Interpersonal Relations Final - IRM, OCC 741 Quizzes from Semester

What 5 challenges should be considered for consultation projects?

- Controlling chaos - Managing expectations, assumptions, and difficult conversations - Establishing costs and fees - Managing meetings with stakeholders - Ethical responsibilities

Client interpersonal characteristics: communication style

- client's natural predisposition toward interacting and communicating - how a client might be thinking or feeling toward the therapist - client's social or cultural background - developmental disorders, neurological and neuromuscular impairments or diseases - symptoms of psychiatric disorder - effect of intoxication with a substance - transient feelings about the situation - comfort level and confidence with respect to language used during interaction

Client interpersonal characteristics: response to challenge/change

- expressing worry, anxiety, or fear about task or activity - becoming easily demoralized or self-doubting, withdrawing or shutting down emotionally - giving up before activity or shortly after beginning - avoiding therapy tasks or activities altogether - challenging the therapist or refusing to engage in activity or task

Client interpersonal characteristics: response to feedback

- the nature or consequences of an impairment - the ability for, or quality of, the performance of an activity - occupational history or habit patterns - current or future occupational choices - follow-through on treatment recommendations - goal attainment

What are the steps of the interpersonal relationship model? (Also used to managing difficult behavior)

1. Anticipate 2. Identify and cope 3. Determine if mode shift is required 4. Choose a response mode or sequence 5. Draw upon interpersonal skills 6. Gather feedback

What are the 7 key active listening skills?

1. Be attentive 2. ask open ended questions 3. ask probing questions 4. request clarification 5. paraphrase 6. be attuned to and reflect feelings 7. summarize

What are the 5 steps of the consulting process?

1. Entry into the consulting environment and establishing the agreement 2. Discovery and dialogue with the client and those who are involved in the project 3. Analysis, goal setting, and the decision to take action in one or more ways 4. Full engagement and implementation of the plan 5. Extension of the work, establishing new or altered goals, or completion of the agreement/contract

What 3 goals should you have for yourself in the consulting process to be successful?

1. Establish a collaborative relationship. 2. Help to solve problems so they stay solved. 3. Ensure attention is given to both the technical/content problem and the relationship

Group Task Roles: (12)

1. Initiator-contributor (suggests ideas & unique solutions) 2. Information seeker (Focuses on facts & clarification) 3. Opinion seeker (clarify values/attitudes) 4. Information giver (automatically offers facts) 5. Opinion giver (states beliefs) 6. Elaborator (spells out suggestions w/ examples) 7. Coordinator (clarifies relationships) 8. Orienter (defines position of group, respecting goal) 9. Evaluator-critic (subjects group to standards) 10. Engergizer (prods action) 11. Procedural Technician (expedites movements) 12. Recorder ("group memory")

What are the 8 common categories of difficult behavior?

1. MANIPULATIVE BEHAVIOR ("I'm too sleepy to do anything today! You never let me do anything fun!") 2. EXCESSIVE DEPENDENCE ("Can you help me? This is too hard. I can't do it without your help") 3. SYMPTOM FOCUSING 4. RESISTANCE 5. EMOTIONAL DISENGAGEMENT 6. DENIAL 7. DIFFICULTY WITH RAPPORT AND TRUST ("I'm not sure that's correct, my other therapist told me different") 8. HOSTILITY ("You clearly know nothing, I'd be better off sitting at home!")

What are 4 essential steps to assertive communcation?

1. Tell the person what you think about their behavior without accusing them. 2. Tell them how you feel when they behave a certain way. 3. Tell them how their behavior affects you and your relationship with them. 4. Tell them what you would prefer them to do instead.

group building and maintenance roles(7)

1. encourager (praises, agrees, accepts) 2. harmonizer (mediates differences b/w members) 3. compromiser (modifies self for group harmony) 4. gatekeeper/expediter (regulates communication/flow) 5. standard setter (expresses standards for group) 6. group observer/commentator (comments on and interprets group process) 7. follower (passively accepts and goes along with group ideas)

What should the first written agreement for a consulting position include?

