Instrument rating (Complete)

troughs

- an elongated area of low pressure

ridges

- an elonged area of high pressure

cruising altitudes

-0-179 odd thousands of feet -180-359 even thousands of feet

MVFR

-1000-3000 ft ceiling -3-5 sm visibility

Winds aloft

-2 times a day -0,12 zulu -winds ommited when station is within 1500 feet -Temps ommited when withinin 2500 feet of station -temperatures negative above FL240

GPS

-24 satalites so that 5 are in view at any given location on earth GPS familiarization 1.using raim 2.intserting departure procedure into the flight plan 3.programming destination airport 4.programming and flying approaches 5. changing to another approach after selecting one 6. programming and flying direct missed approaches 7.programing and flying routed missed approaches 8. entering, flying, and exiting holding patterns 9.programming and flying a route from a holding pattern 10.programing and flying approach with radar vectors 11.indication of the actions required for raim failure 12. programming a radial and distance from a VOR

area forecast

-3 times a day -valid for 18 hours -FA abbreviation -6 areas -Dallas fortworth -salt lake city -san francisco -boston -miami -chicago

radar summary

-35 min past the hour, every hour

IFR

-500-1000 foot ceilings -1-3 sm visibility

hazourdous attitudes

-Anti authority (dont tell me) -Impulsivity( do it quickly) -Resignition (whats the use) -macho (i can do it) -invulnerability (it wont happen to me) antidotes -follow the rules they are usually righ -not so fast think first -Im not helpless i can make a difference -taking chances are foolish -it could happen to me

Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm

-Cumulus stage:lifting action of the air begins -Mature stage:Begins when precipitation has become to fall from the cloud base, thunderstorms are at the greatest intensity here -Dissipating: characterized by strong downdrafts and the cell is dying rapidly

IFR Altitudes

-DA/H-descent altitude/height -MAA-Maximum authorized altitude -MCA-Minimum crossing altitude -MDA/H-Minimum descent altitude/height -MEA-Minimum enroute altitude (nav coverage and obstacle clearance -MOCA-Minimum obstruction clearance altitude (nav coverage and obstacle clearance within 22nm of nav aid) -MORA- Minimum off route altitude -MRA-Minimum reception altitude -MVA-Minimum vectoring altitude -OROCA- Off route obstruction clearance altitude

Hypoxia

-Hypoxic hypoxia: insufficient supply of oxygen in the body as a whole (high altitudes) -Hypemic Hypoxia: inability of the blood to carry oxygen (Carbon monoxide poisoning) -Histotoxic hypoxia: inability of the body cells to affectively use the oxygen supplied by the blood (alcahol or drugs) -Stagnant hypoxia: caused by the blood not flowing to a body tissue(execcisve Gs) -fingers and lips turn blue -headache -disorianted -numbness lack of judgemnt

Types of altitudes

-Indicated:altitude indicated on the dial -Pressure: altitude corrected for that days pressure -Density: pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature -True: actual altitude above MSL -Absolute: height AGL

Take off minimums

-None for part 91 -part 121,125,129,135 prescribed T/O minimums for specific runway,or if none -1-2 engines 1 sm visibility -more than 2 engines:1/2 sm visibility

Obstacle departure Procedures (ODPs)

-Only provides obstacle clearance -May be flown without an ATC clearance unless a SID or other instructions are assigned -Graphic ODP denote "obstacle" in the chart tile -found in the front of booklets arranged by city -if object is in the way (within 48 feet of the nautical mile odp issued)

required documents for flight

-Pilot certificate -Medical certificate -governemnt issued ID

Standard instrument departures (SIDs

-Provide obstacle clearance and helps reduce radio congestion and workload by simplifying clearances -Pilot NAV SIDs-pilot navigates by charted routes with minimal radio instructions -Vector SIDs- Navigation is based on radio vectors. Routes are not printed on the chart -some SIDs depict non standard radio faulure procedures -File NO SIDs in the remarks of your flight plan if you do not want to use one -RNAV SIDs and all graphical RNAV ODPs require RNAV 1 performance (+-1 NM for 95% of the total flight time)

Raim

-Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring -needs a total of 6-5 satatlites to eliminate a corrupt satalite

IFR flight plan

-Required before entering controlled airspace and a clearance -file atleast 30 min before departure -stored in system for 1.5 hours from proposed time of departure Cancelation -towered airports cancel automatically for you -non towered airports you have to close by contacting atc or FSS - can cancel anytime not in IMC and outside class A airspace Prefered routes should be put on the flight plan and can be found in the AFD

K index

-Top number:severity 0 to -2:weak -3 to -5: moderate -6 or less :heavy -Bottom number: percent of happening -goes from less than 5 to over 40 -smaller number less chance of it happening

