Interpersonal Communication Chapter 4

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In the interpretation process, you are basically asking

"What does this behavior mean?"

T/F: We are always conscious of our selection of one stimulus over another.

False

Jorge saw his mother whispering to his father at the breakfast table as he came into the kitchen this morning. She stopped when she saw Jorge and smiled at him. Which of the following is a description rather than an interpretation of this event?

Jorge's mother was whispering to his father but stopped when he entered the room

____________ is the study of the mechanical and biochemical ways in which our bodies work.

Physiology

Why does stereotyping lead to inaccurate, even offensive, evaluations of other people?

Stereotypes underestimate the differences among individuals in a group

Which of the following is true about the theory of recency effect?

The most recent impression is the most powerful

Which is true about the order of the stages of perception?

They do not always take place in the same order.

T/F: Stereotypes may be accurate

True

T/F: Stereotypes may lead to inaccurate evaluations of people.

True

Which of the following is a reason that perceptual errors occur?

We view the world through many lenses.

According to the fundamental attribution error, if you are told that a behavior is based on external forces, how are you likely to view it?

You will probably continue to attribute the behavior to an internal factor.

Overattribution is a type of error that involves _________ characteristics.

a few obvious

Which of the following stimuli are more likely to be selected for attention?

a radio ad you hear every morning on your way to work, the smell of ammonia, and one red apple in a bowl of green apples

Which of the following are part of the stereotyping process?

applying a generalization to a person, identifying someone as a member of a group, and recalling a generalization about a group

If we are being honest with ourselves, most of us would agree that our failures

are sometimes our fault

Controllability is a dimension of

attribution

One dimension of the three dimensions of an ________ is locus.

attribution

When we encounter behavior we don't immediately understand, we formulate an ______ to try to explain the behavior.

attribution

People use _______ to explain why someone acts a certain way.

attributions

Which of the following characteristics make something more likely to be selected during the perception stage?

being repetitive, being intense, being unusual

Fundamental forces which affect our perceptions are called.

biases

The cycle of daily changes we go through in body temperature, alertness, and mood is called our

biological rhythm

Examples of physiological traits

biological rhythm and intelligence

Accuracy _______ is the second step in improving your perceptual abilities.

checking

Perceptual mistakes are easily made because people

constantly make perceptions

If a friend spends a lot of time shopping online and as a result misses a class, the dimension of attribution that concerns whether your friend could have gotten to class is

controllability

Which of the following are the important dimensions of attributions?

controllability, locus, and stability

Why might someone misinterpret communication behaviors when interacting with someone from another culture?

cultural stereotypes can influence perceptions

When checking your perceptions, you should not confuse ____________ what you saw or heard, which is objective, with __________ what you saw or heard, which is subjective

describing, interpreting

Which of the following is not a part of the process of stereotyping?

determining if the generalization is accurate

Asking someone if your interpretation of a behavior you witnessed is correct is known as

direct perception checking

A person who lacks the ability to take another person's perspective is

egocentric

Which of the following best describes a child who has difficulty understanding why it's impolite to talk with food in his mouth?

egocentric

As interpersonal communicators, we should bear in mind that people'e behaviors are often responses to _______ forces.

external

The best way to avoid committing the fundamental attribution error is to consider ______ causes of behavior.

external

T/F: Internal causes are always controllable

false

T/F: We have control over our biases.

false

Attributing others' behavior to internal causes is known as the __________ ____________ error.

fundamental attribution

By definition, stereotypes are always

generalized

A person who exhibits positivity bias is the most likely to pay attention to

good news

Examples of physiological state

hunger and tiredness

Self-serving bias is frequently applied to

important relationships and the self

The primacy effect states that a first ______ is critical.

impression

Seeking additional information to confirm or refute a perception you have is known as ________ perception checking.

indirect

Emphasizes people's behavior

interaction constructs

Which of the following are types of schema used to classify information about people?

interaction, physical, role, and psychological constructs

The fundamental attribution error can be described as the tendency to attribute other people's behaviors to

internal rather than external causes

In a happy marriage, people tend to attribute their spouse's positive behaviors to ________ causes and their negative behaviors to ______ causes.

internal, external

Personal experience, knowledge, and the closeness of a relationship are all factors that influence your ________ of another person's behavior.

interpretation

The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized is called

interpretation

The process of perception involves which of the following?

interpreting, organizing, and selecting information

Which of the following statements are true about the self-serving bias?