A detailed description of the engagement (the scope of an engagement) The effort it is expected to take to achieve the scope The price to be charged

Which of the following illustrate the use of the empathizing mode? A) Asking deepening questions B) Pointing out opportunities for growth in the other person C) Focusing on individual facets of the experience D) Expressing sympathy

A) Asking deepening questions

You are meeting with a client described by coworkers as "challenging" because of their demanding presence and high need for control. On your arrival, the client snaps "You should have been here 10 minutes ago-whatever happened to being on time?" Which of the following should be your first step in this emotionally charged interpersonal event? A) Cope by pausing to contextualize the event B) Explain to the client why you were late C) Ignore the client's comment and proceed with the session D) Ask a deepening question to fully understand the client perspective

A) Cope by pausing to contextualize the event

Burnout is characterized by which of the following phenomena? A) Depersonalization B) Emotional energy C) Typical energy levels D) Strong sense of self-efficacy

A) Depersonalization

According to the IRM, failure to notice a communication that is perceived as hurtful is known as: A) Empathetic break B) Mode failure C) Interpersonal stressor D) Communication challenge

A) Empathetic break

Of the following, which represents an effective response to navigating interpersonal challenges at work? A) Practicing mindful empathy B) Reflecting on plans for retirement C) Solely focusing on the challenges we face D) Considering alternate career paths

A) Practicing mindful empathy

Co leadership (two leaders) has developmental stages, disadvantages, and advantages. When there are two leaders, group members can have a tendency to favor one over the other and put pressure on one co-leader to take sides against the other. What is this called? A) Splitting B) Competition C) Stabilization D) Division

A) Splitting

In Cole's 7 Steps, the sharing step can occur during the actual activity. A) True B) False

A) True

Occupational therapy practitioners can apply the Intentional Relationship Model (IRM) to examine interpersonal dynamics with their clients as well as within their teams and organizations. A) True B) False

A) True

Identify mode preferences associated with crisis points: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving all modes are acceptable

Identify mode preferences associated with emotionally charged tasks and situations: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving all modes are acceptable

Identify mode preferences associated with intimate self disclosure: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving all modes are acceptable

Identify mode preferences associated with limitations of therapy: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving all modes are acceptable

Identify mode preferences associated with resistance and reluctance: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving all modes are acceptable

Identify mode preferences associated with strong emotion: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving all modes are acceptable

Identify mode preferences associated with power dilemmas: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Instructing Problem Solving NOT encouraging

What is aggressive communication?

Aggressive communication and behavior involves communicating in a demanding, abrasive, or hostile way. It is insensitive to others' rights, feelings and beliefs. The usual goals of aggression are domination and winning, forcing the other person to lose. Some people mistakenly think they are being "assertive" when in fact they are being aggressive.

Choose the correct leadership style for this scenario A scout group has chosen a service project to meet the requirements of a bridge. They are working on the project and ask the scout leader for input on the project budget. In this scenario the leadership style is what type? A) Explanatory B) Advisory C) Facilitative D) Directive

B) Advisory

Consider Cole's 7 Steps Adolescents identify situations that trigger a response of anger. They practice several different anger management strategies. The group leader says to the group "now that you have practiced several anger management strategies, which one or ones do you think you might use in the classroom setting?" What is this step? A) Summary B) Application C) Processing D) Generalizing

B) Application

Of the following, what is the best strategy practitioners can use to build their resilience when interacting with other health care team members? A) Strive to use the instructing mode regularly B) Be mindful of the entire team's interpersonal needs C) Focus on the communication challenges of one individual D) Encourage the team to create an action plan

B) Be mindful of the entire team's interpersonal needs

Based on existing evidence, which of the following is noted as the primary reason that health care providers experience burnout? A) Inadequate resources B) Challenging interpersonal relationships C) Strict working hours D) Insufficient training

B) Challenging interpersonal relationships

In Cole's 7 steps, every participant must share. A) True B) False

B) False

Tuckman believed that group development goes through 5 stages no matter the duration of the group. In what stage do the group members rely on the leader for guidance and involves orientation and testing regarding the group task? A) Reforming B) Forming C) Performing D) Norming E) Storming

B) Forming

Consider Cole's 7 Steps The leader reflects on the learning of the group members and considers similarities and differences between group members responses. This is expressed in a concise manner. What is this step? A) Processing B) Generalizing C) Application D) Sharing

B) Generalizing

What is an empathic break?

Breakdown of emotional empathy between two parties. For example, a client who does not like the role use the therapist used and no longer wants to work with the therapist.

