is helpful in terms of reducing recidivism. Less infractions, better behavior when they are out.

John Augustus

First real probation system where someone was supervised was in the U.S in the 1840's by a Boston Cobbler named John Augustus. By 1859 him and volunteers helped serve more than 2,000 convicts.

core correctional practices (effective reinforcement, effective disapproval (if you continue to behave this way something is going to happen), effective use of authority, quality interpersonal relationships(somewhat of a trust relationship so you can have an effect on people's behavior), cognitive restructuring, anti-criminal modeling, structured learning and skill building and problem-solving techniques).

For programming to be effective it has to have these sorts of things in it. These are the different parts of core correctional practices. The programs that are reflected should include most of these. Just know that a lot of things come into play, most important is cognitive restructuring.

Bentham

Founder of Utilitarianism, 1748-1832. Maximize the pleasure and minimizing the pain of the largest number in society.

Penn

Greatest Contribution is the great law. 1644-1718. Not a fan of harsh punishment.

Power

The ability to "get people to do what they otherwise will.

mature coping

The ability to adjust prosocially and to respond to problems responsibly and without resorting to violence.

Discretion

The ability to make choices and to act or not act on them.

Prisonization

The adoption of inmate subculture by inmates.

Incorporation

The bill of rights was INCORPORATED to be used on citizens in every state.

Why do some scholars argue we have entered an age of Penal Help?

the belief that during custodial sentences inmates should endure additional pain and suffering, not just having their basic rights taken away, to make the punishment deliberately harder.

What is cognitive behavioral therapy and how does it operate?

Theory that focuses on the positives and fixing the problems they have. It is a counseling approach that tries to address dysfunctional cognition, emotions, and behaviors in a relatively short time through goal-oriented, systematic procedures using a mixture of operant psychology, cognitive theory, and social modeling theory.

green prisons

These prisons and jails attempt to reduce the environmental impact of their large facilities and improve the health and job prospects of their inmates through the use of renewable energy, composting and gardening, creating habitats for species and more.

Green Prisons: why they are important, what kinds of things are being done

These prisons and jails attempt to reduce the environmental impact of their large facilities and improve the health and job prospects of their inmates through the use of renewable energy, composting and gardening, creating habits for species, and more.

pseudo families

These type of families were made as a way for women to meet their needs for companionship, support, and love, as well as sexual gratification. In any given pseudofamily, there were inmates who took on the roles of fathers, mothers, grandmothers, daughters, aunts and cousins.

Importation

This is what occurs when inmates bring aspects of the larger culture into prison.

Motives and goals of prison violence : instrumental and expressive

Why? Because unwillingly; forced to do things they normally would not do, with people they may not like; and some of them are inclined to be violentAmount? Difficult to know as it is hidden, but it looks like suicide and homicides have decreased somewhat (as best we can tell). More of these in private prisons** We can tell this more accurately because of evidence (how many have died)

Decarceration: what it is, why it is happening, where it is happening, who is affected

a government policy of reducing either the number of persons imprisoned or the rate of imprisonment in a given jurisdiction. It may also be described as the process of removing people from institutions such as prisons or mental hospitals. It is the opposite of incarceration. Colorado is one of the first states to see significant change. The trend of mass incarceration and racism is being reversed.

Maximum

a prison designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end, it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of inmates and visitors.

Howard

a) Father of prison reform, conducted the first research analysis of jails and prisons and pushed for four major reforms. 1726-1790. 1. Secure and sanitary structures 2. Systematic inspections 3. Abolition of fees for basic services 4. Reformatory regime (rehabilitation rather than mere warehousing of prisoners).

Three findings from Wayne Welsch's research on jail lawsuits

a) He studied California jail lawsuits and found that i. 1). Inmates with an ACLU attorney did better than private attorneys (they were more likely to be experts); ii. 2. Overcrowding suits were more likely to be successful than other suits brought by inmates (most lawsuits bey inmates were not successful); iii. 3. Suits in federal courts were more successful than those in state courts (federal judges are appointed for life and state court judges tend to be either somewhat political appointees or political candidates and so are less likely to think for themselves).