VOR reveiver checks

-VOT: a ground station located at an airport that broadcasts the 360 radial can receive the signal anywhere at the airport (360 from and 180 to) -Repair Station +-4 -VOR ground: check a marked location at an airport (KPKB)+-4 -VOR airborne check a radial should be received over point established by ATC +- 6 -Dual VOR +-4 -Above a prominent ground landmark +-6 atleast 20 nm from VOR

VOR

-Very High Omni Directional Range -full scale deflection 10 degrees -Distance off course is 200 ft per dot

WAAS

-Wide area augmentation system -a system of satalites and ground stations that provide gps signal corrections -makes GPS approaches precisinon

cold front

-a mass of cold, dense air. -winds gust -temperature drops, then continues dropoing -minimum drop pressure, then a stready rise -cumulous, and cumulonimbus clouds -heavy rains, sometimimes sever, then slowly clearing out -poor visibility, then improving

holding pattern timing

-adjust the outbound leg so the inbound leg takes -at or below 14,000 MSL-1 min -above 14,000 MSL-1.5 min

surface analysis charts

-come out every 3 hours

sigmets

-come out when needed -good for 4 hours -severe icing not associated with thunderstorms -sever or extreme turbulance or clear air turbulance not associated with thunderstorms -dust storms,sandstorms,lwoering surface visibility below 3 miles

Airmets

-every 6 hours -good for 6 hours 3 types -sierra-mountain obscurations/IFR -Tengo-Turbulance (descibes moderate turbulance,sustained surface winds of 30 kts or greater and or non convective low level wind shear.) -Zulu-Icing

weather depiction charts

-gives you ceiling information -issued every 3 hours

convective sigmets

-hourly at 55 min past the hour -good for 2 hours -embedded thunderstomrs -line of Thunderstorms atleast 60 miles long effecting 40% of its length -thunderstorms effecting grater then or equal to 40% or more of an area atleast 3000 square miles -tornados -squal line Thunderstorms -storm producing hail greater then or equal to 3/4 inch -surface winds greater than or equal to 50 kts

hyperventalation

-inbalance of carbon dioxide in the body -breath in a bag and slow your breathing rate down -same as hypoxia -shortness of breath -muscle spazms

types of speeds

-indicated: speed indicated on the dial -calibrated:IAS corrected for instrument and position errors -equivalent: CAS corrected for compressibility error -True: actual speeed through the air. EAS corrected for nonstandard temperature and pressure -Ground: actual speed over the ground. TAS corrected for wind conditinos

LIFR (light IFR)

-less than 500 ft ceilings -less than 1 mile visibility

thunderstorm hazzards

-limited visibility -wind shear -strong updrafts and downdrafts -icing -lightning -tornados

Engine

-lycoming -O-320-D3G -160 hp -2700 RPM -4 cyclinder -direct drive -air cooled -float type carburator Oil -2-8 quarts -ou is 5-7 oil Temp 100-245 0il pressure 25-115

minimum altitudes

-mountainous area: 2000ft above highest obstacle within 4 nm of course -non mountainous are: 1000 ft above highest abstacle within 4 nm of course

low pressure

-rotates left and in -cyclone -warm moist air -usuallly stormy weather

high pressure

-rotates right and goes out -cool dry air -associated with fair weather, and sunny skys -light winds -anti cycolne

gyroscopic instruments

-run on rigidity in space and precession -heading indicator -Attitude indicator -turn cordinator -turn and slip indicators Warrior has 1 it's the attitude and its electrically driven and electrical source is seperate from the battery

propellor

-sensanich -74 (max) -72 (min) -fixed pitch

Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs)

-serves as a transition from the enroute structure to a point from which an approach can begin -transitions routes connect en route fixed to the basic STAR procedure -Usually named according to the fix at which the basic procedure begins -may put no STARs in flight plan -RNAV STARs require RNAV 1 performance

3 senses

-vestibular: motion -vision -somotosensory- nerves, sense of gravity

warm front

-warm moist air -winds variable -steady rise, then warm -clouds, stratus,then clearing with scattered clouds -drizzle, then usuall none,sometimes light showers -poor visibilit, slowly improving, hazzyy

Max holding speeds

0-6000 MSL-200KTS 6001-14000 MSL- 230 KTS Above 14000 MSL-265 KTS

conditions for a thunderstorm

1. Sufficient water vapor 2.an unstable temperature lapse rate 3.An a initial uplifting force

What distance do you have guaranteed obstacle clearance in a circling approach

1.3 miles from the approach end of the runway

operating with inoperative equipment

1.MEL (what equipment you can fly with thats broken) 2.Ferry permit 3.equipment removed, or disabled and placarded

emergency frequency (guard)

