International Business- Model 3
Material culture includes
All human-made objects
Which of the following countries are examples of feminine cultures?
Denmark Sweden Costa Rica
The Tanak is the scripture for which religion?
Judaism
Which religion believes that God made a covenant to protect its adherents as long as they continue to believe in and worship in God?
Judaism
Which of the following are rules of thumb for doing business across cultures?
Manners are important. Be prepared. Slow down.
Which of the following should be kept in mind while analyzing cultural frameworks?
One's own culture functions as an implicit reference point for comparison. Analyzing cultural frameworks is only the beginning of understanding the complexity of cultures.
Which of the following are characteristics of feminine cultures?
There is less variation between male roles and female roles. Quality of work life is important. Environmental issues matter.
Which of the following would be common in a normative society?
a strong desire to explain the absolute truth high concern for personal stability respect for tradition
When Milli explained to a France-based company that her U.S.-based firm would provide all of the necessary financial documentation to prove its worth, she was taken aback when the French company said they would prefer to know who the treasurer of her company was for the past ten years. This example shows how culture can affect the _____ area of a company.
accounting
The sense of beauty and taste within a culture is known as its
aesthetics
What are two characteristics of a past-focused culture?
based on history and tradition slow to change
According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, orientation for human activity in a high context culture values ______.
being
In _____ cultures, work relationships carry over to other areas of life and influence them.
diffuse
Hofstede's masculinity-femininity dimension is a measure of a culture's
distribution of roles between the sexes.
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's orientation for human activity classification ranges along a continuum from _________.
doing to being
Real Country Boots was surprised when its marketing campaign featuring a cowboy fell flat in some South American countries but prospered in the United States. They later determined that a cowboy was considered "just another job" in parts of South America so it held little appeal to consumers. In this instance, the company used what aspect of aesthetics incorrectly?
folklore
A culture's aesthetics are expressed most intentionally in _______.
folklore art drama music
After reading a Facebook post about harmful chemicals being used to make vegetables grow faster, thousands of people are protesting by refusing to purchase produce grown by suppliers that use the chemicals. These consumers are an example of a social institution formed by _________.
free association
According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, relationships among individuals in a low context culture tend to focus on ______.
individuals
Shondra grew up in eastern Europe but moved to New York after college. Compared to her friends that stayed in Europe, she enjoys much more freedom with her time and is able to enjoy leisure activities and be active in her career. Which of Hofstede's dimensions does this demonstrate?
indulgence vs. restraint
Which of the following are attributes of high-context cultures?
long-term relationships more internalized understandings of what is communicated knowledge is situational or relational
Material culture includes
manufactured goods.
Which aspect of the MBI model occurs when cultural differences are identified within a group?
mapping
The focus group participants were asked if they liked the website for Welby Appliance Corp. The majority responded that they did. Months later, the manufacturer was surprised when people in certain parts of the world were angry that no instructions came with the appliance they purchased and were told they could find them on the website. However, these particular customers didn't have access to a computer. In this instance, what department of Welby Appliance failed to take into account culture?
marketing
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's relationship with nature classification ranges along a continuum from:
mastery to subjugation
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's relationship with time classification ranges along a continuum from:
past to present/future
Trompenaars's specific-diffuse dimension has to do with
patterns for public and private life
Jay-yeong is the finance director of a firm in Seattle. He often attends meetings for work and it is not uncommon for these meetings to overlap one another so he is finishing up with one while he should be at another. Trompenaars would say that Jay-yeong works at a company that reflects what dimension of time?
polychromic
Holly is a multitasker and prefers to work on more than one project at a time at work. Edward Hall would say that Holly favors which approach to time?
polychronic
In ______ cultures, it is common to have several different meetings happen at the same time in order to solve a problem.
polychronic
Which of Hofstede's dimensions analyzes the extent to which members of a society expect power to be distributed unequally and accept that it is?
power distance
_________ _________ is the extent to which members of a society expect power to be distributed unequally and accept that it is.