The "deliberate indifference" standard and legitimate penological interests.

a) Legitimate penological: Safety and security, the main focus of correctional institution is to make sure people stay in prison and they don't hurt anyone while they are there. That is a primary goal of a corrections officer. There are dangerous people in prison so you have to make sure everyone is safe. Safety and security unweighs other rights like protection to unreasonable search, speech can also be restricted because if you allow for people to rally each other up it will create a riot. Correctional institutions will want all the control in order to have predictability and order. b) Deliberate indifference: Medical issues, if you knew someone had a serious medical issues and if you were indeliberatly indifferent, it entails some intent, were you deliberately intent, like did you know and ignored it?

meta-analysis

the quantitative analysis of findings from multiple studies.

Incarceration rate

approximately 670 per 100,000 U.S. residents for jails and prisons, still number 1 [as of 2015]

The BJS stats on capital punishment in the U.S. indicate that

at yearend 2015 33 states and the BOP held almost 3,000 inmates on death row (fewer than in 2014 or 2013 and this was the 15th consecutive year that the number had decreased); 7 states executed 35 inmates California has the most persons on death row, (more than a fourth of those or 13 people were executed in Texas alone and all of the other states in 2015 were Southern

Percentage of incarcerated women who had custody of their children before incarceration

65-75%

super maximum security prisons

A highly restrictive, high-custody housing unit within a secure facility (or an entire secure facility) that isolates inmates from the general prison population and from each other due to grievous crimes or disruptive behaviors.

due process

A model of law that stresses the accused's rights to a fair trial more than the rights of the community.

Deterrence

A philosophy of punishment aimed at the prevention of crime by the threat of punishment.

Incapacitation

A philosophy of punishment that refers to the inability of criminals to victimize people outside of prison walls while they are locked up.

Indeterminate

A prison sentence consisting of a range of years to be determined by the convicts behavior, rather than one of a fixed number of years

Indeterminate

A prison sentence consisting of a range of years to be determined by the convicts behavior, rather than one of fixed number of years.

mandatory sentencing

A prison sentence imposed for crimes for which probation is not an option, where the minimum time to be served is set by law.

Determinate

A prison sentence of a fixed number of years that must be served rather than range.

Drug Court

A problem solving court that specializes in the supervision and treatment of substance-abusing offenders.

SLB role

A public sector worker with discretion who has too many clients with too many needs and not enough resources to meet those needs.

Subculture

A subset of a larger culture with its own norms, values, beliefs, traditions, and history

restorative justice

A system of justice that gives approximately equal weight to community protection, offender accountability, and offender competency.

bureaucracy

A type of organizational structure that includes these three elements: Hierarchy, specialization, and rule of law.

Shock probation

A type of sentencing aimed at shocking offenders into going straight by exposing them to the reality of prison life for a short period, followed by probation.

Podular/direct supervision jails

distinguishing features and research outcomes.

podular/direct supervision jails

jails using the podular housing designs and remote supervision; officers are located in a secure control room overlooking the cells and dayroom, with the electronic controls to open and close individual cell doors.

What was the basis for the foolproof study tips offered by your professor?

Active learning

Panopticon

An idea of Jeremy Bentham's that melded the improvement of supervision with architecture (because of its rounded and open unobstructed views) which would greatly enhance the supervision of inmates.

symbolic assailant

An image police carry around in their heads of the kind of person that is particularly threatening.

obsequious

people are usually not being genuine; they resort to flattery and other fawning ways to stay in the good graces of authority figures. An obsequious person can be called a bootlicker, a brownnoser or a today.