Your team is involved in the heated discussion concerning an intervention approach. Which of the following is the least optimal approach to use in this emotionally charged interpersonal event? A) Actively listen to understand the perspective of others B) Use summary statements to let others know you understand their point of view C) Cite evidence to advance your perspective D) Ensure that all voices are heard in the discussion

C) Cite evidence to advance your perspective

What communication mode does the IRM recommend as being effective during most stressful interpersonal situations? A) Advocating B) Collaborating C) Empathizing D) Instructing

C) Empathizing

problem solving mode strengths

Client/therapist are likely to see early and significant improvement in performance Outcomes orientation allows therapists and clients to witness tangible benefits of OT Expectations and limits of the client-therapist relationship are likely clear. (Vulnerable clients are less likely to act out or look for needs to get met.) Clients less comfortable with empathic therapists may prefer more technically skilled therapists Asking questions, creating lists, and enabling clients to think differently about problems and obstacles, interaction is on a more cognitive and intellectual level; helps with clients that are uncomfortable with a more emotion-focused approach to the therapeutic relationship may feel more at ease with the structure, predictability, and intellectualism

Identify mode preferences associated with contextual inconsistencies: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving NOT advocating

Identify mode preferences associated with nonverbal cues: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving NOT advocating

In a group activity, the leader selects the activity, gives directions, and demonstrates steps. What is the leadership style? A) Facilitative B) Explanatory C) Advisory D) Directive

D) Directive

Schutz's theory of group development states that every individual has 3 interpersonal needs: Inclusion, Control, Affection. Groups develop in stages that follow these needs. In what group stage will an individual be concerned with being accepted and ask the question "Where do I fit in"? A) Control B) Affection C) Questioning D) Inclusion

D) Inclusion

Which group of health care professionals has a higher incidence of burnout than occupational therapy practitioners? A) Physical therapy assistants B) Recreational therapists C) Speech-language pathologists D) Occupational therapy practitioners have the highest incidence

D) Occupational therapy practitioners have the highest incidence

Consider Cole's 7 Steps In this step the leader asks participants how they felt about the activity and working with each other. What is this step? A) Summary B) Application C) Generalizing D) Processing

D) Processing

Consider Cole's 7 Steps In this activity, members create a collage from magazines illustrating what things he/she wants to achieve in the future. Members explain what the pictures represent. What step is this? A) Generalizing B) Processing C) Summary D) Sharing

D) Sharing

Of the following, which represent productive interpersonal dynamics within a team or an organization? A) Independent focus B) Idealizing C) Help-rejecting D) Trusting

D) Trusting

Identify mode preferences associated with empathetic breaks: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Empathizing

What therapeutic modes should you use with Manipulative Behaviors?

Empathizing Collaborating Instructing Problem-solving (requires self awareness from client)

What therapeutic modes should you use with Denial?

Empathizing Collaborating Problem Solving (may be appropriate if the client's safety is at risk)

What therapeutic modes should you use with Hostility?

Empathizing Instructing Collaborating (may be used following instructing mode in order to move toward conflict resolution)

Identify mode preferences associated with boundary testing: (Advocating Collaborating Empathizing Encouraging Instructing Problem Solving)

Empathizing Instructing Problem Solving

What therapeutic modes should you use with Emotional Disengagement?

Empathizing Problem Solving

What therapeutic modes should you use with Excessive Dependence?

Empathizing (must be accompanied by one or more modes to be effective) Collaborating Instructing Problem Solving

What are the strengths with advocating mode?

Enabling clients to choose activities, have opinions, and participate actively in evaluating the process of therapy and reflecting their own performance instill confidence in the client because therapist views them as competent in their ability to direct their treatment, choose occupations, and gain control in course of their own.

What is the collaborating mode? Method?

Expecting the client to be an active and equal participant in therapy; ensuring choice, freedom, and autonomy to be greatest extent as possible **Relinquishing all therapeutic power and control** Following the client's lead in every way (even if you do not agree with what the client is saying or doing) Facilitating the client's independence in thought and behavior Expecting clients to drive your therapeutic reasoning by following their preferences and participation choices

instructing mode strengths

Fundamental modes required for competent conduct of OT excellent teachers and clear communicators **empower and inspire clients by sharing information, noting accomplishments, constructive feedback, and training clients to utilize the tools required for adaptation and participation** tend to be highly organized and systematic inject creativity and intellectual energy

What is the formula for effective communication?