power distance
In ______ societies, the challenge is to live a virtuous life, and truth depends on context, time, and situation.
pragmatic
When Kevin's US-based company purchased a manufacturing facility in China, the company decided to increase the output of the facility by adding an overnight shift. The workers refused to work the overnight hours and eventually the US owner agreed to return to a regular work schedule and output levels dropped. Which aspect of business is being affected by culture?
production
Which of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's value orientations relates to society's beliefs about the legitimate form of social structure and hierarchy?
relationships among individuals
Which cultural dimension suggests that society extends much energy establishing order and structure?
restraint
Hofstede's power distance dimension can be described as
the extent to which society expects power to be distributed unequally
Monochronic time is best illustrated by
the flight schedule at an airport a university class schedule
Which of the following were Hofstede's original four cultural dimensions?
uncertainty avoidance masculinity-femininity individualism-collectivism power distance
According to Trompenaars, which culture tends to be rule-based and applies those rules to all people in all situations?
universalist
A(n) ______ culture tends to be rule-based, while ______ cultures tend to be relationship-based.
universalist, particularist
Hofstede developed his framework based on his interest in work _____.
values
E. T. Hall suggests that the only ways managers can learn the characteristics of a culture are to _______.
1. undergo an extensive training program 2. spend a lifetime in a culture
______ cultures consider who a person is in terms of his or her family lineage, age, or other attributes.
Ascription
Which of these religions believes that a continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth is the cause of human suffering?
Buddhism
Which religion was founded in India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama?
Buddhism
Which of the following statements are true of the command-and-control approach to accounting procedures?
Controls are administered by formal institutions. Compliance is gained through rules and sanctions.
Which of the following are examples of cultural paradoxes?
Costa Rica is a high-context culture, yet it prefers automated tellers to real tellers. U.S. culture is considered individualistic, yet the United States has the highest rate of charitable giving. Japanese have low tolerance for ambiguity, yet their contracts have ambiguous clauses.
Shondra grew up in eastern Europe but moved to New York after college. Compared to her friends that stayed in Europe, she enjoys much more freedom with her time and is able to enjoy leisure activities and be active in her career. Which of Hofstede's dimensions does this demonstrate? A. pragmatic vs. normative B. uncertainty avoidance C. masculinity vs. femininity D. indulgence vs. restraint
D. indulgence vs. restraint
Trompenaars's particularist dimension describes a culture in which A. all rules apply to all people at all times. B. rules never apply. C. rules rather than relationships regulate behaviors. D. the judgment of something depends on the situation.
D. the judgment of something depends on the situation.
Which of the following characterize indulgent cultures?
Freedom of speech is valued. People believe they have personal control over their lives. Leisure is valued.
Based on Trompenaars's dimensions, which cultures plan, anticipate, and see a better world evolving?
Future-focused
Hall suggests that communication tends to be implicit and indirect in
High-Context cultures
Which of the following describe a global mind-set?
It requires an openness to diversity. It requires a willingness to deal with complexity. It requires the ability to pull ideas together across boundaries created by diversity.
Which of the following tools help managers manage the cultural differences they identify within a group?
Map-Bridge-Integrate model
______ cultures tend to neither plan nor dwell on the past, and there is preference for short-term benefits and immediate results.
Present-focused
According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following are among the universal problems to which all cultures offer solutions?
Relationship to nature Relationships among people Evaluation of human nature Modes of human activity
Kendrick was surprised when the vendor from a Japan-based company called him and said they were not interested in doing business with Kendrick's U.S. manufacturing facility. The vendor explained that they'd had only had one discussion with Kendrick on the phone, and it was not sufficient to establish a relationship. What rule of thumb did Kendrick fail to consider?
Slow down.
Which of the following countries have a strong uncertainty avoidance culture?
South Korea Japan Greece
Which of the following is an attribute of high-context cultures?
The culture strongly distinguishes between insiders and outsiders.
Which one of the following statements is accurate regarding the effects of culture on leadership?