Attica and New Mexico Prison Riots (what happened and why, who is responsible)

Attica: The riot had started within the prison when a fight between inmates broke out, a guard tried to break up the fight and more people broke into the fight. The inmates were upset due to the overcrowding and racism that happened within the prison. Also the lack of programmings. The Attica staff was unprepared thus making it harder to tame the prison. Eventually tear gas was dropped from the police helicopters Mexico: Although there were many warning signs the administration and staff failed to prepare. One night when a staff member slipped in security they grabbed him, took his keys that opened many other cells and the pharmacy making drugs and people readily available. The inmates beat on other inmates that were specifically snitches or child molesters, that were held in other cells. Many gruesome deaths, violents and rapes had happened. Resulting in law suits to New Mexico and many more minimum and medium prisons built after.

Mandatory

Automatic parole after a set period of time for almost all inmates.

total institution

places of residence and work where a large number of like- situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formal, administered round of life.

net widening

process in which new sentencing options increase rather than reduce control over offenders lives

Note to student

you need to remember 670, the cost of imprisoning an adult male in this country ($20,000) and the rankings by region (but not the specific numbers for the regions).

Differences between jails and prisons?

time (jail sentence is usually a year or less, prison time usually a year and a day or more); government level (jails at county level usually run by the sheriff and prisons at state level under a Director or Secretary of Corrections who reports to the Governor); conviction or presumption of innocence (jail inmates 60% have not been convicted of current charge, whereas 100% of prison inmates are convicted of a felony level charge); inmates (mostly less serious offenders in jails, but they hold all seriousness levels pretrial, whereas prisons tend to specialize in types of offenders for men, while women's prisons hold all kinds of offenders); staff pay (prison staff as state employees are usually paid more than county level jail staff, but in some larger counties this isn't true); staff quality (because of pay, more training and jails can be dumping grounds for staff by sheriff's often the state staff are more qualified/better trained); etc

Why are jails known as community institutions and as dumping grounds for community members and staff?

to the dumping grounds part of this question, because historically and sometimes now Sheriffs have dumped staff who could not perform as deputies on the street into work as an officer in a jail.

utilitarian calculus

used to determine the best course of action or policy by calculating the total amount of pleasure and pain caused by that action.

Probation and parole BJS stats and facts

vast majority of those under a correctional sentence are on probation, probation and parole caseloads have been declining recently.

Minorities and policies and practices which have resulted in increased incarceration: drug war, crack v. powder cocaine, racial profiling and DWB

Minority such as blacks and hispanics are underrepresented in court resulting in false convictions and little back up.drug war, crack v. powder cocaine, racial profiling and DWB

The Scottsboro case

Nine african american boys in 1931 were hoboing on a train when the train was stopped and they were arrested for accusations of rape, they were tried in a rushed trial in Scottsboro and sentenced to death. They appealed this case and the SC ruled that their right to counsel was violated.

What assistance in the form of programming is available for mentally ill inmates?

Not much to do. Not much programming. (pg. 118, jail chapter) Best programming is diversion. Dealing with homelessness and dealing with substance abuse.

Issues in privatization and the The Prison Industrial Complex (corrections industry)

Occurs when services or whole correctional institutions are provided or operated by private businesses or corporations.

What is the issue in sentencing between crack and powder cocaine?

Of particular concern is that those who use or sell crack cocaine tend to be African Americans, and those who use or sell powder cocaine tend to be white. 1998 congress passed 100-1 ratio between powder and crack cocaine. Critics were concerned that instead of fair and evenhanded sentences for all, the effect of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act was to be unfair and harsh in sentencing of racial minorities.

liberal feminist

One who believes that the problem for girls and women involved in crime lies more with the social structure around them (e.g. poverty and lack of sufficient schooling or training, along with patriarchal beliefs) and that the solutions lies in preparing them for an alternative existence so that they do not turn to crime.

PREA

Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003; this act mandated that the Bureau of Justice Statistics collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile jails and prisons and that it identify facilities with high levels of victimization.

minimum

Prisons created for lower-level felony offenders and those who are "short timers," or people who are relatively close to a release date. Those sent here are not expected to be an escape or behavioral problem. The ability and willingness to work is often a prerequisite for classification to this type of facility.