I feel X... when you do Y... in situation Z... and I would like .... Examples: "I feel loved when you kiss me when you get home and I would like you to do that everyday." "I feel angry when you leave your socks and underwear on the bedroom floor after work and I would like you to put them in the hamper." "I felt insignificant when you left me with an empty gas tank yesterday and I would like you to leave the car with at least 1/4 tank of gas."

Encouraging Mode Strengths

Identify and celebrate even the smallest of clients' accomplishments Skilled at conveying their optimism and hope Keen observers of motivational issues Skilled at selecting and adapting activities so that they better correspond with what motivates their clients Effective at enlisting participation from initially reluctant clients Convey an entertaining, cheerful, and playful attitude Project a great deal of positive energy, and they are particularly skilled at conveying their optimism and hope to their clients a playful attitude can help clients who respond primarily to emotional forms of engagement may be particularly capable of reaching clients with more severe developmental and cognitive impairments because of communication that can convey emotional energy and multisensory components belief in a client's success is more likely to elicit participation from clients who are otherwise anxious, demoralized, or reluctant to participate.

encouraging mode weaknesses:

If overused, clients may become desensitized to its use through time difficulty developing a sense of intrinsic motivation independently if clients rely on therapist can be misinterpreted by client some clients might not internalize or hear compliments or comments about strength and capabilities certain clients may undervalue or interpret therapist's efforts to introduce hope, humor, etc. as insulting, belittling, foolish, or manipulative

What are the weaknesses with advocating mode?

May not be received well by clients accustomed to viewing, and who prefer to view, service providers as authority figures or experts Lack available and transparent information about health care, might not know what is best for themselves or value independence as the goal of therapy Therapist who overvalue the mode may misunderstand or misperceive less-engaged clients as being passive or even apathetic about their therapy, clients are merely misbehaving according to their own sociocultural norms Asking clients to participate collaboratively before they are read or without grading the collaboration, can cause confusion, lost, insecure, or anxious about therapy process

What are the weaknesses of advocating mode?

Mode is overused or overapplied Strong orientation with the advocating mode can lead to overestimating a client's desire, ability, and even pursuit of autonomy and independence Some clients differ in how they respond to advocacy efforts that involve consciousness-raising For others it may be premature to raise awareness about injustice that they would rather deny or discover in their own time.

empathizing mode weaknesses?

Overemphasis on empathizing mode can place emotions too much in the foreground of therapy some clients may not be ready to see or hear their thoughts, behaviors, or emotions reflected back to them pacing of treatment is slow and some tasks of therapy may be delayed or unaccomplished therapists may project their own needs for empathy onto the client may misread client's actual level of need for empathy overreliance on empathy may encourage an inappropriate level of dependence in more vulnerable or isolated clients

instructing mode weaknesses

Overutilize or inappropriately and indiscriminately apply the instructing mode with clients; focusing on outcomes→ may overinvest and react more negatively when they cannot get clients to do what they want them to do Tend to over instruct their clients to prevent failure; undermine clients' confidence, choice, and autonomy; clients may interpret the behavior as being parental, authoritarian, dominant, controlling, or demanding Therapists who overutilize may feel obligated to help all clients address difficulties and miss the point in simply listening and validating them. Locked into arguments and power struggles with sensitive or vulnerable clients or parents may require a more empathic approach.

What therapeutic modes should you use with Difficulty with Rapport and Trust?

PREREQUISITE: Empathy Collaborating Instructing Problem solving

What therapeutic modes should you use with Resistance?

PREREQUISITE: Empathy Collaborating Problem Solving

What therapeutic modes should you use with Symptom Focusing?

PREREQUISITE: Empathy Collaborating (following empathy)

What are the types of assertive communication?

Passive Aggressive Passive-Aggressive Assertive

What is Passive communication?

Passive communication and behavior involves allowing your own rights to be violated by failing to express honest feelings, thoughts, and beliefs, or by expressing your thoughts and feelings in an apologetic manner that others can easily disregard. The messages you communicate might be: "I don't count; you can take advantage of me." "My thoughts and feelings don't matter; only yours do."

What is Passive-aggressive communication?