The role, function, and traits of leaders vary by culture.
Which of the following are associated with the anthropologist's view of culture?
The various aspects of culture are interrelated. Culture is shared, patterned, and mutually constructed. Culture defines the boundaries of different groups.
Which of the following are attributes of a low-context culture?
There is a division of responsibilities. Knowledge is more often transferable. People play by external rules.
Which of the following are characteristics of small-power-distance cultures?
There is equal distance among people. Informality is the norm. A consultative style of leadership predominates.
Which of the following are cultural frameworks?
Trompenaars's seven dimensions Edward Hall's high context and low context Hofstede's six dimensions Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's cultural orientation
Gavin was recently named president of a financial institution on Wall Street in New York, where he has worked for the past 22 years. During his career, he has developed financial strategies that helped small companies strengthen their financial holdings. He is recognized by his peers as a leader in the financial industry. This scenario exemplifies the _____ culture described by Trompenaars.
achievement
Individuals in ______ cultures tend to be emotional or expressive.
affective
A global mind-set is a set of skills that evidence
an openness to diversity and an ability to work across cultural borders.
Natalie planned to purchase Belgian chocolate during her visit to Brussels because Belgian chocolate has a worldwide reputation for quality. The chocolate Natalie plans to purchase is an example of a(n) _____.
artifact
People in highly ______ cultures belong to strong, cohesive in-groups that look after them in exchange for loyalty.
collectivistic
Based on Trompenaars's framework, cultures that practice ________ plan their actions with reference to group benefits.
communitarianism
Hall's high and low context is based on communication styles, and specifically on the role of
context
According to Trompenaars, a culture's attitude toward the environment can range from
control over the environment to harmony with it.
When Corinne was introduced to the manager from the overseas office, she noticed he tended to lean in as he spoke with her. This made her uncomfortable, so she did her best to put some space between them during the meeting. What is causing Corinne to feel uncomfortable?
conversational distance
When you assert that a certain aspect of your own culture is superior, you are probably exhibiting
ethnocentric behavior.
Jordan moved from the United States and took a job at a company based in China. He was always trying to get his co-workers in China to discuss their personal feelings regarding corporate decisions, but they were reluctant to do so because such conversations were not typical of their culture. Jordan's behavior is an example of _____.
ethnocentricity
Weak uncertainty avoidance cultures ___________.
expect innovation encourage risk taking reward career change
Trompenaars's neutral vs. affective dimension is used to determine how a culture
expresses emotions
In __________________-direction cultures, people believe the natural world controls them.
external
Jason believes that the best way to achieve higher production levels is to reward those employees who increase their output with a bonus in their paycheck. This example demonstrates an ______________ (internal or external?) direction toward the environment.
external
A _________________ mind-set includes an openness to diversity along with an ability to pull ideas together across boundaries created by that diversity.
global
A __________________ mind-set includes an openness to diversity along with an ability to pull ideas together across boundaries created by that diversity.
global
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's evaluation of human nature classification ranges along a continuum from:
good to evil
Cultural values play key roles in motivating and evaluating employees. This statement is an example of culture affecting which business function?
human resources
Jensen was surprised to learn that the company to which she was applying hires only graduates from Ivy League schools. This example demonstrates how culture can impact _____ in business.
human resources
Trompenaars's dimension of _______ indicates whether people plan their actions with reference to themselves or to the group.
individualism vs. communitarianism
The most obvious and distancing cultural distinction associated with international business is ______.
language
A person's age, rank, and title are taken into account more in a _________________ (large/small) power-distance culture.
large
The human-made objects created by a culture are called culture, or artifacts.
material
Actions are considered ______ if they are linear and follow one another.
monochronic
Low-context cultures tend to be ______, which means they characterize time as linear, tangible, and divisible into blocks.
monochronic
When Shawna was transferred from the U.S.-based office to the affiliate in Britain, she quickly realized that showing emotions was frowned upon. Which of Trompenaars's dimensions does Shawna's experience reflect?
neutral vs. affective
Connor's manager told him not to make the "OK" sign with his hand when meeting with the representatives from France as that gesture is viewed as vulgar and inappropriate in their culture. Which aspect of culture is his manager referring to?
nonverbal communication
One danger of using the culture frameworks introduced in Module 3 is that of applying them prescriptively because
our perceptions will become stereotypes, however sophisticated.
