International Migration
Migrations from less developed countries: To less developed countries To more developed countries
61 million 62 million
Sources of data
Administrative sources for tracking international migration Border crossing data Census or survey questions
Many source of countries of refugees
Afghanistan Syrian-Arab Empire
Flows of refugees in ___ and ___
Africa Asia
The role of networks: Rights
After WWII, most MDCs strengthened rights of both citizens and migrants within their countries (although this changed in 1990s in Europe and US, and the continues to change based on economic conditions)
Measures of migration
Gross rates: Out-migration and in-migration Crude net migration rate Total or gross migration rate Migration ratio
Policies that encourage wanted migration
Guest/seasonal worker programs Family reunification varies substantially across countries and over time within countries
Top remittance receivers
India (53,000) China (51,000) By share of GDP Tajikistan (35%) Tonga (30%)
Wide variation in policies: Japan and South Korea; Singapore
Japan and South Korea - Largely closed societies and rely on unskilled foreign workers for 3-D jobs Singapore - 30% of labor force is composed of foreign workers. Encourages immigration of professional workers.
Migration flows from poorer ___ to emerging ___
LDCs economies
Ancient migration was due to
Limited resources (We the Tikopia) Persecution or natural disasters Curiosity
Economic inequality within countries
Low agricultural wages
Dominant migration flows: Canada
Micromanages immigration with a point system Viewed favorably by public
International Migration
Not all movement of people can be considered migration
Migration Stock (prevalence)
Number of existing migrants within a location at a given period of time
What distinguishes a migration?
Origins v. Destinations Immigrations v. Emigration. Migration flows v. Stocks International v. International migration Types of international migrants: Legal; undocumented; refugee; asylee
Measurement to track births or deaths
P2 - P1 = (B-D) + M
Many refugees-hosting countries
Pakistan Islamic Empire of Iran
Economic inequality between countries
Per capita income Labor force size and growth
Flows from non-oil to oil producing regions: Persian Gulf Region
Persian Gulf Region - immigrants fill 90% of private sector jobs - shift from construction to service sector - shift from male to female workers
Dominant migration flows are from ___ to ___
South to North or Poor to Rich
Dominant migration flows: Australia and New Zealand
Very open immigration policy Relies on point system
Dominant migration flows: Europe
Viewed unfavorably by public Free movement within EU Mobility partnership agreements
Is it harder to track migration than birth or deaths?
Yes. True.
migration ratio
[net number of migrants/ (# births - # deaths)] * 1000
Modern migration period began
about 1500
Move
can move within state lines and not have to change daily activity much
The role of networks: Transportation
declining cost of travel (you can get anywhere for less than $2500 legally)
Migration flows from poorer LDCs to emerging economies. Why?
for Guest Worker programs Wide variation in policies
The role of networks: Communication
helps migrants learn about job, advice remigration; TV/movies depict better lives elsewhere
Immigration
in-migration migrating into a country to destination country
Why is the migration ratio a useful measure?
it takes into account births and deaths and factors
Flows (incidence)
new immigrants within a given period of time
Flows from ___ producing to ___ producing regions
non-oil oil
Emigration
out-migration migrating out of a country emigration from the origin country
Administrative sources for tracking international migration
population registers registers for foreigners applications for visas and work permits
Migration
some fundamental change in daily activity/geo-political boundary
UNHCR
someone who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of protection of that country
Migration ratio
{(Net number of migrants / (Number of births - Number of deaths)] * 1000
New phase of migration in post-1960(ish) period
Europe becomes an immigrant-receiving than immigrant-sending region
total migration rate
# in migrants + # out migrants / midyear population
Crude net migration rate
# of in migrants - # out migrants / midyear population
Migrations from more developed countries: To less developed countries To more developed countries
14 million 53 million
Country with highest share of International migrants in the Total population
Qatar United Arab Emirates Kuwait Jordan
Policies that deter unwanted migration
Quotas Employer and carrier sanctions Changes in asylum policies varies substantially across countries and over time within countries
Country with largest number of International migrants
United States Russian Federation