International relations final

Terrorism as a Bargaining failure

-incomplete information- signaling capability or resolve is carried out by use of attacks, may be no bargaining between both before violence starts commitment problems- disarmament creates potential for exploitation , negotiations with terrorists begets more terrorist -indivisibilities- terrorist demands are usually non negotiable

Post-Bretton Woods system

(1973-present) A system of flexible exchange rate regimes with no official common denominator more countries adopted floating exchange rates with greater control over monetary policy, some countries manipulated their currency by purchasing USD and printing money the lack of singular international monetary order (gold standard, Bretton woods) cooperation became more important especially during economic crisis

When do two states decide to bargain? What is crisis bargaining also known as?

Actors try to resolve disputes over the distribution of a good. states will bargain over distribution of a territory to determine whether there's a division acceptable to both sides coercive diplomacy

How is extended deterrence different from general deterrence?

General deterrence is the effort to deter attacks on one's own country while extended deterrence is when a state seeks to protect a friend or alliance. extend protection to another state ex: Iran's oil, u.s is using sanctions and extending rules to allies to not use oil

why would states go to war ? what makes it reasonable for states to forgo bargaining ?

Incentives to misrepresent- rational leaders may be unable to locate a mutually preferable negotiated settlement due to private information about relative capabilities or resolve, and incentives to misrepresent such information. commitment problems- rationally led states may be unable to arrange a settlement that both would prefer war due to commitment problems,,,,,, time inconsistency- preferences will change in the future issue indivisibilities- the goods in dispute cannot be divide or are subject to compromise

Civil War as a Bargaining Failure

Incomplete information- difficult to gauge the size and effectiveness of rebel groups commitment problems- anticipated changes in relative power due to ups and downs of the states economy, once rebels are disarmed, the government may exploit issue indivisibility- the state may treat entire territory as indivisible, religions or ethnic significance- unwilling to compromise

What is cooperation? Be able to identify examples of cooperation.

Interaction in which two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off without making the other one worse off example: group of firms that share an interest in lobbying congress for trade protection from foreign imports

Understand the definition of "interstate war," and be able to give/identify examples.

Interstate war- a militarized conflict between 2 or more states with at least some minimum threshold of severity (ex: 1000 battle deaths) Examples: Hegemonic war- states are fighting for control of world order; world war 2 U.S was the hegemony total war- states are fighting for complex control and annexation of other state limited war- going to war not to take full control but fight until other states gives you what you want

portfolio investment

Investments in a foreign country through the purchase of stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments investors have claims to returns but doesn't manage foreign operations themselves portion of portfolio investment goes to developing countries is sovereign lending (covers purchases of bonds by foreigners)

How did the Great Depression help lead to the outbreak of WWII?

Led a continued battle in the diplomatic and economic realm due to the large debts after the war.

How are non state actors, unlike state actors?

Non-state actors deal with unique concerns about mobilizing their members they also lack size and organizational advantages of states

What causes war? state level theories

Regime type: democratic peace theory (democracies don't go to war with each other) expected utility theory: if states predict that going to war will bring them higher utility then they'll go to war aggressive states: power transition theory- change in power/ as states become more power it encourages them to go to war thinking they'll do better war as a diversion- if state economy is doing bad at home then they'll start a war somewhere else to divert the attention imperialist states- countries have desire to expand and build empire ex: Germany, Napoleon

Understand the concept of sovereignty and what would constitute a loss of sovereignty.

Sovereignty is the key part of a state, they have legal and political authority within their state. to lose sovereignty is to lose control or power of authority.

Why did the U.S. fight "proxy wars" during the Cold War?

Soviets used military power to extend or preserve its own influence. Threat of war between the two superpowers of soviets and the US, teach superpower routinely used military force to prevent other countries from falling into the sphere of its rival.

Be able to identify state and non-state actors in international relations. Which is most prominent?

State actors- central authority that has the ability to make and enforce laws, rules, and decisions within its territory. examples: U.S, China Non-state actors- nonprofit voluntary organizations that advocate or pursue public goal, they're powerful enough to increase policy decisions example: Red Cross, amnesty international

What are the member institutions of the Bretton Woods System?

The US allies north Atlantic, Western Europe, southeast asia

Bargaining range

The set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer to the reversion outcome. When the reversion outcome is war, the bargaining range is the set of deals that both sides prefer to war.