Passive-Aggressive communication involves expressing aggressive feelings in an indirect way through passive resistance, rather than by openly confronting an issue. Examples include: sulking; ignoring the other person; complaining behind the other person's back; procrastinating; deliberately being late or slow; intentional poor performance; acting in a way that will frustrate others; and 'acting innocent' when you have done something to hurt someone.

What are the strengths of advocating mode?

Recognize advantages of raising a client's awareness of an injustice or when clients are themselves unable to overcome social and economic barriers without resources If OTs don't advocate, clients would be on their own to deal with external issues such as insurance or other important organizations

What is SBI?

Situation - Behavior - Impact Give feedback using this method. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIVE FEEDBACK. FEEDBACK IS ABOUT OBSERVATION, TIMELY, SPECIFIC, DESCRIBES AND DOESN'T JUDGE. ASK FOR PERMISSION TO GIVE FEEDBACK, DESCRIBE SITUATION OF WHEN AND WHERE, DESCRIBE BEHAVIOR THAT HAD AN AFFECT. DESCRIBE THE IMPACT (EMOTIONAL RESPONSE PARTICULAR TO YOU). HELP LEADERS DRAW HELPFUL CONCLUSIONS, MAY OR MAY NOT ADJUST AS A RESULT. DO: ASK FOR SPECIFICS, FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING, EXPRESS APPRECIATION FOR THE FEEDBACK, GIVE YOURSELF TIME TO PROCESS DONT: TRY TO EXLPAIN, MINIMIZE OR DISMISS, DEFLECT, GET ANGRY

What is assertive communication?

Use "I" or "me" statements such as "When you do ....., I feel ...." Voice tone, eye contact, and body posture are important parts of assertive communication. Use a steady and calm voice, stand or sit up straight, look the other person in the eyes without glaring. Feelings are usually only one word (e.g. angry, anxious, happy, sad, hurt, frustrated, joyful) Remember, assertiveness doesn't guarantee that you will get what you want or that the other person will understand your concerns or be happy with what you said. It does improve the chances that the other person will understand what you want or how you feel and thus improve your chances of communicating effectively.

How should you respond to feedback?

Using the AAMR method: Acknowledge - Accept - Make a plan - Recommit "I do recall that email exchange and i'm sorry that it created confusion. I can certainly see how that could have been taken in a way that I never intended. In the future, i'll let you know directly if there's something you've done that may bother me. I was to be sure you feel comfortable sharing these types of things with me in person in the future. -- either in in person or via email. If you see me doing something similar, definitely go ahead and reach out and remind me of this conversation!" OR "What I like about what you just said is that there was an obvious miscommunication, and if you hadn't brought it up, I would never have realized there was an issue. In the future, I'll let you know directly if I'm just venting, or if there's actually something you've done that bothers me"

problem solving mode weaknesses

Vulnerable to overutilizing agenda-focused questioning without paying enough attention to other interpersonal needs Some might find this mode to be too strategic or even manipulative overutilizing this mode may be less comfortable with approaches that require more emotionally intense levels of interaction and communication Additionally, not all clients will be able or inclined to engage in a reciprocal verbal exchange of this nature with therapists.

What are enduring interpersonal characteristics?

What to expect the client to always be like

emphasizing mode strengths:

Witnessing, validating, actively listening to, and understanding clients' experience in absence of judgment facilitates emotional healing and enables clients to organize their thinking independently and gain perspective on difficulties provides a model for them to learn to emphasize with themselves and to self-reflect and gain insight into their emotional reactions and behaviors emphasizing tends to disarm clients who are reluctant, resistant, critical, or otherwise negativistic in therapy clients feel respected, cared about, and feel responded to.

What are situational interpersonal characteristics?

acute response -- not something you would expect but a response of some kind of disturbance or trauma at the moment.