it involves the tendency to attribute success to internal causes and it primarily relates to how we explain our own behaviors

Which of the following characteristics make stimuli more likely to be selected for attention?

it is intense, it is repetitive, and it is unusual or unexpected

What are the 3 main factors that influence interpretation of behavior?

knowledge, experience, and closeness of your relationship

The term ______ refers to where a behavior is placed, within or outside the self.

locus

If, as a good communicator, you realize that your perceptions of a situation are inaccurate, what should you do?

modify your perceptions of the situation

The tendency to weigh negative information more heavily than positive information is the

negativity bias

Why is the self-serving bias a form of self-delusion?

none of us are responsible for all of our success and none of our failures

Perception is a _______ process.

nonlinear

Biological rhythms are physiological traits rather than physiological states because they are

not temporary.

Which of the following are characteristics that make a stimulus stand out?

novelty, intensity, and repetition

To conduct indirect perception checking, you must

observe and listen

We ______ misperceive others' behaviors.

often

According to the negativity bias, what is necessary to taint your perception of someone you would otherwise like?

one bit of negative information

The second step in the perception process, ________, helps you make sense of information by allowing you to compare and contrast it with other things you know about it.

organization

Which term describes the classification of information in the perceptual process?

organization

Perception is a 3-part process including which of the following?

organization, interpretation, and selection

Which of the following influence perceptual accuracy?

our cultural backgrounds, our physiology, and our social roles

The tendency to attribute behaviors to one or two obvious characteristics is

overattribution

Positivity biases and negativity biases are ______ for communication and satisfaction in long-term relationships.

particularly influential

Sensory experience is the beginning of the process of

perception

The process of making meaning from what we sense or experience in the world around us is called

perception

Which of the following describes the process of making meaning from what we experience in the world around us?

perception

Asking other people if your perceptions are accurate is known as direct _______ ________.

perception checking

The social roles we all play can influence the accuracy of our

perceptions

To improve your ___________ abilities, you must check your subjective perceptions against objective facts.

perceptual

A predisposition to perceive only what we want to perceive is known as a

perceptual set

Which of the following describes the predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive?

perceptual set

Emphasize people's appearance, causing us to notice objective characteristics (height, hair color) and subjective characteristics (physical attractiveness)

physical constructs

The study of the mechanical and biochemical ways in which our bodies work is called

physiology

A person who thinks his romantic partner can do no wrong in experiencing ________ loss.

positivity

The principle that first impressions are critical because they set the tone for all future interactions is known as the _______ effect.

primacy

Emphasize people's thoughts and feelings

psychological constructs

According to the _______ effect, old impressions may be less powerful than new ones.

recency

Emphasize people's social or professional position

role constructs

People do not pay attention to all the stimuli in their environments. Instead, they engage in _________, the process in which your mind and body help you choose certain stimuli to attend to

selection

Attributing the failure of past relationships to a string of bad luck is an example of _________ bias.

self-serving

Perception begins with a __________ experience.

sensory

What term describes a set of behaviors that are expected of someone in a particular social situation?

social role

Which of the following are true about the controllability of behavior?

some behaviors are within a person's control and some behaviors are beyond a person's control

The 3 dimensions of attributions for people's behaviors are locus, controllability, and

stability

The dimension of ________ refers to the permanence of the cause of a behavior.

stability

Physiological _______ are conditions that are temporary; physiological ______ are conditions that affect us on an ongoing basis.

states; traits

A generalization about a group of people is know as a

stereotype

Being aware of the influence of culture and gender on perception can best help you to avoid

stereotypes

Which of the following factors influence our interpretation of another person's behavior?

the closeness of our relationship with the person, our personal experience with the person, and our knowledge of the person

Satisfied couples tend to emphasize _______ of their relationships.

the positive aspects

In online communication, what has more influence on other people's perception of you?

the way you represent yourself visually

Which of the following statements about stereotypes are correct?

they influence the way we interpret communication, they are generalizations about groups of people, they influence the way we perceive other people

Which of the following are reasons good communicators might revise their perceptions?

they were limited by personal characteristics, they were confused about certain facts, and they didn't consider any alternative perceptions

Locus refers to which of the following?

to where the cause of a behavior is located

In research on online dating sites, how influential was physical attractiveness?

very influential

The fundamental attribution error is

very strong

Which of the following factors will you likely pay attention to when interpreting a friend's behavior?

your personal experience, the closeness of your relationship, and your knowledge of your friend


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