121.5

Alernate Minimums

123 rule 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA weather is less than -2000 foot ceilings Or -3 sm visibility if going to an alternate minimums are -600 ft ceilings and 2sm visibility-precision approach -800 ft ceilings and 2 sm visilibilty-non precision approach -for no instrumant approach must be able to conduct landing under basic VFR, be able to descend from Mea vfr

oxygen requirements

12500-14000: crew must use suplemental oxygen for periods of flight over 30 min above 14000: crew must be provided with and use the entire time at these altitudes above 15000: each occupant must be provided with supplemental oxygen

Structural Icing

2 conditions -visible moisture -aircraft surface temperature below freezing -Clear Ice: most dangerous type, heavy, hard and difficult to remove. Forms when water drops freeze slowly as a smooth sheet of solid ice. Usually occurs at temperatures close to the freezing point by large supercooled drops of water -Rime Ice: opaque, white, rough ice formed by small supercooled water drops freezing quickly.Occurs at lower temperatures then clear ice does. Mixed Ice: clear and rime ice formed simultaneously If you encounter ice turn around Most likely to get ice on tail because not a lot of movement

currency to carry passangers

3 take offs and landings in the last 90 days in the same category and class at night 3 take offs and landings to a full stop (1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise) in the last 90 days

fuel requirments

45 min of fuel at normal cruise to airport, and if alternate is required,fuel to destination and alternate plus 45 min

Recent flight experience requirements

66 hit -within 6 calendar months -6 instrument approaches -Holding procedures and tasks -Intercept and track course through the use of electronic navigation 6 months pass by you can get current with a safety pilot (atleast a private pilot rated in the appropriate category or class), instructor, or pilot examiner 12 months pass and not current..you need to do a IPC (instrument proficiency check)

weather

78% nitrogen 21% oxygen unequal heating of earth creates pressure which drives weather troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere

VDP

A defined point on the final approach course of a non precision straight in approach procedure from which a normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown zone may begin provided adaquete visual reference is established HAT/300 if no vdp is listed

Cloud clearances

A-None IFR B-3-clr C-3-152 D-3-152 E-3-152 below 10,000 5-111 above 10,000 G-5-111 above 10,000 1-clr below 1200 AGL 1-152 above 1200 AGL below 10,000

Position reports items

APTAFENR -Aircraft ID -Position -Time -Altitude -Type of flight plan (expect when talking to ARTCC/approach control) -ETA -The name only of the next succeeding reporting point along the route of flight -any pertinent remarks

required aircraft documents for flight

Airworthiness Registration certificate (federal 3 years, state 1 year) Radios operational permit (international flights) Operations manual Weight and balance

When can you descend below MDA/DA

All three conditions must be met: 1. a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal manuevers 2. Flight visibility is not less than the minimums published 3. at least one of the following visual references must be indentified -The approach light system,except you may descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone only if the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also visible -The threshold -The threshold markings -The threshold lights -The runway end identifier lights -The visual approach slope indicator -The touchdown zone or its markings -The touchdown zone lights -The runway or runway markings -The runway lights

Lost Coms Procedures

Altitude to fly (fly the highest) -MEA -Expected -Assigned Route to fly (follow by order) -Assigned -Vectored -Expected -Filed

Aircraft maintance inspections for IFR

Annual inspection(12 calander months) Vor (30 days) I00 hour Gps (28 days) Altimeter and statit system (24 calander months) Transponder (24 calander months) Elt (every 12 calander months, half battery life or 1 hour cum use) Magnetometer (24 calander months)

Departure clearance

Clearance limit Route Alltitude Frequancy Transponder code -Clearance void time: the time at which your clearance is void and after which you may not takeoff. you must notify ATC within 30 min after the void time if you do not depart -Release time: the earliest time the aircraft may depart under IFR -Hold for release time: you may not takeoff until being realeased for ifr departure -Expect Departure clearance time (EDCT)- A runway release time givin under traffic managment programs in busy airports. Aircraft are expected to depart no earlier and no later than 5 min from the EDCT

ILS

Consists of -localizer -glide slope -marker beacon

Enroute weather frequency

Contact Fss for flight watch Highwas Metars

Approach Clearnaces

Contact approach -Must be requested by pilot -Requires at least 1 sm reported ground visibility and clear of clouds -available only at airports with approved instrument approach procedures Visual Approach -initiated by the pilot or ATC -requires 1000 ft ceilings and 3sm vis -must have airport or traffic to follow in sight

VOR check signoff

Date Error Place Signature

DECIDE

Detect change Estimate the need to react to the change Choose a desirable outcome Identify solutions Do the necassary actions Evaluate the effect of action

required navigation performance (RNP)

