Inter War Period

Section 1: Amelia Earhart

-American -first woman to make the solo flight across the Atlantic

Section 1: Charles Lindbergh

-American -made the first solo transatlantic flight in a single-engined monoplane (33 hours) -flew from New York to Paris

Section 3: Schutzstaffel (SS)

Hitler's secret police -"protection squad"

Section 3: Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"—a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany. -Hitler asserted that the Germans, whom he incorrectly called "Aryans," were a "master race." -He declared that non-Aryan "races," such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies, were inferior. -He called the Versailles Treaty an outrage and vowed to regain German lands. Hitler also declared that Germany was overcrowded and needed more lebensraum, or living space. He promised to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia.

Section 3: Il Duce

"the leader" -abolished democracy -outlaws any party other than the fascist party (1926) -OVRA: secret police jail opponents -strikes outlawed -news paper editor -bias against communism -first fascist party -Got Pope on his side (people liked this) created Vatican City (1929) - 109 acres -had instructies Timeline: -gets young to join him (6.8 million kids were fascists, 66% of the population) -activities: marching drills, mountain summer camps, competitions, worshiped war -New Italian- physically fit, mentally sharp, hard working, war loving -burned books -Atheist has religious marriage, he wants the power doesn't care about anything else -positive: builds trains, homes, industrializes -just like Putin: tries to show that he is the man -only European nation to lose to Africans, Mussolini gets revenge on Ethiopians -Ethiopia: gets destroyed, .5 million Ethiopians die, 5,000 Italians, Italians leave League of Nations -Haile Selassie- gives speech saying that WWII will happen if we don't stop Mussolini

Section 1: Flappers

(in the 1920s) a fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior

Section 3: Fuhrer

-"the leader" -Hitler won this title from his speaking and organization

Section 4: Munich Conference

-1938 -England, France, Germany, Italy -held after Hitler attacked Sudentenland -Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia -Adolf Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders (which he agreed to and broke later on)

Section 3: How does Hitler at first try to take over Germany? How does he eventually do it?

-Beer Hall Putch -inspired by Mussolini's March on Rome -arrested Gustav von Kahr, the state commissioner of Bavaria -wanted to start a revolution throughout Germany -Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison and the revolution was quelled -he served only 9 months

Section 2: Be able to compare the different forms of democracies. How does a parliamentary system operate? How is this system different from our political system?

-Direct democracy- everyone votes on everything -U.S. (winner-takes-all system) - more efficient, though less democratic -Parliamentary system (proportional electoral system) - more democratic -percent of power = percent of votes

Section 1: Charlie Chaplin

-English movie actor and director -He directed and starred in many short silent comedies, mostly playing a bowler-hatted tramp -comedic genius -Hollywood in Los Angeles -sound added to movies in 1920s

Section 4: How does Mussolini try to create a "new Italian empire"?

-Ethiopia was one of three independent nations in Africa -successfully resisted Italian conquest in the 1890s -October 1935: massive invasion of North Africa -tanks, planes, poisonous gas destroy Ethiopians -.5 million Ethiopian casualties, 5 thousand Italians

Section 1: Albert Einstein

-German born Jewish physicists -theory of relativity -replaced the seemingly more logical laws of Newton

Section 3: Lebensraum

-In Hitler's book, Mein Kampf, he declares that Germany needs more lebensraum, or living space. -Germany had an inefficient crop system and having extra space would improve it

Section 2: What new democracies were formed after WWI? Why were these new democracies so unstable?

-Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Russia -lack of democratic tradition and economic devastation Germany -large number of political parties made effective government difficult -the Treaty of Versailles crushed Germany leading to Hitler's reign -war guilt (had to accept full responsibility for the war, and had to pay the allies $33 billion for war reparations over 30 years) -exclusion from the lead of nations (along with Russia) -territorial losses (Alsace-Lorraine, surrender of its oversea colonies in Africa and the Pacific) -military restrictions (limits size of army, weren't allowed to produce or import weaponry, or to build/have submarines or an air force)

Section 4: Why do Hitler and Stalin sign a nonaggression pact?

-USSR, Germany won't attack each other -won't support a country that may attack, either country -gave some of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland to Stalin -Hitler avoided two front war

Section 1: How did the role of women change in the 1920s?

-Women were granted the right to vote through the 19th amendment in many countries, including the United States, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Austria. -Flappers were fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior. Women abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles. They wore makeup, drove cars, and drank and smoked in public. -The majority of women still followed traditional paths of marriage and family, but a growing number spoke out for greater freedom in their lives. -As women sought new careers, the numbers of women in medicine, education, journalism, and other professions increased.