Stolper-Samuelson Theorem

The theory that protection benefits the scarce factor of production. So in a labor-scarce country, labor benefits from protection and loses from free trade. in a labor abundant country land benefits from free trade and less from protection

balance of power

a situation in which the military capabilities of 2 states or groups of states are equal this allows for no state to have an advantage over the other states states can create a balance of power by creating alliances with others who share same interest

Two general variables that drive civil war?

a state is twice as likely to experience a civil conflict if one of more of its neighbors is experiencing one risk factors- low economic development, poor states tend to have poorer neighbors use of violence by organized actors to pursue political interests

When do alliances form? Why do the alliances form? When are alliances most likely to be successful?

alliances will form when they have similar interests and common security goals they are successful when they stick to what they say they're gonna do= credible also when they have a strong interest in coming to one another's aid in the event of war or when they're able to signal this interest to opponent in credible matters

globalization paradox- dani rodrik

argues that globalization creates a political trilemma. hyper globalization at top, democracy at left and sovereignty at right

difference between civil war and terrorism

civil war is an armed conflict distinguished by nature of its participants whereas terrorism is a strategy for using violence distinguished by nature of its targets

Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem (HOT)

countries will export goods that make well use of their well-endowed factors of production

Bretton Woods System

currencies were tied to the USD and USD was tied to gold countries other than the U.S had room for monetary adjustments u.s felt too restricted by its commitment to gold and so Nixon ended it

democratic peace

democratic states don't fight with other democratic states, but do go to war with non-democratic states

self-determination theory

denote the legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order.

What causes war? System level theory- capitalism

economic structuralism- international politics is a result of economic interactions, capitalism inevitably produces the need for states to expand so you run out of labor bc expansion of goods

What did the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 do?

ended the thirty year war and created modern state system that included principles of sovereignty and non intervention

What are the implications of sovereignty for modern states?

expectations that states have legal and political supremacy/authority within their state

underlying causes of war

explains why something was bound to happen and what was occurring to make it happen political scientists use underlying cause to write policies and theorize, they can make generalizations about it in the future examples: ww1- the increase in technology conventional wisdom- 1st strike advantage- everyone wants to strike first to have the advantage

What contributes toward economic development

geography- location- natural resource endowment, climate domestic factors- economic policies- infrastructure, resource course- when countries with rich natural resources end up undeveloped, political institutions- protection of property rights and democracy international factors- colonial legacy- North America vs Latin America , foreign aid: problem of diversion, Washington consensus: promotion of free trade privatization

Interest groups

group of individuals with common interests that organize to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their members They can provide political leaders with things they need and want in exchange for favored policies. Interest groups can provide money which leaders can use to finance campaigns

Benefits from investing abroad

higher rate of return (higher IR) ability to invest in natural resources not found in home country favorable business environment- better tax situation

What causes war? Individual level theories

human aggression- people are violent by human nature/self-interest individual leaders- they're mad men and megalomaniacs misperception: leaders tend to perceive things and make errors in judgements the fog of war- individuals are limited to correct info, once war starts its out of our hands, unable to keep it under control

cross-border investment

improve welfare in both countries financial interest corporate- loans are made, businesses are financed financial ties can make societies mutually vulnerable

When is the modern state system thought to have emerged?

in 1648 after the 30 year war, the peace of Westphalia led to countries establishing rules of sovereignty and non-intervention

Alliances

institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event of war. they help fellow members militarily in cases of war through cooperation and bargaining

Why did the adoption of the gold standard facilitate global trade?

it organized monetary relations, it promised to exchange its currency for gold a fixed rate. more countries became drawn away from silver and steered towards gold. the British's status as a global market leader attracted other countries to use same system

Factors of production

land- natural resources labor-skill/unskilled human capital capital-money to invest, financial capital

What causes war? System level theory- free trade and peace

liberal theorists argue that free trade reduces the likelihood of war and absence of free trade makes war more likely free trade offers the possibility of obtaining raw materials from other countries much more cheaply than if we go to war Empirically, this hypothesis does not seem to hold up... The state of capitalism requires expansion, access (imperialism) You fight more with your neighbors, you trade more with them

Foreign Direct Investment

made by companies that own facilities in another country, they have management over funds, they bear risk of investment ex: toyota truck factory in Thailand or Disney park in France

Gold standard

major economies had gold or gold backed currencies tied together at fixed exchange rate contributed toward currency stability and predictability- facilitated international trade and investment countries didnt have control over their monetary policy

Be able to define "public good," and give/identify examples

nonexcludable (everyone can use it) and nonrivial (people can use it without reducing its availability to others) example: national defense, air

Collective action problem

obstacles to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts with the expectation that others will pay costs of cooperation. Iraq invasion led by Bush is an example Because many countries who opposed the intervention did not oppose it because of Hussein, but because they wanted to benefit from the regime change without paying military or political or diplomatic cost of backing the invasion.