What are the 6 modes of the IRM model?

advocating collaborating empathizing encouraging instructing problem solving

Client interpersonal characteristics: need for control

attempting to dominate or manipulate therapy process ignore therapist attempts at engagement or direction openly refusing the therapist's attempts at engagement or direction

Client interpersonal characteristics: interpersonal reciprocity

capable of understanding the therapists point of view when disagreement occurs express gratitude to the therapist when appropriate and in a way that feels comfortable to the therapist ability to forgive the therapist for minor oversight or mistake

What is the instructing mode? Methods?

carefully structuring therapy activities and being explicit with clients about the plan, sequence, and events of therapy providing clear instruction and feedback about performance; setting limits on client request or behavior Methods: directing, informing, guiding, educating, explaining, justifying, providing structure, correcting, redirecting, showing an active and directive style, assuming a teaching stance, making recommendations unapologetically, using gentle or finessed confrontation

How to manage difficult behavior (4 modes):

collaborating empathizing instructing problem solving

Client interpersonal characteristics: body language

comfortable during interaction will exhibit an open, relaxed neutral posture

What are some interpersonal characteristics?

communication style tone of voice body language facial/postural expression (affect) response to change and challenge level of trust need for control approach to asserting needs predisposition to giving feedback response to feedback response to human diversity orientation toward relating preference for touch interpersonal reciprocity

Client interpersonal characteristics: tone of voice

emotional state and reactions during an interaction, reveal client's emotions

What is the advocating mode?

ensuring that the client's rights are enforced and resources are secured; mediator, facilitator, negotiator, enforcer providing clients with knowledge about and access to resources, awareness of laws or rights, consciousness-raising normalization of experience, tends toward roles of facilitator or consultant

What is the problem-solving mode?

facilitating client's ability to reason through obstacles facilitating pragmatic thinking and solving dilemmas by outlining choices, posing strategic questions, providing opportunities for comparative or analytic thinking.

Client interpersonal characteristics: preference for touch

initiates or seeks out caring touch from therapist responds positively to any form of touch initiated by the therapist tolerates touch only when it is mechanical or technical in nature shows discomfort with social forms of touching

Client interpersonal characteristics: level of trust

minimal level of trust is necessary in order to proceed with numerous tasks and activities asking about variables within a client's personal life that have relevance to therapy asking about or getting involved in a client's employment or educational situation teaching client how to perform task or activity before the impairment providing a client with corrective feedback

Client interpersonal characteristics: predisposition to giving feedback

never providing unsolicited feedback providing unsolicited positive feedback but failing to provide negative feedback providing feedback in a negative manner

Client interpersonal characteristics: facial expression

not only reveals info about client's thoughts and feelings, but influences thoughts and emotions experienced by therapist in reaction to client clients vary in terms of degree which they express emotions during therapy If emotion regulation difficulties are chronic and remain unaddressed, they eventually disrupt the process of therapy.

Client interpersonal characteristics: approach to asserting needs

not recruiting assistance or asking for support in a situation when it obviously is needed apologizing when asking for assistance contradicting oneself by asking for assistance and then rejecting it

Client interpersonal characteristics: orientation toward relating

same client may prefer different levels of connection with the therapist depending on the length and stage of the therapeutic relationship and issues being faced

What is the encouraging mode? What methods?

seizing the opportunity to instill hope in client positive reinforcement, conveying attitude of joy, playfulness, and confidence praising accomplishments/using positive reinforcement to encourage continued behavior using cheering, applause, high-fives, and engaging in play or other types of joyful expression

Client interpersonal characteristics: response to human diversity

sex, race, ethnicity, age, religion, cultural values and beliefs, etc.

What is the empathizing mode? What are it's methods?

striving to understand the client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior while suspending any judgment; ensuring client verifies, and experiences the therapist understanding as truthful and validating Methods: - Summary statements - mirroring affect - validating negativity - deepening questions that reflect an effort to understand - not rushing to alter or fix a client's problem - putting a significant amount of time/effort into listening and communicating in ways that increase understanding of client's experience - putting own reactions aside to allow space for client's reaction and experience.

What are the 12 categories of interpersonal events?

■ Expression of strong emotion ■ Intimate self-disclosures ■ Power dilemmas ■ Nonverbal cues (body language, etc.) ■ Verbal innuendos (meant to be a hint) ■ Crisis points (unanticipated stress event) ■ Resistance and reluctance ■ Boundary testing ■ Empathic breaks ■ Emotionally charged therapy tasks and situations ■ Limitations of therapy (time restrictions, etc.) ■ Contextual inconsistencies

What are the 5 aspects of therapeutic communication?

■ Verbal/Nonverbal communication ■ Unidirectional versus bidirectional communication ■ Therapeutic listening ■ Seeking and responding to client feedback ■ Providing clients with structure, direction, and feedback