Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters ch 1-3

speech community

A group of people who share norms, regulative rules, and constitutive rules for communicating and interpreting the communication of others.

punctuation

Defining the beginning and ending of interaction or interaction episodes.

Listening to Support Others

One of the three goals of listening; focuses more on the relationship level of meaning than on the content level of meaning. Aims to understand and respond to others' feelings, thoughts, and perceptions in affirming ways

Listening for Information

One of the three goals of listening; focuses on gaining and evaluation ideas, facts, opinions, reasons, and so forth

Listening for Pleasure

One of the three goals of listening; motivated by the desire to enjoy rather than to gain information or to support others

Interpersonal Communication Involves Ethical Choices

Principle Three

Interpersonal Communication is Irreversible

Principle Two

Principle Eight: Interpersonal Communication Effectiveness Can Be Learned

Principles of Interpersonal Communication

paralanguage

Vocal communication, such as accents and inflection, that does not use words.

Minimal Encouragers

A brief phrase ("Go on") or sound ("um-hm") that gently invites another person to elaborate by expressing our interest in hearing more.

Listening

A complex process that consists of being mindful, hearing, selecting and organizing information, interpreting communication, responding, and remembering. Listening is very different from hearing

Paraphrasing

A method of clarifying another's meaning by reflecting our interpretations of his or her communication back to him or her

Transactional Model

A model of communication as a dynamic process that changes over time and in which participants assume multiple roles.

Interactive Model

A model that represents communication as a feedback process, in which listeners and speakers both simultaneously send and receive messages.

Linear Model

A model that represents communication as a one-way process that flows in one direction, from sender to receiver. Linear models do not capture the dynamism of communication or the active participation of all communicators.

artifacts

A personal object that we use to announce our identity and personalize our environment.

Interpersonal Communication

A selective, systemic process that allows people to reflect and build personal knowledge of one another and create shared meanings .

indexing

A technique of linking our evaluations of speech and events to specific times or circumstances, to remind ourselves that evaluations are not static or unchanging.

I-You Communication

Acknowledging one another as more than just objects, but they don't fully engage each other as unique individuals. A majority of our interactions are I-You.

nonverbal communication

All forms of communication other than words themselves. Includes inflection and other vocal qualities, haptics, and several other behaviors.

symbols

An abstract, arbitrary, and ambiguous representation of a phenomenon.

proxemics

An aspect of nonverbal communication that includes space and our uses of it.

loaded language

An extreme form of evaluative language that relies on words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meanings.

static evaluation

Assessments that suggest that something is unchanging. Bob is impatient is a static evaluation.

immediacy

Behavior that increases perceptions of closeness between communicators.

Mindfulness

Being fully present in the moment. A concept from Zen Buddhism; the first step of listening and the foundation of all the other steps

kinesics

Body position and body motions, including those of the face.

regulative rules

Communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things.

Monopolizing

Continually forcing communication on ourselves instead of on the person who is talking

5. Meaning Creating

Features of Interpersonal Communication

Selective Listening

Focusing only on selected parts of communication. We listen selectively when we screen out parts of a message that don't interest us or with which we disagree and when we rivet attention on parts of communication that do interest us or with which we agree

5. Commit to Ethical Communication

Guidelines for Interpersonal Communication Competence

"I" language

Language in which one takes personal responsibility for feelings with words that own the feelings and do not project responsibility for the feelings onto others.

hate speech

Language that dehumanizes others and that reflects and often motivates hostility toward the target of the speech.

"you" language

Language that projects responsibility for one's own feelings or actions onto other people. Not recommended for interpersonal

Ambushing

Listening carefully to an exchange for the purpose of attacking the speaker

Literal Listening

Listening only to the content level of meaning and ignoring the relationship level of meaning

5. Self-Actualization Needs.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

3. Transactional Models

Models of Interpersonal Communication

Defensive Listening

Perceiving personal attacks, criticisms, or hostile undertones in communication when none are intended

Interpersonal Communication Develops and Sustains Relationships

Principle Six

Pseudolistening

Pretending to listen

Interpersonal Communication Effectiveness Can Be Learned

Principle Eight

Metacommunication Affects Meaning

Principle Five

People Construct Meanings in Interpersonal Communication

Principle Four

We Cannot NOT Communicate

Principle One

Interpersonal Communication Is Not a Panacea

Principle Seven

arbitrary

Random or not constrained by necessity. Symbols are arbitrary because there is no necessary reason for a particular symbol to stand for a particular referent.

abstract

Removed from concrete reality. Symbols are abstract because they are inferences and generalizations abstracted from a total reality.

totalizing

Responding to a person as if one aspect of his or her life were the totality of the person.

constitutive rules

Rules that define what communication means by specifying how certain communicative acts are to be counted.

communication rules

Shared understandings of what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations.

ambiguous

Subject to multiple meanings. Symbols are ambiguous because their meanings vary from person to person and context to context.

Responding

Symbolizing your interest in what is being said with observable feedback to speakers during the process of interaction; the fifth of the six elements of listening

chronemics

The aspect of nonverbal communication that involves our perceptions and use of time to define identities and interaction.

Hearing

The physiological result of sound waves hitting our eardrums. Unlike listening, hearing is a passive process

Remembering

The process of recalling what you have heard; the sixth element of listening

I-Thou Communication

The rarest kind of relationship. The meeting of others in their wholeness and individuality. Instead of dealing with them as occupants of social roles, we see them as unique human beings whom know and accept in their totality.

haptics

The sense of touch and what it means. Haptics are part of nonverbal communication.

linguistic determinism

The theory that language determines what we can perceive and think. This theory has been largely discredited, although the less strong claim that language shapes thought is widely accepted.

I-It Communication

Treating others very impersonally, almost as objects. We do not acknowledge the humanity of the other people; we may not even affirm their existence.