Section 1: Surrealism

-a 20th-century artistic movement that focuses on the workings of the unconscious mind -linked dreams with real life

Section 1: Jazz

-a 20th-century style of popular music developed mainly by African-American musicians -free flowing, no sheet music, reflected the times

Section 1: Existentialism

-a philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions -Major leader: Jean Paul Sartre (SAHR•truh)

Section 3: How does Hitler begin to "make war on the Jews"?

-anti-Semitism was a key part of Nazi ideology -used Jews as scapegoat (although only 1% of population) -this led to a wave of anti-Semitism across Germany -1933: the Nazis passed laws depriving Jews of most of their rights. November 9, 1938: Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes and on the streets and destroyed thousands of Jewish-owned buildings -This rampage, called Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass)

Section 2: Kellogg-Briand Pact

-arranged agreement with France's Briand and Frank Kellogg (US Secretary of State) -renounced war as an instrument of national policy -no means to enforce provisions -league of nations had no armed forces

Section 3: How does Hitler rule over Germany?

-banned all other political parties -killed opposition (SS) -took control of the economy -banned strikes -dissolved independent labor unions -put Germans to work (factories, highways, weapons) -unemployment: 6 million -> 1 million

Section 1: Sigmund Freud

-believed that much of human behavior is beyond reason, irrational -irrational part: subconscious esp. pleasure-seeking drives -weakened faith in reason

Section 1: Friedrich Nietzsche

-believed that reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people's creativity -influenced existentialists -large political impact on Italy and Germany

Section 3: Nazism

-formed in Munich after World War I -right-wing authoritarian nationalist government -developed a racist ideology based on anti-Semitism and a belief in the superiority of "Aryan" Germans -Adolf Hitler, who was elected Chancellor in 1933, established a totalitarian dictatorship -rearmed Germany in support of expansionist foreign policies in central Europe, and thus precipitated World War II

Section 3: How does Mussolini rule over Italy?

-gets young to join him (6.8 million kids were fascists, 66% of the population) -activities: marching drills, mountain summer camps, competitions, worshiped war -New Italian- physically fit, mentally sharp, hard working, war loving -burned books -Atheist has religious marriage, he wants the power (doesn't care about anything else) -positive: builds trains, homes, industrializes -just like Putin: tries to show that he is the man -only European nation to lose to Africans, Mussolini gets revenge on Ethiopians -Ethiopia: gets destroyed, .5 million Ethiopians die, 5,000 Italians, Italians leave League of Nations -Haile Selassie- gives speech saying that WWI will happen if we don't stop Mussolini

Section 3: Discuss Hitler's life from his childhood through his time in jail.

-grew up in small town called Dollar shine -born 4/20/1889 -father had horrible temper, was hit by his dad (he is his only source for his childhood) -he was smothered by his mother -some of his brothers died -didn't grow up in horrible upbringing but wasn't bad, his dad was a costums officer -at 12, Hitler started flunking out of school because he wanted to go to art school -goes to Vienna to apply to art school, gets rejected twice, 1907, 1908 -mother is dying from breast cancer, Jewish doctor waves fine -goes back to Vienna, lives off government, sells postcards -Jewish guy buys postcards, he sends him a letter but he is already in a concentration camp -Karl Luger: anti-Semitic platform, Adolf Hitler may have seen this -anti-Semitic newspaper near his government houses -goes to Munich, fights on German side -Private Tandey- Hitler is spared buy him, almost dies from mustard gas, Hitler gets two iron crosses -serves in the military after the army, likes them and joins them -makes the Nazi party more popular, economy goes south -1922: Mussolini: March on rome -1923: Beer hall push Munich

Section 3: Adolf Hitler

-grew up in small town called Dollar shine -born 4/20/1889 -father had horrible temper, was hit by his dad (he is his only source for his childhood) -he was smothered by his mother -some of his brothers died -didn't grow up in horrible upbringing but wasn't bad, his dad was a costums officer -at 12, Hitler started flunking out of school because he wanted to go to art school -goes to Vienna to apply to art school, gets rejected twice, 1907, 1908 -mother is dying from breast cancer, Jewish doctor waves fine -goes back to Vienna, lives off government, sells postcards -Jewish guy buys postcards, he sends him a letter but he is already in a concentration camp -Karl Luger: anti-Semitic platform, Adolf Hitler may have seen this -anti-Semitic newspaper near his government houses -goes to Munich, fights on German side -Private Tandey- Hitler is spared by him, almost dies from mustard gas, Hitler gets two iron crosses -serves in the military after the army, likes them and joins them -makes the Nazi party more popular, economy goes south -1922: Mussolini: March on rome -1923: Beer hall push Munich -horrible situation -treaty of Versailles -hyperinflation -Jews -Karl Luger -sentenced for 5 years, gets out in 9 months -if overthrow doesn't work then he needed to be elected -Blockwart -Phrenology -Eugenics- good genes -Triumph of the will- propaganda