Medium

Prisons that hold a mix of people in terms of crime categories but who program well. Medium-security prisons have high external security, but inmates are able to move around more freely within the "walls." Some are built like a college campus with several buildings devoted to distinct purposes.

mortification process

Process that occurs as inmates into the prison and they suffer from the loss of the many roles they occupied in the wider world.

Socialization in women's prisons:

Pseudofamilies, sexist approach to these families because of what society believes women do outside of prison, but it is kind of true. Same socialization as men. True to some extent in men's facilities.

Rehabilitation

Punishment aimed to "cure" criminals of their antisocial behavior.

Reintegration

Punishment that aims to use the time criminals are under correctional supervision to prepare them to reenter the free community as well as equipped to do so as possible.

Retribution

Punishment that demands that criminals' punishments match the degree of harm they have inflicted on their victim- that is, what they justly deserve (an eye for an eye).

RNR, evidence-based practices, cognitive-behavioral therapy, therapeutic communities

RNR- 1. Risk principle-interventions should be focused on high-risk individuals. 2. Need principle-interventions should target the known predictors of the problem behavior. 3. Responsivity principle-interventions that are capable of changing the risk factors causing the problem behavior. Evidence- Based Practice: EBP means that order to reduce recidivism, corrections must implement practices that have constantly been shown to be effective. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Theory that focuses on the positives and fixing the problems they have. Therapeutic Communities: Residential communities providing dynamic "mutual self-help" environments and offering long-term opportunities for attitude and behavioral change and learning constructive prosocial ways of coping with life.

institutional racism

Racism practiced by many, if not most, institutional members in criminal justice and other organizations.

the regional use of incarceration, from highest to lowest in terms of prison rates only, in this order (using 2014 data):

South (545), West (418), Midwest (389) and Northeast (296).

Habitual Offenders

Statues mandating that offenders with a third felony conviction be sentenced to life imprisonment regardless of the nature of the third felony.

Furman v. Georgia (1972)

The U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional because states imposed it in an arbitrary -- and sometimes racially biased -- manner. The Court also ruled that the death penalty could not be imposed for rape

Patriarchy

Involves the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that value men and boys over women and girls (pg, 367).

Sykes and the pains of imprisonment

Liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, security (add contact with children).

Causes of prison riots and strategies to reduce violence.

Caused by the inclination of inmates wanting to achieve something more like better food or housing or power through anger and frustration.

Beccaria

He believed laws should be designed to preserve public safety and order, not to avenge crime. He argued accused persons should be able to confront their accusers, to know the charges brought against them, and to be granted a public trial before an impartial judge as soon as possible after arrest and indictment. Classical school criminology, law should conform to the rationality and freewill of humanity. 1738-1794.

Johnson: decent prisons, mature coping and niches for inmates (what they are, where they come from and effects they have on violence/mature coping, etc.)

Human service: Providing goods and services/ helping them cope/ advocating for them (many officers did this but it wasn't appreciates)Hack: Cynical, paranoid, alienated

The components and value of professionalization

In corrections includes the enforcement of professional standards for their new hires, such as a required college-level educational background, sufficient training, pay that is commensurate with job requirements, training that sufficiently prepares people for the job, and a code of ethics that drives the work practice.

RNR

Risk, needs, and responsivity model (RNR): A treatment correctional model that maintains that offenders and the community are better served if offenders' risks for reoffending and their needs (their deficiencies, such as lack of job skills) are addressed in a way that matches their developmental stage.

Young's findings regarding juvenile prisons for blacks and whites, girls and boys.

She found that young African-American girls tended to be housed with adult women more than young White girls, that separate juvenile prisons tended to be built for young White boys first, young African-American boys second, young White girls third and hardly at all for young African-American girls.