Enroute-2NM Terminal-1NM Approach-.3NM

Minimum equipment for IFR flight

FOR DAY Tachometer Oil pressure gauge Manifold pressure gauge* Airspeed indicator Temperature gauge * Oil temperature gauge Flotation if out of glide Fuel quantitty for each tank *Landing gear position lights Anti collision Altimeter Magnetic compass Elt Seat belt Shoulder harness Generator/altenator Radios Altimeter (baro sensing) Ball (slip-skid indicator) Clock (digital or sweep) Attitude indicator Rate of turn Directional gyro DME above FL24 NIGHT TIME all above equipment plus Fuses Landing light (for hire) Anti collision Position lights Source of power

Ice Fog

Forms when the temperature is much below freezing and water vapor turns directly itno ice crystals. common in the arctic regions but also occurs in mid lattitudes

Frost

Ice crystals caused by sublmation when both the temperature and the dew point are below freezing

IMSAFE

Illness Medication Stress Alcahol Fatigue Emotional, eating

Mandatory reporting points

Missed approach Airspeed +- 10 kts/5% change of filed TAS Reaching a holding fix (report time and altitude) VFR on top ETA change +- 3 min * Leaving a holding fix/point Outer marker* Unforecasted weather Safety of flight Vacating an altitude Final approach fix* Radio/ nav failure Compulsory reporting points* 500 unable climb/descent 500 fpm * required only in a non radar enviroment

Upslope Fog

Moist, stable air is forced up a terrain slope and cooled down to its dew point by adiabatic cooling

light gun signals

On the ground -steady green:clear for takeoff -flashing green:clear to taxi -steady red:stop -flashing red: taxi clear of RWY -red and green:excersize extreme caution -white-return to starting point of airport in the air -steady green:clear to land -flashing green:return for landing -steady red:give way to other aircraft and continue circling -flashing red: airport unsafe do not land -red and green: excersize extreme caution -white:N/A

3 P

Perceive hazards Process level of risk Perform risk managment

PAVE

Pilot (health, current) Airplane (airworthines) enViroment (weather, terain, runways to use) External pressures (meetings,people waiting)

5 P

Plan Plane Pilot Passangers Programing

Instrument approach types

Precision (lateral + vertical guidance) -ILS instrument landing system -MLS microwave landing system -PAR precision approach radar -GLS GNSS landing system -TLS transponder landing system Non precision (lateral course guidance_ -Vor -NDB -RNAV/GNSS (lnav minimums) -LOC -LDA -SDF -ASR

Pre flight required for IFR

Runway lenghts Alternate Weather Fuel requirements Atc delays Take off and landing distances

Do not fly Procedure turn when

SHARPTT -Straight in approach -Holding in lieu of a procedure turn -Arc -Radar vectored to final -P NO PT depicted on chart -Timed approach -Teardrop course reversal

VOR Service volumes

Terminal -1000-12000FT-25NM (Radius) Low 1000-18000FT-40NM (Radius) High 1000-14500FT-40NM (Radius) 14500-18000FT-100NM (Radius) 18000-45000FT-130NM (Radius) 45000-60000FT-100NM (Radius)

Fog

a cloud that begins within 50 ft of the surface. occurs when the air temperature near the ground reaches its dew point, or when the dew point is raised to the existing temperature by added moisture to the air

Standard Rate turn angle of bank calculation

airspeed/10 +5 3 degrees per second 360 degrees in 2 min

decompression sickeness

altitudes above 8000 wait 24 hours below 8000 wait 12 hours if uncontrolled and 24 hours if controlled -can cause the bendz which is nitrogen in the joints

stable air

bad visibility stratus clouds stable,smooth air wide spread precip (light)

Steam Fog

cold, dry air moves over warm water. Moistyre is added to the airmass and steam fog forms

Metar

comes out hourly

currency to act as PIC

flight review in the last 24 calendar months

unstable air

good visibility upward lift turbulant showery precip

Induction Ice

ice reducing the amount of air for the engine intake -Intake ice: blocks the engine intake -Carburator ice: May form due to steep temperature drop in the carburator venturi. can form at temps of -7 to 21 celcius and a high relative humidity

Recent flight experience requirements (Simulator)

in the last 2 calander months -3 hours instrument experience holding procedures and tasks -2 unusual attitudes up -2 unusual attitudes down

Radiation Fog

occurs at calm clear nights when the ground cools rapidly due to the release of ground radiation

Instrument ice

structural ice forming over aircraft instruments and sensors such as pitot and static

TAF

terminal area forecast -4 times a day -0,6,12,18 zulu -valid for 24 hours, 30 hours for class B -5 sm from center of airport

Advection Fog

warm, moist air moves over cold surface, winds are required for advection fog to form

occluded front

when a cold front takes over a warm front and causes storms

Logging instrument time

when controlling the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions