integumentary system AP (skin)

apocrine glands

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

What structure in the epidermis serves as a barrier against fluid, electrolyte, and chemical loss?

The stratum corneum in the epidermis functions for protection from trauma and microbes, and serves as a barrier to prevent fluid, electrolyte, and chemical loss.

Epidermis

avascular, outer most superficial layer of skin, responsible for skin color

peripheral cyanosis

cyanosis on the fingers and toes due to cold exposure, anxiety, or inadequate circulation. reduce blood flow to skin and loss of o2 to tissues

central cyanosis

decreased oxygenation, of the arterial blood in the lungs, heart and abnormal hemoglobins

sweat glands include

eccrine glands and apocrine glands

Which layer of the skin contains keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells?

epidermis

What is the proper order of skin layers from superficial to deep?

epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, subcutaneous

eccrine sweat glands

helps control body temp.

Dermis

inner layer of skin composed of collagen and elastin fibrous connective tissue contains lymphatics, blood vessels, nerves and nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands

The primary function of basal cells, Langerhans cells, and keratinocytes

is for epidermal reproduction, immunity, and keratin synthesis respectively.

Melanin

is the primary pigment in the skin and is produced by melanocytes. Increased melanin production (melanogenesis) occurs after exposure to UV radiation, causing the skin to visibly tan

subcutaneous

under the dermis conains loose connective and fat tissues provides insulation support and cushion for skin and stores energy. underneath this layer lie muscle

Sebaceous glands are located

within the dermis and are in close proximity to the hair follicle.

What exerts its primary influence on the hair follicles?

Arrector pili muscles are attached to the base of hair follicles. When the follicle is stimulated by cold or fright, the arrector pili muscle pulls on the hair follicle causing it to stand upright.

The process by which epithelial cells die and produce a protective outer layer is called:

Keratinization refers to the development of or conversion to keratin. Keratinocytes are cells located in the epidermal layer that produce keratin, a strong protein that makes up the rigid structure of the skin, hair, and nails.

Which type of leukocyte functions within 24 hours of an injury to rid the wound site of bacteria and debris via phagocytosis?

Neutrophils are leukocytes with multiple lobed nuclei that contain cytoplasmic granules. Neutrophils have the highest concentration in the blood and are able to release proteolytic enzymes (proteases) and collagenolytic enzymes (collagenases), which begin the debridement process.

functions of skin

Protection, Thermoregulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Vitamin D synthesis, Blood Reservoir, Excretion and Absorption.

What type of gland helps to protect the skin by producing sebum?

Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance, called sebum, and are especially numerous on the face, neck, and upper chest.

What component of the dermis prevents shearing of the skin layers against themselves?

The papillary layer is composed of interlacing collagen with peg-like projections called papillae. These features prevent shearing of the skin layers to aid in maintaining skin integrity.

Which layer of the skin creates the folds that make up a fingerprint?

The papillary region interfaces with the epidermis and contains fingerlike projections called papillae. This creates a bumpy appearance that makes up fingerprints.

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis

What organ provides the first physical line of defense for the body from external harm?

skin and its the largest

The epidermis consists of 5 layers from deep to superficial:

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in areas of the skin that are very thick, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?

stratum lucidum