Understand the free-rider problem, and be able to give/identify examples.

obtaining a good or a benefit due to others contributions except yours

Why is trade mutually beneficial?

opportunities more efficient economy new markets- efficiency of capital/more products leads to newer markets to sell to cheaper products-produce more will leads to less inputs so labor cost decreases division of labor/specialization absolute advantage- best at making products than others cheaper than going to war different countries have different resources

What did the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) do?

oversaw a reduction in trade barriers

alliance commitments?

purely defensive, purely offensive

unitary state assumption

realists view states as one unit/entity that tries to maximize their states' interest.

extremist

small group of people with interests that aren't widely shared by others.

costs of investing abroad

sovereign risk- the chance that a central bank will implement foreign exchange rules that will reduce or negate the worth of its forex contracts. also foreign nations will fail to meet debt requirements or not honor sovereign debt payments hard to recover lose or enforce a debt risk of foreign government nationalizing industry and taking control foreign investors may not enjoy the same rights as national borrowers

Proximate causes of war

specific causes, happens once, one specific event that accelerates things examples: assassination of archduke franz Ferdinand --> WW1 the bush administration mistaken assessment of intelligence on Iraq---> the u.s invasion of Iraq in 2003

Why does anarchy cause war?

the absence of a central authority means that wars can happen because there's nothing to stop states from using force to get their own way. anarchy creates insecurity and competition for power so states fight to increase own power or counter power of others

Bureaucracy

the collection of organizations including the military, diplomatic corps, and intelligence agencies that carry out most tasks of governance within the states

impact of alliances?

the cost of going to war reduces when you have alliances once 2 states are fighting, if they have alliances, more states will get involved and bring friends in

hegemony

the domination of one state or group over other states. Example: the British had hegemony after defeating france and napoleons throne in 1815

diversionary incentive

the incentive that state leaders have to start international crises in order to rally public support at home

What feature of the Treaty of Versailles led directly to the outbreak of WWII?

the punishment angered Germany so they wanted to make themselves powerful again

What do states hope to achieve by engaging in coercive diplomacy?

the use of threats to advance specific demands in a bargaining interaction

Why do states fight wars?

they have a conflict over something they value more than the cost of war to obtain something states want; to increase power

How and why do countries restrict trade?

to protect local markets and local workers tariffs- tax on imports, makes imports more expensive quotas- set limits of amounts of something that comes in non-tariff barriers- influence public opinion subsidies- government helps industries that can't compete prohibitions penalties for dumping- lowering prices to screw with market

separatist

trying to establish own state territory, take away part of land and claim it for own

similarity between civil war and terrorism

use of violence for political goals by non state actors problems of organizing and mobilizing resources/collective action problem asymmetrical warfare

irredentist

wants to leave original country and attach themselves to another state

what is asymmetrical war?

when states actors involved in the conflict/war have unequal military capabilities

Different types of war

Interstate War and Civil War

What factors aided global trade during the Pax Britannica?

British peace- century long period that started with Napolean's defeat and ended with outbreak of WW1 during Britain's economic and diplomatic influence contributed to economic openness and peace common interests

collective security organizations

Broad-based institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Examples include the League of Nations and the UN.

Understand the definition of "civil war," and be able to give/identify examples.

Civil war is a militarized conflict involving actors within a state; states fighting rebel groups examples guerilla war- not fighting for control, only fighting to sabotage or mess things up proxy war- conflict instigated by opposing powers who dont fight against each other directly but use 3rd parties to do fighting for them

Understand the concepts of "compellence" and "deterrence"

Compellence is the effort to change status quo through the threat of force example: the U.S demand that Afghanistan hand over Osama bin Laden and stop harboring the al qaeda terrorist network after 9/11 attacks Deterrence- the effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force the broad relevance of compellence and deterrence is that they are tools used as military power or a way to intervene. they are also used as common tactics by states to make others behave certain ways that aligns with best interest.

Understand the Prisoner's Dilemma. What type of problem does this illustrate? Most likely outcome?

shows why collective best outcomes fall. a game in which pursuing dominant strategies result in noncooperation that leaves everyone worse off.

terrorism

the use of violence against civilians by non state groups to prove a point/ there's a political agenda behind it

Which category of interest is usually considered the most basic and a prerequisite for other goals?

Political actors are understood to require a degree of security. they have a desire for power and ability to dominate others either as a part of human nature or as essential to survival in a competitive international environment.

What causes war? System level theories- realism

Realism- war is the result of international anarchy-the absence of a central authority means no one to stop states from using force. anarchy creates insecurity and competition for power. preventive motive- to fight in order to prevent enemy from becoming more powerful security dilemma- the effort states make to defend themselves causes other states to feel less secure which makes them a threat and fear of being attacked --> arms race- country make one nuke, another makes another, now there are too many nukes in the world