Culture frameworks are helpful, but their use may
oversimplify and limit our understanding and learning after a point.
Cultural _______________ are contradictions in a culture's values.
paradox
Which of the following are included in an anthropologist's definition of culture?
rules, beliefs, techniques, institutions, and artifacts
What is the basis for Trompenaars's seven-dimension framework for understanding culture?
social sciences
The United States is considered a __________________ (specific/diffuse) culture because people make distinctions between their work relationships and other relationships.
specific
Jamie prefers to keep her work life and home life separate. She doesn't socialize with her work associates after-hours and doesn't discuss her family when she is at work. Which of Trompenaars's dimensions does this exemplify?
specific vs. diffuse
Molly has lived in Ireland her entire life and believes that the only way to do things is "the Irish way." This belief is an example of
stereotyping
According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, a ______ relationship with nature would suggest that humans cannot change nature, that forces such as fate and genetics determine the conditions of life.
subjugated
Referring to Hall's high- and low-context framework, in a high-context culture
the context carries much of the communication.
Trompenaars's universalism-particularism dimension addresses
whether rules or relationships regulate behavior.
What is the first step international business managers must take in order to live, work, and meet business goals in other cultures?
Accept that other cultures are different.
Which of the following would be included in Edward Hall's definition of context in a culture's communication?
Helen will do her presentation after Connor but before Jeremy. Tyler started his speech at the back of the room and moved toward the front as he finished. Liam slumped over the podium as he gave his presentation.
Which of the following are criticisms of Hofstede's cultural dimension framework?
His dimensions oversimplify the complexities of culture. His data are dated. His work was done at the organizational level.
In which country does transparency and price drive the procurement process?
United States
Theory _____ (X/Y) assumes that people do not like work, require structure, and avoid risk.
X
The social institutions formed by free associations are based on which three of the following?
age gender common interest
What is Hall's high- and low-context framework based on?
communication styles
Kylie told the marketing team that it wouldn't make sense to try and market their company's new frozen meal product line in parts of South Africa because the consumers didn't have electricity, much less refrigeration. Kylie is demonstrating _____________ (production/cultural) awareness.
cultural
From an individual level ___________________ can be understood as the individual worldviews, social rules, and interpersonal dynamics characterizing a group of people set in a particular time and place.
culture
Natalie knew her company could sell its bicycles in England, but she wanted her marketing team to learn more about how consumers in England use bicycles: Do they ride them to work, or do they ride bicycles just for pleasure? What aspect of marketing is Natalie concerned with?
culture
Kya believes an annual review should be a reflection of an employee's accomplishments from the year while Marcus believes an annual review should be used to motivate an employee to work harder. Their beliefs are based on the culture in which they were raised. Which business function is being affected by culture in this scenario?
human resources
When interacting with an international affiliate, business professionals should remember that ethnocentrism
is detrimental and noninclusive.
Because culture is not directly observable, it is
it is best learned about by observation of how it manifests itself.
Leslie decided to hire Patricia for the job because her assistant is Patricia's aunt, and Patricia's aunt knows that Patricia will be able to do the job. Which social institution played a role in the hiring of Patricia?
kinship
Edward Hall's cultural framework is based upon ______.
the context of the communication pattern
Trompenaars's particularist dimension describes a culture in which
the judgement of something depends on the situation
Kinship and free association are examples of
the two basic types of social institutions.
Kendrik decided not to take the overseas position because he knew managers worked alongside their staff and did not have private offices in this particular international culture. He thought this made managers look less important and inconsequential. What aspect of culture is he concerned with?
unspoken language