Section 2: Dawes Plan

-helped Germany recover from inflation by loaning money (200 million) -1924 -American Banker -called the Dawes Plan -more realistic time frame for WWI reparations -by 1929 German factories were producing as much as before the war -US wants other countries to buy goods so the government backs the bankers

Section 2: What attempts were made to stabilize Germany's economy? Did they work?

-helped Germany recover from inlation by loaning money (200 million) -American Banker -called the Dawes Plan -more realistic time frame -by 1929 German factories were producing as much -US wants other countries to buy goods so the government backs the bankers

Section 3: What problems does Italy face from 1919-1922?

-high unemployment -no democratic tradition -didn't get land in the treaty of Versailles -workers were striking -their trains weren't arriving on time

Section 3: Communism

-ideology: socialism -no social class -internationalist -no religion many times -erase past, look to future

Section 4: How and why does the military take over the Japanese government?

-if Japan was prosperous the civilian government remained in control -world depression caused Japanese to struggle -Militarists took over (by support of the people) -overthrew the democracy in Japan -made Emperor Hirohito the symbol of the state power

Section 3: Beer Hall Putsch

-inspired by Mussolini's March on Rome -arrested Gustav von Kahr, the state commissioner of Bavaria -wanted to start a revolution throughout Germany -Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison and the revolution was quelled -he served only 9 months

Section 4: What is America's foreign policy during the 1930's?

-isolationism -the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided -isolationists argued that entry into WWI had been a costly error -beginning in 1935, Congress passed three Neutrality Acts -these laws banned loans and the sale of arms to nations at war

Section 4: What atrocities does the Japanese military commit in China?

-killed tens of thousands of prisoners of war and civilians -80 thousand women were raped

Section 2: Weimar Republic

-lacked strong democratic tradition -a few major parties, many small ones -Germans blamed Weimar government not wartime leaders -parliamentary system -too many political parties -blamed Weimar Republic for signing the treaty (they had no choice)

Section 2: Locarno Treaty

-ministers met in Locarno, Switzerland -admitted Germany to the league of nations -promised peace, France and Germany Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, Italy

Section 4: What are the causes of the Spanish Civil War? Who participates in the war and who wins?

-nationalists vs. republicans -Franco led the victorious nationalists -Spain had been a monarchy until 1931, when a republic was declared -government, run by liberals and Socialists, held office amid many crises -July 1936: army leaders, favoring a Fascist-style government, joined General Francisco Franco in a revolt. -civil war that dragged on for three years

Section 2: Stock Market Crash

-overvalue of companies -investors thought the prices were unnaturally high -> sold stocks -others did the same -> everyone wanted to sell and no one wanted to buy -borrowed money from stockbroker to buy stock

Section 2: How bad was Germany economy in 1923?

-the fourth worst case of inflation of all time (by percentage increase) Bread Price -1918: less than a mark -1923: 200 billion marks

Section 4: Appeasement

-the making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war -Britain, France were big proponents -afraid to risk war -encouraged Hitler to continue expanding

Section 1: Cubism

-transformed natural shapes into geometric forms -objects were broken down into different parts with sharp angles and edges -often several views were depicted at the same time

Section 4: How does Hitler defy the Treaty of Versailles?

1. Stopped paying war reparations (1933) 2. Built up army (1935) 3. Sent troops to Rhineland (March 1936) 4. Annexed Austria (March 1938) 5. Sudetenland (October 1938) 6. Poland (September 1939) 7. Axis powers (September 1940) 8. Olympics- Jessie Owens, american sprinter, black (1936)

Section 3: How does Mussolini take over the Italian government?

1922 March on Rome -30,000 fascists marched on Rome and demanded that King Emanuel III put Mussolini in power (prime minister) -makes Mussolini prime minister -pushes for more power -black shirts scare people into voting for Mussolini

Section 3: March on Rome

1922 March on Rome: 30,000 fascists marched on Rome and demanded that the king put Mussolini in power (prime minister) -makes Mussolini prime minister -pushes for more power -black shirts scare people into voting for Mussolini

Section 2: What caused Germany's economic troubles in 1923 and in 1929?

1923 -did not greatly increase wartime taxes, printed money instead -printed more money when they needed to pay reparations -severe inflation set in Bread Price -1918: less than a mark -1923: 200 billion marks -salaries don't change as quickly as businesses hike up prices 1929 -war debts and dependence on American loans and investments -America stopped supporting the German economy -> hyper inflation (Germany printed more money)

Section 2: Great Depression

American Economy -despite prosperity, there were weaknesses -uneven distribution of wealth -overproduction by business and agricultural -Americans were consuming less -American business made huge profits, was not distributed -families were too poor to consume -unable to sell -> companies laid off -> less able to sell -> laid off more -surplus of agricultural products -> lower profits -> farmers couldn't pay back loans needed for tech to keep them in business -> banks closed or weakened

Section 1: Which technological advancements improved the lives of the average person?

Automobile -more people traveled for pleasure -new businesses -more people commuted from the suburbs Airplane -rich could still only afford -made it easier for them to travel long distances

Section 3: Compare and contrast how Hitler and Mussolini ruled over their citizens. In what ways does Hitler seem to be copying Mussolini? Are there any differences between the two rulers?

Both fascists under totalitarian regimes. They both came to power because there was social unrest. Italy was mad that they didn't gain much from the Paris Peace Conference and Germany was mad about the Treaty of Versailles. They both came into power believing they were the hero saving their countries. They could both manipulate huge crowds, and they both used police terror, indoctrination, punishment to provoke fear. Hitler copied Mussolini's March on Rome by holding the Beer Hall Putsh. He also copied Mussolini's black shirts and made brown shirts as well as the Hitler youth copying the young fascists.

Section 2: What caused the Great Depression? How does it create a global depression?

Causes: -US produces 50% of the world's industrial goods -stock market crash -big businesses not paying enough hurt middle class -weak middle class meant: too poor to consume, lead to more laying off Effects: -businesses and banks failed -25% unemployment rate Global effects -american investors withdrew money from Europe -tried to keep US dollar in US, placed high tarriffs on imported goods -policy backfired -other nations did the same -world trade dropped by 65% -unemployment soared

Section 3: Be able to compare a socialist dictatorship to a fascist regime. How are these two totalitarian regimes similar how do they differ?

Fascist Regime -revival of government / economy -punish those responsible for hard times -restore national order and pride -attracted those unhappy about treaties -no ideology -class distinctions -nationalist -look to the past Socialist Dictatorship -ideology: socialism -no social class -internationalist -no religion many times -erase past, look to future

Section 4: Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Section 4: How does Japan try to create an Asian empire? Be specific!

Manchuria -Japan invades Manchuria (rich in iron and coal) -sets up puppet government -sends in Japanese engineers to build mines and factories -withdrew from the league in 1933 China -small border incident exploded into full scale war -well trained Japanese army crushed Chinese (Jiang Jieshi, 1 million soldiers)

Section 2: How did FDR try to repair the American economy?

New Deal -large public work projects for unemployed -financial help to businesses and farms -large amounts of money to welfare and relief -believed government spending would create jobs and start recovery -regulations were imposed on the stock market and banking system -America recovered -> restored faith in democracy

Section 3: Fascism

Promised: -revival of government / economy -punish those responsible for hard times -restore national order and pride -attracted those unhappy about treaties -no ideology -class distinctions -nationalist -look to the past

Section 1: How did the events and experiences of WWI affect science, literature, philosophy and music?

The horrors of World War I shattered the Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail. In the postwar period, people began questioning traditional beliefs. Science -some found answers in new scientific developments, which challenged the way people looked at the world Literature -stream-of-consciousness novel Ulysses (1922)- tried to reflect the workings of the human mind -The Trial (1925), The Castle (1926)- creepy books written by Franz Kafka, books described people that couldn't get out of threatening situations Philosophy -existentialism- reaction to the uncertain times Music -unconventional styles and ideas reflected uncertainty of the times -Jazz- the next note is not known, musicians are forced to react to what other musicians do

Section 4: How do the Western Powers (U.S., France and England) respond to Japanese, Italian and German aggression and expansion?

United States -isolationism; the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided France, England -appeasement; the making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war

Section 2: Coalition Government

a government controlled by a temporary alliance of several political parties

Section 1: Guglielmo Marconi

inventor of the radio

Section 4: Third Reich

the Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.